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Topic: Kahuta

	Kahuta - Pakistan Special Weapons Facilities
		Chinese assistance in the development of gas centrifuges at Kahuta was indicated by the presence of Chinese technicians at the facility in the early 1980s.
		Kahuta began producing HEU in 1986, and Pakistan's fabrication of weapons may have begun soon thereafter, with the HEU hexafluoride being made into uranium metal which was machined into weapon pits.
		Operating at full capacity, Kahuta is estimated to have the potential to produce enough weapon-grade uranium for as many as 3 to 6 weapons each year.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/pakistan/kahuta.htm (824 words)

	[No title]
		He was reluctant to talk about Kahuta, but we discussed the coup against Bhutto in 1977, at which time he had been deputy director-general of military operations.
		Khan did say that apart from a farm, Kahuta also has a small hospital, as well as employees' housing and elementary and high schools for their children.
		Kahuta cost "half, less than half" of the $300 million the French reprocessing plant would have cost in the 1970s.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Library/9803/pak_strategic/qadeer.html (4318 words)

	Abdul Qadeer Khan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Khan established the Engineering Research Laboratories at Kahuta in July 1976, subsequently renamed as the Dr. A.Q. Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), as the focal point for developing a uranium enrichment capability.
		In 1983, he was sentenced in absentia to four years in prison by an Amsterdam court for attempted espionage, although the sentence was later overturned on appeal on a legal technicality.
		Khan rejected any suggestion that Pakistan had illicitly acquired nuclear expertise: "All the research work [at Kahuta] was the result of our innovation and struggle," he told a group of Pakistani librarians in 1990.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan (2199 words)

	Boston Globe Online / Nation \| World / Nuclear Shadow
		KAHUTA, Pakistan - Past the guard post on the outskirts of town, beyond the rickety buildings perched on a heat-baked plain, lie the crown jewels of Pakistan: the laboratories that produce the country's nuclear arsenal.
		Visitors are barred, and foreigners who trespass to Kahuta's outskirts are detained until their credentials can be thoroughly checked.
		They live a privileged life, surrounded by a golf course, dining hall, and library, according to one former Kahuta employee who asked not to be identified.
	www.boston.com /globe/nation/packages/nuclear_shadow/081602.htm (2114 words)

	Is Dr. Qadeer Guilty as Accused?: Ideas & Identities of India Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It is ISI whose sleuths have been grilling Dr. Qadeer’s associates at Kahuta for weeks on end since last November, so much so that the families of these scientists hve been forced to knock at the door of the judiciary for redressal.
		Kahuta itself had to be tarnished as a den of rogues and scoundrels.
		He is singularly responsible for facilitating the requisition of nuclear technology for Pakistan, developing the 'enrichment of uranium plant' at Kahuta, and an atomic bomb for the country.
	www.chowk.com /show_article.cgi?aid=00003085&channel=civic+center (2992 words)

	atoomspionage
		Although much of the work was classified as restricted and confidential, Khan was given security clearance and access to the FDO "brain box" because he was married to a South African-born Dutch woman and had announced he planned to settle down permanently in the Netherlands.
		The Muslim reported that Kahuta was "rumored to have 1,000 centrifuges, against a planned capacity of 2,000 to 3,000 centrifuges."(7) The 1983 memo asserted that Kahuta is "eventually to house several thousand machines." One U.S. official we interviewed in spring 1991 said that Pakistan was operating nearly 3,000 machines at Kahuta.
		This is enough to produce about 45 to 75 kilograms of weapon-grade uranium a year, assuming that natural uranium is fed into the plant and that about 0.3 percent of the uranium 235 is left in the waste, or "tails." If Pakistan had sufficient uranium hexafluoride stocks, it could accept a higher rate of waste.
	www.atoomspionage.com /koning.htm (6351 words)

	Arrests of Pak scientists
		Bhutto quietly launched the nuclear bomb plan in Kahuta under Dr. Qadir who had brought with him the blueprint of how to construct a nuclear bomb from Holland.
		The nexus was first established during the second tenure of Benazir Bhutto as Pakistan Prime Minister when she made a clandestine visit to North Korea and quietly nursed by her successors Nawaz Sharif and now General Musharraf.
		Kahuta is guarded by the Army which did not allow even then Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto to know anything what is going on there.
	kashmirtelegraph.com /0204/four.htm (919 words)

	PakDef Forums - Pakistan's Nuclear History- Separating Myth from Reality
		The Kahuta centrifuge enrichment plant was first ‘pilot run’ at a small-scale facility at Sihala before the actual uranium enrichment facility was established at Kahuta.
		The next critical step after Kahuta was to set up the Uranium Metals laboratory (UML), so that ultimately when the PAEC got enriched uranium hexafluoride from the plant at Kahuta, the enriched uranium hexafluoride could be converted to metal and given its right shape to be used in a bomb.
		The Kahuta Enrichment Project was called Project-706 of the PAEC, and as with the plutonium programme, it was under the overall control and supervision of Chairman Munir Khan.
	www.pakdef.info /forum/showthread.php?t=6278 (16678 words)

	The Nuclear Noose Around Pakistan's Neck (washingtonpost.com)
		But to make absolutely certain, Kahuta issued glossy brochures that were aimed at classified organizations but were easily obtained on the Kahuta Web site.
		Kahuta was considered sensitive to the point that Benazir Bhutto, the former prime minister, claims that even while in office she could not receive clearance to visit the labs.
		In such an extreme security environment, it would be amazing to miss the travel abroad of senior scientists, engineers and administrators, their meetings with foreign nationals, and the transport and transfer of classified technical documents and components, if not whole centrifuges.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A47-2004Jan30 (1586 words)

	Pakistani Defence Forum -> The Fall Of The House Of Saud
		A.Q. Khan founded the Engineering Research Laboratories at Kahuta in 1976, which later to became the Dr. A.
		The Khushab facility, like that at Kahuta, is not subject to IAEA inspections.
		Khushab, with a capacity variously reported at between 40 and 70 MWT, was completed in the mid-1990s, with the start of construction dating to the mid-1980s.
	www.pakistanidefenceforum.com /index.php?showtopic=9997 (7443 words)

	Profile of an India baiter
		But Khan was given security clearance and access to the FDO 'brainbox' because he was married to a South Africa-born Dutch woman and had announced he planned to settle down in the Netherlands.
		The Kahuta Laboratories was renamed the Khan Research Laboratories and he himself was compared to Albert Einstein.
		Never mind that the technology he had mastered was based on stolen documents, or that he had sold this stolen expertise to whomsoever was prepared to pay, regardless of whether it was Iran, Libya, North Korea or even, ultimately, Al Qa'eda.
	in.rediff.com /news/2004/jan/31khan.htm (610 words)

	Thursday May 28 3:
		Late Wednesday, U.S.-made F-16 fighter jets and army helicopters were on patrol over the Kahuta nuclear research station, 40 kilometers (25 miles) east of Islamabad.
		Kahuta is where it is believed Pakistan conducted the bulk of its nuclear research and uranium enrichment program.
		The Khushab nuclear reactor, about 200 kilometers (120 miles) northeast of Islamabad in Punjab province, is believed to produce enough plutonium to manufacture between one and two nuclear weapons annually.
	www.mqm.com /news-1998-05-28b.htm (410 words)

	ISIS Technical Assessment: Pakistan's Stock of Weapon-Grade Uranium
		Information about operations at Kahuta since 1991 is uncertain, since Pakistan has not allowed the international community to verify its moratorium.
		The amount of WGU that Pakistan could have produced at Kahuta depends upon the "feed stock" used in the uranium enrichment process.
		Pakistan produced LEU at Kahuta during the moratorium, but uncertainties exist about the quantity and enrichment of this LEU.
	www.isis-online.org /publications/southasia/ta-pak060198.html (1316 words)

	For God and Profit
		These dealt with technical means of enabling centrifuge rotors to spin close to the speed of sound without disintegrating, essential for making bomb-grade uranium.
		Engineers and technicians at Kahuta were required to report colleagues who spent too much time looking out of windows.
		Kahuta was considered so sensitive that even Benazir Bhutto, the then serving prime minister of Pakistan, claimed she could not receive clearance to visit the site.
	www.newsline.com.pk /NewsFeb2004/guestfeb2004.htm (1144 words)

	Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - Present Capabilities
		A.Q. Khan announced that Kahuta was producing low enriched uranium in 1984.
		Kahuta has run essentially non-stop at enriching uranium since that time (though with varying numbers of gas centrifuges).
		Shahryar Khan has said that the cost of Kahuta was relatively modest, less than $150 million[Albright and Hibbs 1992].
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Pakistan/PakArsenal.html (1437 words)

	Pakistani nuclear program: PAK NUKES
		He was put in charge of building, equipping and operating Pakistan's Kahuta facility, which was established in 1976.
		Pakistan's nuclear program is based primarily on highly enriched uranium (HEU), which is produced at the A. Khan research laboratory at Kahuta, a gas centrifuge uranium enrichment facility.
		By the early 1990s, Kahuta had an estimated 3,000 centrifuges in operation, and Pakistan continued its pursuit of expanded uranium enrichment capabilities.
	www.freewebs.com /nuclearpakistan (7036 words)

	RAW & Mossad: The Secret Link
		After the French stopped helping Islamabad under pressure from the Carter administration, Pakistan was determined to keep the Kahuta plant a secret.
		RAW agents were shocked when Desai called Zia and told the Pakistani military dictator: 'General, I know what you are up to in Kahuta.
		Sign a pact with them, in broad daylight, announcing that the pact is to make provision for mutual co-operation and all-out joint efforts for the...
	www.rediff.com /news/2003/sep/08spec.htm (962 words)

	India-Pakistan The Role of the Pakistan Air Force during the... StrategyPage.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Kahuta plan was made concurrently with the plan to attack Osirak using the same pilots of the Iraq mission, if it went through successfully.
		A study of the air defence ground environment of Kahuta was carried out and gaps and weaknesses in the air defences were filled and strengthened.
		It is possible that for Kahuta, the Israelis will use F-15 Strike Eagles to carry out the actual attack with F-16s providing air cover - a reversal of the roles in the operation against Osirak.
	www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/72-4378.asp (3676 words)

	The Acorn » Trouble brewing in Kahuta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The sequence of events - two top Kahuta scientists were reported to have been arrested by Pakistani authorities.
		What this almost certainly implies is that the involvement of Kahuta scientists in proliferation affairs is beyond any doubt.
		Earlier this year, the US administration imposed sanctions on the Kahuta Research Laboratories, saying that the establishment was allegedly providing material support to a country or people trying to develop weapons of mass destruction or the missiles that carry them.
	opinion.paifamily.com /?p=151 (465 words)

	Pakistan Link - Letter & Opinion
		Pakistan is in the grip of a so-called nuclear crisis.
		Again through out the project it was a known fact that the two parties involved in the project were in hard competition.
		General Aslam Baig, the then chief of army staff has said in a recent interview, that there was the National Nuclear Authority of which the prime minister was a member and the funds of the project were presented before it and it was ratified.
	www.pakistanlink.com /Letters/2004/Feb04/13/03.html (1524 words)

	Asia Times Online - The best news coverage from South Asia
		Iran contended that since it imported the inspected centrifuges second-hand, it was possible that the traces of military-grade enriched uranium found in some of them might have gotten into them at the place of origin, meaning Kahuta, Pakistan, where military-grade enriched uranium is produced for Pakistan's atomic bomb.
		The only way of establishing the truth is for IAEA personnel to inspect the centrifuges in Kahuta and to compare the traces found in Iran to the enriched uranium produced in Kahuta.
		When India raised an alarm about the construction of the Kahuta enrichment plant, it was told that Khan had been a glorified storekeeper in the Netherlands plant and would not be able to develop an enrichment capability.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/South_Asia/FL22Df02.html (1674 words)

	BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 3(1)
		It is also apparent that the Kahuta plant would not operate at maximum capacity since ultracentrifuges are difficult things to run and tend to suffer from many mechanical problems.
		Indeed, Kahuta was shut down briefly in the 1990s for maintenance.
		If the production capacity of the Kahuta plant is taken at the high end of the spectrum (120 kg per year), the plant would have needed to run at full stretch for over 12 years.
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /MONITOR/ISSUE3-1/sbm.html (2775 words)

	BBC NEWS \| South Asia \| Nuclear secrecy prevails in Pakistan
		The Ghauri missiles were developed at the Kahuta laboratories (recently renamed the Khan Research Laboratories), just outside Islamabad, under the guidance of the so-called father of the Pakistani bomb, Doctor A Q Khan.
		While it is possible that some retired scientists went to work in neighbouring Afghanistan on their own initiative, it is difficult to imagine that Kahuta scientists would have been able to share nuclear technology with North Korea, Libya or Iran without the knowledge of some senior army officers.
		Two-time Pakistani Prime Minster, Benazir Bhutto, once complained that even when she was running the government she was unable to visit the Kahuta laboratories.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/south_asia/3341037.stm (582 words)

	WMD TERRORISM: Another Wake-Up Call From Pakistan
		In 1988, Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan, who was then heading Pakistan's military nuclear project, and Reza Amrollahi, the head of the Iranian military nuclear programme, were reported to have signed a secret agreement under which A.Q.Khan allegedly sold to Amrollahi copies of the designs and drawings of the URENCO uranium enrichment plant in Holland.
		Again, the same question as to whether this was a rogue initiative of Dr.Khan and his colleagues in Kahuta or whether it had the clearance of the political and military leadership arose, but without a convincing answer.
		While the US State Department imposed sanctions as requited under its laws against the North Korean and Pakistani entities involved in the clandestine missile transaction, it refrained from imposing similar sdanctions in respect of Pakistani assistance to North Korea in uranium enrichment on the ground that the evidence in this regard was not conclusive.
	www.saag.org /papers9/paper867.html (2702 words)

	Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - Development
		Chinese technicians and scientists were present at Kahuta in the early 80s, a relationship that no doubt provided direct benefits to both nuclear programs.
		But Kahuta is reported to have had serious start-up problems though which delayed the achievement of full production.
		Although she publicly denied it, subsequent events indicate that she was seeking, among other items, increased cooperation in ballistic missile development and, in particular, a system capable of striking strategic Indian targets.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Pakistan/PakDevelop.html (5663 words)

	Sitting Judges - Lahore High Court, Lahore - Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		His Lordship was born on April 15, 1941 at Village Mauri Tehsil Kahuta District Rawalpindi.
		Passed primary and Middle Examination from Middle (Now High School) Hanesar, Tehsil Kahuta with Scholarship, having double promotion from class 6th to 8th in the year 1954.
		For matriculation shifted to Government High School Kahuta wherefrom passed Matric in the year 1956 with distinction and thereafter joined Government Degree College Rawalpindi.
	www.lhc.gov.pk /judges/jbiodata/jraja_sabir.htm (175 words)

	A.Q.KHAN: THE GHOST THAT CONTINUES TO HAUNT
		Iran contended that since it imported the inspected centrifuges second-hand, it was possible that the traces of military-grade enriched uranium found in some of them might have got into them at the place of origin, meaning Kahuta in Pakistan where military-grade enriched uranium is produced for Pakistan's atomic bomb.
		The only way of establishing the truth is for the IAEA inspectors to inspect the centrifuges in Kahuta and to compare the traces found in Iran with the enriched uranium produced in Kahuta.
		When India raised an alarm about the construction of the Kahuta enrichment plant, it was told that Khan was a glorified store-keeper in the Holland plant and would not be able to develop an enrichment capability.
	www.saag.org /papers12/paper1196.html (1563 words)

	Dr.A.K Khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Pakistan is capable of producing nuclear bomb and the scientist, at
		Kahuta would prove this if asked by the government.
		the plant at Kahuta was meant to generate nuclear power for peaceful purposes.
	dr.abdulqadeer.8m.net (99 words)

	Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Much of its nuclear program is focused on weapons applications.
		Weapons development takes place at Kahuta and Joharabad, where weapons grade plutonium is made; the latter allegedly with the assistance of Chinese technology.
		Estimates usually put Pakistan's nuclear deterrent at around 40 HEU (highly enriched uranium) warheads.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction (549 words)

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