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Topic: Kalahari Craton

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	Craton Encyclopedia Article @ GetitFreeHere.com (Get It Free Here) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A craton (kratos; Greek for strength) is an old and stable part of the continental crust that has survived the merging and splitting of continents and supercontinents for at least 500 million years.
		Cratons are generally found in the interiors of continents and are characteristically composed of ancient crystalline basement crust of lightweight felsic igneous rock such as granite.
		The term craton is used to distinguish the stable interior portion of the continental crust from such regions as mobile geosynclinal troughs, which are linear belts of sediment accumulations subject to subsidence, or downwarping.
	www.getitfreehere.com /encyclopedia/Craton (1400 words)

	Wikinfo \| Craton
		A craton is an old and stable part of the continental crust that has survived the merging and splitting of continents and supercontinents for at least 500 million years.
		Cratons are generally found in the interiors of continents and are formed of a crust of lightweight felsic igneous rock such as granite attached to a section of the upper mantle.
		Cratons are subdivided geographically into geologic provinces, each province being classified as an Archon, a Proton or a Tecton according to its age:
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Craton (286 words)

	Kalahari craton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.rutgers.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Kalahari craton occupies a large portion of South Africa and consists of the Kaapvaal, the Zimbabwe craton, the Limpopo belt, and the Namaqua Belt.
		Additional crust was formed and reworked along all of the craton’s margins at 1.4–1.0 Ga. To the north, the Damara-Lufilian-Zambezi Fold Belt separates the Congo craton to the north with the Kalahari.
		Along the southern margin, the Namaqua–Natal–Maud belt underwent arc magmatism, terrane accretion, polyphase amphibolite- to granulite-grade contractional/transpressional deformation, and late-syntectonic granite intrusion at 1.38–1.0 Ga. A largely buried orogen along the western margin records amphibolite-grade deformation and granitoid plutonism at 1.35–1.2 Ga and is inferred to connect with the Namaqua belt to the south.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Kalahari_craton (1421 words)

	GEOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The final component of the Kalahari craton is the much younger Orange River belt, which loops around the southern margin of the Transvaal massif.
		The Congo craton occupies a large part of central southern Africa; its oldest rocks occur in the Tanzania province, an area of granitic basement and greenstone belts similar in structure to the Rhodesian province.
		The final stages of activity in the craton were marked by the deposition of late Precambrian sediments, laid down unconformably on the stabilised craton.
	www.fortunecity.com /oasis/skegness/394/geology.htm (1416 words)

	Informat.io on Craton
		Cratons are still being defined by ongoing geological and geophysical research.
		Very thick sections of mostly submarine mafic, and subordinate ultramafic, volcanic rocks, and mostly younger subaerial and submarine felsic volcanic rocks and sediments were oppressed into complex synforms between rising young domiform felsic batholiths mobilized by hydrous partial melting in the lower crust.
		Surviving Archean crust is from regions of cooler, and more depleted, mantle, wherein greater stability permitted uncommonly thick volcanic accumulations from which voluminous partial-melt, low-density felsic rocks could be generated.
	www.informat.io /?title=craton (796 words)

	Mount Burgess Mining - Announcements 2000
		The Kalahari Beds comprise relatively young windblown and lithified sediments which are interpreted to overlie the prospective Mesozoic/Proterozoic basement rocks in which kimberlite intrusions may have been emplaced.
		It is generally considered that an on-craton, or in the case of Argyle in Australia, a marginal craton setting, is essential for the discovery of diatremes with significant diamond content.
		The Kalahari Line is also a very significant continental-scale structure which is interpreted to represent the tectonic margin of the Kaapvaal Craton, a major deep-seated structure.
	www.mountburgess.com /Announcements00.html (4323 words)

	Africa - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The Namib and Kalahari deserts of southern Africa are much smaller than the Sahara.
		The nearby Kalahari Desert, in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa, is a semiarid region in the center of the Kalahari Basin.
		In addition, the Kalahari Desert is actually a semidesert region, despite its name.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761572628___2/Africa.html (12327 words)

	Africa - MSN Encarta
		More recent sedimentary deposits dating from the Cenozoic Era (from 65 million years ago to the present) occupy the bottoms of the continent’s large, shallow interior basins and some coastal areas.
		Africa contains three major cratons, or areas of basement-complex rock that have been geologically stable for hundreds of millions of years.
		The Kalahari craton is located in southern Africa, the Congo craton is in Central Africa, and the northwest African craton, forming the core of West Africa, is centered in the western Sahara.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572628_3/Africa.html (976 words)

	Geodynamics
		This was achieved though the gradual closure of a number of ocean basins to form west Gondwana (consisting of Africa and South America) in the Neoproterozoic, followed by Early Cambrian collisions that relate to the formation of east Gondwana (consisting of Australia, Antarctica and India).
		The Cambrian collisional events between the component cratons of West Gondwana and the deformational events along the East Gondwana palaeo-Pacific margin are broadly referred to as Pan African (sensu lato).
		East Gondwana is thought to have formed during the consolidation of Rodinia in the Mesoproterozoic (Hoffman, 1991; Moores, 1991; Rogers, 1996) and remained tectonically stable until the modern continents rifted from Gondwana in the Mesozoic.
	web.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au /antarctica/geodynamics.html (1794 words)

	114
		The Siberian craton is thought to have been part of Rodinia, but the evolutionary history of the supercontinent from accretion to dispersion is poorly documented within it.
		Structurally, they are depicted within the ancient Grunehogna cratonic fragment as isolated intrusions and linear chain of mafic intrusions or deep-seated fault; apparently they inherited some ancient inhomogenity in the Precambrian crust and are recognized within the Proterozoic mobile belt as intrusions of different composition but predominantly alkalic in nature.
		Relative positions of pre-existing cratonic blocks in the Mesoproterozoic continental assembly and subsequent break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent remain controversial.
	www.the-conference.com /JConfAbs/4/114.html (13815 words)

	Mount Burgess Mining - Announcements - 2001
		This area is characterized by shallow (less than 15 metres depth) Kalahari Formation sands overlying granitic basement rocks and was prioritised for sampling as it is considered a likely source area to explain the presence of kimberlitic garnet anomalies located further to the west.
		The older granitic rocks of the craton outcrop in the south and become buried under younger Mesozoic and Tertiary cover to the west.
		The most likely secondary source is the Kalahari sandstone and claystone which offlap the craton to the east and also a discontinuous gravel unit which we call the "Hornbill" gravel.
	www.mountburgess.com /Announcements01.html (6733 words)

	MESOPROTEROZOIC TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE KALAHARI CRATON: IMPLICATIONS FOR RODINIA RECONSTRUCTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Kalahari craton was stabilized following 2.0—1.8 Ga orogenesis in southern Africa and originally contiguous parts of Antarctica.
		The orthogneisses form part of an extensive region north of the Kalahari craton and east of the Congo craton that includes large amounts of 1.15—1.0 Ga arc-type rocks containing juvenile crustal components.
		Widespread intraplate magmatism affected much of the Kalahari craton at 1.1 Ga and is inferred to record impact of a mantle plume inboard of the Namaqua—Natal—Maud belt.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_58506.htm (414 words)

	www.mineweb.net \| sections \| whats new Petra’s Kalahari sparkler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		BHP Billiton is, similarly, the potential effective senior partner in Kalahari Diamonds, which holds diamond prospecting licences across the Kaapvaal craton, a vast geological structure which hosts two of the world’s premier diamond mines, Debswana’s Orapa and Jwaneng.
		Kalahari’s in-place relationships with BHP Billiton give Kalahari rights to direct the deployment of BHP Billiton’s proprietary Falcon exploration technology, and also access to an experienced Falcon data acquisition and geophysics team.
		Kalahari’s founding shareholders include BHP Billiton (20%), the International Finance Corporation (9.4%), some of the world’s leading so-called diamantaires (about 40%), and institutional investors.
	www.mineweb.net /sections/whats_new/482266.htm (504 words)

	[No title]
		Given the established nature of geoscientific knowledge of the Kaapvaal craton compared to the Slave craton, and given the exciting new interdisciplinary results coming from the Kaapvaal Project and from Slave craton studies, scientists working on both cratons were brought together in a workshop to compare and contrast the nature of these two cratons.
		The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton and its margins (W.L. Griffin et al.).
		Crustal structure of the Kaapvaal craton and its significance for early crustal evolution (D.E. James, F. Niu, J. Rokosky).
	www.elsevier.com /framework_products/NFP_csv/nfp2004apr.csv (8832 words)

	Jacobs & Thomas, 1996
		Antarctica) and implications for the palaeogeography at the southeastern margin of the Kaapvaal-Grunehogna Craton
		According to recent reconstructions of the Kalahari continent the basement of the Kottas terrane is an Antarctic counterpart of the Mzumbe terrane in Natal.
		Possibly, the dates reflect the timing of differential uplift of the rigid craton in response to loading by the overthrusting of the Tugela nappes some 200 km to the south during the Mesoproterozoic collision event of the Natal Metamorphic Province.
	www.joachimjacobs.de /Abstracts_neu.html (6590 words)

	Kalahari Minerals plc - Project strategy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Kalahari Copper Belt, home of the Dordabis and Witvlei projects, runs southwest-northeast across central Namibia and Botswana, sandwiched between the Kalahari Craton to the south and the Damaran Orogenic Belt to the north.
		Kalahari's immediate exploration target for copper is the near-surface copper oxide mineralisation in evidence at both of its Dordabis and Witvlei project areas.
		Based upon this a 10 million tonnes resource with an average grade of 1.85% copper would be adequate to justify the construction of a central SX-EW process plant capable of producing 15,000-20,000 tonnes of copper metal and generating a positive EBITDA return at a copper price of greater than US$1.00/lb.
	www.kalahari-minerals.com /projects/index.php (243 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Broadening the paleomagnetic database with "anchor" paleopoles from various cratons is now the most efficient step toward reconstructing the Neoproterozoic world.
		Widespread extent of these deposits throughout the Kaapvaal craton (Visser, 1971) demonstrate that these deposits formed near the terminus of a large ice sheet.
		Indeed, existing age constraints for the Huronian (Ontario) and Makganyene (South Africa) deposits permit synchroneity of a global icehouse at ~2.3-2.4 Ga. Whereas such severity has been proposed in the past (Ojakangas, 1988), this is the first paleomagnetic evidence for the Early Proterozoic Snowball Earth.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /MagLab/proj_dave.html (1321 words)

	Amazon.com: A Tale of Two Cratons: The Slave Kaapvaal Workshop: Books: A. G. Jones,R.W. Carlson,H. Grutter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		One of the most striking differences between the Slave and Kaapvaal cartons is the apparent seismic homogeneity of the Kaapvaal craton's SCLM whereas the Slave craton is seismically layered.
		The seismic layering in the centre of the craton correlates laterally and with depth with electrical layering and geochemical layering.
		Taken together, these differences suggest that SCLM formation was different for the two cratons, implying that the search for a single causative formation process is bound to fail.
	www.amazon.com /Tale-Two-Cratons-Kaapvaal-Workshop/dp/044451614X (892 words)

	GEOSCIENCE AFRICA 2004
		This excursion highlights the main components (lithological, structural, metamorphic) of this record, focussing on the Barberton Greenstone Belt and its surrounding TTG (Tonalite-Trondjhemite-Granodiorite) association, and the Southern and Central Zones of the Limpopo Belt.
		The excursion will present a traverse both in time and depth through the craton, from the Barberton greenstones to the deep crustal granulites and mantle xenoliths of the Limpopo Belt and will highlight the recent developments in our understanding of the Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic geodynamics of the craton.
		Contact between the Kaapvaal craton and Southern Marginal Zone (SMZ) of the Limpopo Belt (Sutherland/Giyani greenstone belt) - partially retrogressed SMZ granulites juxtaposed against cratonic prograde schists along the Hout River Shear Zone.
	www.wits.ac.za /geoscienceafrica/prog_field.htm (1685 words)

	gp32d in sm01
		Collision with the Kalahari craton would probably be a younger event, although it is not paleomagnetically constrained, and may have produced the accretion of the allochthonous Rocha terrane on the eastern side of LP.
		It is proposed that the Amazon craton was rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise from the orientation required by the Laurentia-Amazonia connection.
		This N-S orientation of the Sunsas-Aguapei belt suggests that the western margin of the Amazon craton was juxtaposed with the Namaqua belt of the western Kalahari craton.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=sm01&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/sm01/sm01&maxhits=200&="GP32D" (2044 words)

	Geology of the North American Craton
		Folds and thrusts wrap around the southwest corner fo the congo craton into the mouth of the Damara belt from the north, consisant with anticlockwise material flow in the wake of an unstable northward migrating triple junction which is a corollary of sinistral obliquity in the Damara and Basilide belts.
		Therefore western Queen Maude Land and the Kalahari craton were not tied to the rest of East Antarctica-australia until closure of the Mozambique ocean.
		Coakley, B and Gurnis, M., 1995 Far-field tilting of Laurentia during the Ordovician and constraints on the evolution of a slab under an ancient continent: Jour.
	instruct.uwo.ca /earth-sci/300b-001/nacraton.htm (3717 words)

	2004 Gose Abstract
		The Kalahari craton of southern Africa is a key block in the Rodinia supercontinent.
		The Umkondo sills are widespread within Proterozoic successions in the Kalahari craton, as well as in the Grunehogna Province of East Antarctica.
		The apparent polar wander path for the Kalahari craton has no data between 1,100 and 1,000 Ma, making Rodinia reconstructions highly ambiguous.
	www.beg.utexas.edu /mainweb/presentations/2004_presentations/gose_102204ab.htm (289 words)

	u33a in fm04
		From 2.0 to 1.8 Ga, the APWP crosses northern Africa from east to west, from 1.1 to 1.0 Ga the path crosses northern Africa from north to south, and at the closing of the Precambrian the path tracks across northern Africa from south to north.
		The Kalahari craton is a key element of the Rodinia supercontinent.
		A negative result for a fold test, carried out on flat-lying rocks of the undeformed craton and steeply tilted beds of the adjacent fold-and-thrust belt, demonstrates that this magnetization is of a secondary origin.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm04&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm04/fm04&maxhits=200&="U33A" (5481 words)

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