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Topic: Kalam cosmological argument

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Arguments for the existence of God

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	Cosmological Argument
		The Cosmological Argument or First Cause Argument is a philosophical argument for the existence of God which explains that everything has a cause, that there must have been a first cause, and that this first cause was itself uncaused.
		The Kalam Cosmological Argument is one of the variants of the argument which has been especially useful in defending the philosophical position of theistic worldviews.
		The Kalam Cosmological Argument is consistent with the biblical account of the beginning of the universe and of the 'First Cause'.
	www.allaboutphilosophy.org /cosmological-argument.htm (802 words)

	Kalam cosmological argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Similar arguments are found in the theologies of Judaism (for example, in the work of Maimonides) and Christianity (for example in Thomas Aquinas), where it is known as the "uncaused cause" or "first cause" argument.
		Craig responds that "the simple syllogism lying at the heart of the kalam cosmological argument should be supplemented by a conceptual analysis of what it is to be a cause of the universe, an exercise which serves to recover many of the traditional divine attributes." [2]
		We may conclude that true or not, the Kalam cosmological argument as a case for dualism, whether a natural or supernatural dualism, appears to meet the criteria of being a valid syllogism: its conclusions of a dualistic non-natural source of origin for the universe are validly drawn from its premises.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument (933 words)

	The Kalam Cosmological Argument
		The kalam argument argues for this conclusion by making the case that the universe had to have a beginning and then arguing that the beginning of the universe had to have a supernatural cause.
		The kalam argument argues indirectly for the claim that the universe had to have a beginning by showing that the assumption that it did not have a beginning leads to absurdity.
		The kalam cosmological argument does not claim that the traversal of an actual infinite is something that cannot be accomplished because there are too many physical or practical obstacles associated with it.
	www.acsu.buffalo.edu /~jbeebe2/kalam.htm (7120 words)

	The Cosmological Argument
		The cosmological argument is the argument that the existence of the world or universe is strong evidence for the existence of a God who created it.
		In the case of the argument from contingency, the distinction drawn between the universe and God is that the existence of the universe is contingent, i.e.
		FaithQuest - Hierarchical Causes in the Cosmological Argument
	www.philosophyofreligion.info /cosmological.html (1048 words)

	The Kalam Cosmological Argument
		According to the kalam cosmological argument, however, it is precisely because the universe is thought to have a beginning in time that its existence is thought to stand in need of explanation.
		In order to infer from this that the universe has a cause of its existence the proponent of the kalam cosmological argument must prove that the past is finite, that the universe began to exist at a certain point in time.
		The proponent of the kalam cosmological argument must show that this cannot be the case if his argument is to be successful.
	www.philosophyofreligion.info /kalamcosmological.html (427 words)

	The Kalam Cosmological Argument: A Summary
		Put simply, kalam arguments try to demonstrate (1) that the existence of an actual infinite (a concept from modern set theory to be discussed shortly) is impossible and (2) that even if it were possible, the universe itself is not actually infinite and hence must have had a beginning.
		Since the KCA is a series of arguments that take the form of a valid argument known as a disjunctive syllogism, the KCA's formal validity is beyond dispute.
		Having given three arguments to show that the universe had a beginning, we can move on to the second dilemma posed by the KCA: if the universe had a beginning, the beginning was either (a) caused or (b) uncaused.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/billramey/kalam.htm (4016 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Arguments against the A-Theory (namely, McTaggart’s Paradox and the myth of passage) do not succeed.[22] Likewise, the arguments for the B-Theory (namely, the argument from relativity theory and the mind-dependence of becoming) fail.[23] Temporal becoming is a properly basic belief and in the absence of any defeaters it should be taken to be veridical.
		Current measurements of the cosmological constant reveal that the density of the matter in the universe is insufficient to halt its expansion.
		In conclusion, it has been demonstrated through the kalam cosmological argument that the universe had a beginning, that this beginning was caused, and that the cause that brought about the beginning of the universe is a personal agent who is nonphysical and enormously powerful.
	www.tektonics.org /guest/kalamber.html (14210 words)

	The Cosmological Argument: The First Cause or Prime Mover
		Of course, the traditional cosmological arguments offered by Aquinas and others have largely been supplanted by contempory versions of the argument, such as the Kalam cosmological argument, cosmological arguments based on big bang and quantum cosmology, and arguments based on philosophical considerations concerning time and causation.
		According to one form of the Kalam Cosmological Argument, as expounded by William Lane Craig, there cannot be a beginningless temporal world because the application of Cantorian set theory of transfinite arithmetic to the real world generates counterintuitive absurdities, thereby disclosing that an infinite set of real entities is metaphysically impossible.
		In "The Kalam Cosmological Argument: The Question of the Metaphysical Possibility of an Infinite Set of Real Entities," Guminski showed that the argument by William Lane Craig and others that real infinites are metaphysically impossible presupposes the standard version (SV) of how Cantorian set theory presumably applies to the real world.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/theism/cosmological.html (3643 words)

	Graham Oppy on the Kalam Cosmological Argument
		Graham Oppy has attempted to re-support J. Mackie's objections to the kalam cosmological argument, to which I responded in my article "Professor Mackie and the Kalam Cosmological Argument." Oppy's attempt to defend the possibility of the existence of an actual infinite is vitiated by his conflation of narrowly and broadly logical possibility.
		Mackie is merely reiterating a traditional objection to the kalam argument which states that although an infinite series cannot be formed by beginning at a point and successively adding to it, an infinite past does not involve a beginning point and so evades the thrust of the argument.
		I rejoined that the kalam argument requires only that God's existence be factually necessary, that is, eternal and uncaused, a notion to which Mackie could hardly object, since this is exactly what he as an atheist thinks could be true of the universe.
	www.leaderu.com /offices/billcraig/docs/oppy.html (3014 words)

	A Swift and Simple Refutation of the Kalam Cosmological Argument?
		John Taylor complains that the kalam cosmological argument gives the appearance of being a swift and simple demonstration of the existence of a Creator of the universe, whereas in fact a convincing argument involving the premiss that the universe began to exist is very difficult to achieve.
		So although the kalam cosmological argument has the virtue of being formulable in a simple syllogism, the appearance of swiftness and simplicity which this apparently engenders in some should not lead one mistakenly to infer that the argument is simplistic or cursory in its treatment of difficult questions.
		In summary, Taylor's refutation of the philosophical arguments for the beginning of the universe cannot be deemed successful, first, because his examination of the arguments is simply incomplete, and, second, with respect to those arguments which he does treat, Taylor's defeaters are based on misinterpretations, mistakes, or inadequate exploration of alternatives.
	www.leaderu.com /offices/billcraig/docs/kalam-oppy.html (6075 words)

	Kalam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kalam (Arabic: کلام) is one of the "religious sciences" (علم الكلم) of Islam.
		A scholar of kalam is referred to as a mutakallim (Muslim theologian; plural mutakallimiin).
		The original scholars of kalam were recruited by Hunayn Ibn Ishaq (d.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kalam (161 words)

	Collection Anime: The Kalam Cosmological Argument - $24.00 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This book is a great introduction to the kalam cosmological argument and it has very infоrmаtivе endnotes.The kalam cosmological argument is аn argument for God's existence that is bаsеd on the beginning of the universe and its resultant need оf a саusе.
		He hаs other arguments which stem from this, or are based оff of this proposition, however, they are either by this оr another, weak.
		Overall, this argument is poor, аnd cannot be used to serve as suffiсiеnt reason to believe in a first cause, or creator, or theistic God, fоr that matter.
	www.collection-anime.com /tovar31353739313034333858.html (1236 words)

	Jesus.com.au - The Kalam Cosmological Argument
		The ‘Kalam Cosmological Argument’ is one of the strongest of the various arguments which infer God’s existence from (variously) the existence of the universe (or cosmos), its inability to account for its own existence, or aspects of its natural order.
		This is a brief introduction to the argument in its modern form, which adds recent cosmological evidences to the argument proper, which is mathematical in nature, and focuses on the problem of infinity.
		The Kalam argument originated (like much of our basic algebra) with Islamic thinkers around the turn of the first millennium A.D. Probably its leading contemporary defender is Dr William Lane Craig, a philosopher and theologian who has published on cosmology.
	www.jesus.com.au /html/page/kalam_argument (2890 words)

	kalam_cosmological_argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Similar arguments are found in the theologies of Judaism (for example, in the work of Maimonides) and Christianity (for example in Thomas Aquinas), where it is known as the "uncaused cause" or "first cause" argument.
		Thus it is possible to preserve the original dualism of both the standard cosmological argument (minus theistic extensions to imput the "Prime Mover" with the quality of Divinity) as well as its Kalam form, without appeal to the supernatural.
		We may conclude that true or not, the Kalam cosmological argument as a case for dualism, whether a natural or supernatural dualism, appears to meet the criteria of being a valid syllogism: its conclusions of a dualistic non-natural source of origin for the universe are validly drawn from its premises.
	www.htmlgold.com /wiki/?title=Kalam_cosmological_argument (876 words)

	Kalam Cosmological Argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kalam cosmological argument is one of the most popular arguments among Muslims, since it actually originates from medieval Islamic philosophy.
		One of the theorizers of this argument was Al-Ghazali who realized later in his life that philosophy is not compatible with god belief and religion in general, and he argued that all philosophers are infidels.
		The Kalam Cosmological Argument by William Lane Craig
	www.notobs.com /english/god/kalam.htm (513 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Kalam Cosmological Argument: Books: William Lane Craig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The second section is the modern defense of the kalam cosmological argument.
		Craig arguments are of two types; philosophical (using mathematics as his evidence) and scientific or empirical (using astronomy and physics as his evidence).
		Craig presents the arguments of some other philosophers who attempt to show that this principle is self-evident or otherwise inescapable.
	www.amazon.ca /Kalam-Cosmological-Argument-William-Craig/dp/157910438X (910 words)

	The Cosmological/Kalam argument for God
		The argument known as the first cause, prime mover, or cosmological argument is among the most illustrious and common attempt to support he position that the universe had an intentional creator.
		The Kalam argument, however, seems to have been created with Hume’s type of skepticism in mind, and thus inserts a qualified first premise; “everything that begins to exist has a cause.” The distinction between this and the traditional cosmological argument is that it distinguishes effects in general from those that have a beginning.
		As it is used in the kalam argument, however, the term “actual infinite” might be better used in a somewhat non-technical sense.
	www.geocities.com /shaunphilly/kalam_refutation.html (2821 words)

	A critique of the kalam argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Whereas Leibniz’s argument depends on the questionable assumption that there must be a sufficient reason for anything and everything, the kalam argument relies instead on the much more modest — and seemingly much more plausible — claim that whatever begins to be must have been brought into being by some cause outside itself.
		I shall be particularly concerned with the cogency of the causal principle on which the argument rests ("Whatever begins to exist must have a cause"), with the relation that is alleged to hold between the First Cause and the universe, and with the implications for the nature of the First Cause.
		Advocates of the kalam argument may reject such an account on the ground that it is perfectly intelligible to suppose that causes are sometimes simultaneous with their effects.
	stripe.colorado.edu /~morristo/kalam2.html (8991 words)

	How To Know God Exists - The Kalam Cosmological Argument
		Arguments like this are known as cosmological arguments, because they try to demonstrate God's necessity by the fact of the universe's (the cosmos) existence.
		This argument first came from Arabic thinkers during the middle ages and is probably one of the most logically compelling in that it leaves no wiggle-room.
		While the Kalam argument is persuasive, it is limiting in the fact that it cannot tell us which God created the universe.
	www.comereason.org /newsletters/jan01.htm (1314 words)

	Skeptical Christian: The Kalam Cosmological Argument
		In The Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig explains and defends a frequently overlooked argument for God’s existence.
		Craig contends that the Kalam version of the Cosmological Argument, which seeks to establish a First Cause responsible for bringing the temporally finite universe into being, is a sound and persuasive argument for the existence of God.
		Turning to scientific confirmation, Craig’s third argument is that the expansion of the universe, and the resulting Big Bang cosmological model, demonstrate that the universe began to exist.
	www.skepticalchristian.com /br_kalamcosmologicalargument.htm (884 words)

	On Dissecting the Cosmological Argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		What follows is a short presentation of the Kalam Cosmological Argument for the existence of God.
		Also, this argument attempts to exploit the popular misconception of what a scientific theory is. A statement carven in stone, handed down from heaven and validated by millennia of sages is as an idle daydream compared to the surety of a well-founded scientific theory.
		The argument at this point (actually somewhat earlier) stops trying to make its point, and like creationist arguments, expends its energies in attacking the most prestigious of its foes, though with scant comprehension of the technical arguments involved.
	users3.ev1.net /~trinitite/kalam.html (5273 words)

	Amazon.com: The Kalam Cosmological Argument: Books: William Lane Craig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This book is a great introduction to the kalam cosmological argument and it has very informative endnotes.The kalam cosmological argument is an argument for God's existence that is based on the beginning of the universe and its resultant need of a cause.
		He has other arguments which stem from this, or are based off of this proposition, however, they are either by this or another, weak.
		Overall, this argument is poor, and cannot be used to serve as sufficient reason to believe in a first cause, or creator, or theistic God, for that matter.
	www.amazon.com /Kalam-Cosmological-Argument-William-Craig/dp/157910438X (2549 words)

	The Black Vault Forums-viewtopic-Kalam Cosmological Argument for God
		The kalam argument has its roots in medieval Arabic philosophy and theology.
		The Arabic word kalam means "speech," but more broadly it means "natural theology" or "philosophical theism" (Craig, Kalam, 4).
		It should be noted that kalam defenders do not dispute the legitimacy of the actual infinite as a mathematical concept.
	www.bvalphaserver.com /ftopict-53372.html (5045 words)

	The Kalam Cosmological Argument
		The Kalam Cosmological Argument (KCA) is an argument that travels from effects to a beginning cause.
		Well, there are two main lines of reasoning that the KCA uses- the first is mathematical or philosophical, the second is scientific.
		I would be happy to see any objections that a person could have against this argument, so feel free to drop me a line with your comments or concerns.
	midwestapologetics.org /articles/philosophy/kalamcosmological.htm (1165 words)

	Kalam Cosmological Argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This latest variation is known as the Kalam Cosmological Argument, and it draws as much from science as it does from philosophy.
		Craig's full argument, in fact, includes a second conclusion that the cause of the universe's existence is an uncaused, personal, and intelligent agent which he feels comfortable equating to God.
		His most developed argument, a version of the Kalam Argument, is very extensive, sophisticated, and has been debated in various circles, and therefore merits the utmost attention.
	www.anatheist.com /Portals/kalam_argument.html (1387 words)

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