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Topic: Kalasha

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	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:KLS
		Southern Kalasha is in Urtsun Valley; Northern Kalasha in Rumbur, Bumboret, and Birir valleys.
		Kalasha is used in the home and for in-group communication in the north.
		In the south Khowar or Kati are sometimes used in the home and within the group.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=KLS (168 words)

	Kalasha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kalasha, also known as the Kalash, are an ethnic group that lives in the Hindu Kush region of Pakistan.
		The Kalasha believe in various deities Mahadeo (Khodai, the Khowar word for God is also used), and worship other deities that offer protection to different aspects of life (such as Jeshtak, who represents family, pregnant mothers, and marriage).
		Recently, the Kalasha have been able to stop their demographic and cultural spiral towards extinction and have, for the past 30 years, been on the rebound.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kalasha (960 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Kalasha
		The Kalasha, an ethnic group that lives in the Hindu Kush region of Pakistan, are known to descend from soldiers of Alexander the Great who settled this region in 327 BC.
		The Kalasha believe in a supreme creator God, Khodai, and worship other deities that offer protection to different aspects of life (such as Jeshtak, who represents family, pregnant mothers, and marriage).
		Kalasha women usually wear colorful traditional costumes, often embroidered with bright colors and cowrie shells.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Kalasha (330 words)

	CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DALL
		Kalasha settlements are generally found in the central part of the valley, equally distant from the pure mountain tops and the impure Muslim areas.
		Thereby Kalasha ideology connects the male sphere of pastoral activity to a sort of communality and sharing, also expressed in its organization: shepherds form cooperative herding groups in the summer, rights over alpine pastures are held by the community as such, herds remain long undivided between brothers after the death of the father...
		The Kalasha are a pastoral and agricultural society; consequently, hunting plays a somewhat marginal role in their economy, and it is not essential for the survival of the group.
	www.giottoulivi.it /spaziodocenti_ata/ricercheepubblicazioni/ricerche/Augusto_Shamans.htm (4497 words)

	one
		Kalasha society is base on strong clans and families which inhabit the three valleys with the seat of power within die community resting largely with the Elders of the clan who dictate the laws and sit in judgment in disputes.
		Kalasha religion is based on the strict separation of the pure (onjeshta) and impure (pragata) realms.
		The Kalasha have alters dedicated to their major deities, some of which are in the open, while those to Jeshtak, the Goddess protector of the family, are housed in carved wooden temples called Han.
	www.louisville.edu /org/sun/sustain/articles/one.html (1664 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Kalasha are the last to resist conversion to Islam in the Afghanistan-Pakistan border area.
		For instance, the Kalasha have houses, known as the “Bashali”, where women are sent during their menstrual period — as they are then regarded as impure, and therefore, unfit to interact with men.
		Mourning of the dead takes on a rather festive look as the Kalasha believe it was God’s decision to send the soul of the dead to the place where he or she belonged to.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1030805/asp/foreign/story_2234519.asp (606 words)

	Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Hindi-Urdu-Pashtu Word List
		Kalasha is spoken by the so-called "Black Kafirs" who live in the valleys of Bumboret, Birir and Rumbur in Chitral, Northwest Pakistan.
		Kalasha is classified as being closely related to Khowar but, as this word list demonstrates, they are far apart and only distantly related.
		The purpose for inclusion is simply to demonstrate that Kalasha, Khowar and Nuristani are not related to Urdu or Pashtu.
	www.ishipress.com /kalasha.htm (755 words)

	Kalasha.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		That script was chosen for its ease of literacy transfer with Urdu, the national language of Pakistan and the medium of education in the district.
		Indeed, the Kalasha language informants, some of whom were already partially educated in Urdu, expressed a clear preference for the Urdu-based script.
		They wanted the Kalasha people to see their own culture reflected in the book, and to feel dignity and respect for who they are as a people.
	www.kalasha.net /book.html (807 words)

	Kalash, Tribe, Kalasha, Muslim, Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Kalasha tribe reside in the Hindu Kush, a nest of idyllic valleys located between the Pakistani and Afghan border.
		The Kalasha tribe are the last remaining pagans from the ancient population of Kafiristan, the land of infidels as named by the neighbouring Muslim communities.
		The Kalasha Tribe are very liberal in comparison with their neighbours, they drink wine, worship a variety of gods, live very close with nature and the women dress in colourful exotic beaded clothing.
	www.emmaawards.org /humanitarian/humanity/kalasha_tribe.aspx (355 words)

	"Enclaved Knowledge: Indigent and Indignant Representations of Environmental Management and Development among the ...
		Kalasha men plough and sow fields with grain, and male household heads usually decide on what crops should be cultivated in consultation with their wives, who are otherwise responsible for organizing field labour.
		Kalasha have extensive knowledge of many local varieties of cereals, adapted to microclimatic variations of their scattered fields at different altitudes; but they have also adapted quickly to new varieties of grain (probably introduced unwittingly through the purchase and re-seeding of government subsidized cereals).
		In the Kalasha valleys, this was signalled by an onslaught of many jeep-loads of Aiuni neighbours, who began cutting down oak forests as an assertion of their right-holding status, claimed on the grounds of their 'traditional' usage of pastures in these valleys.
	www.mtnforum.org /resources/library/parkp99a.htm (11826 words)

	GlobalGophers \| PAKISTAN \| Kalasha
		The Kalasha by this point had had enough of being snapped and kept turning away, but the tourists were relentless.
		I was wearing traditional Kalasha dress (as insisted upon by the family), so all these Pakistani men wanted pictures of me, but it's just not on in a Muslim country for men to be taking pictures of women that they don't know.
		The Kalasha valleys were still beautiful though (I just felt very awkward being a tourist there and will never return although, I did get some fantastic photos the day before the festival started, when the kids were begging me to take pictures of them!).
	www.globalgophers.com /articles/kalasha.htm (1093 words)

	Kalasha.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Urdu script was chosen for the ease for transfer with Urdu the national language and the language of education in the Kalasha valleys.
		Indeed, the Kalasha language informants, some of whom were already partially educated in Urdu, expressed a clear preference for a Persian-style script.
		We wanted the Kalasha to see their own culture reflected in the book, and to feel dignity and respect for who they are as a people.
	members.optusnet.com.au /kalasha/book.html (891 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Lost tribe struggles for survival
		The Kalasha are the last remnants of the population of Kafiristan, the ancient "land of infidels" that straddled the borders of present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan.
		Compared with many compatriots beyond their valleys, the Kalasha are charmingly liberal: drinking wine, holding dancing festivals and worshipping a variety of gods.
		Many Kalasha believe the missionaries are funded by foreign zealots, but admit that the initial flood of conversions has not slowed to a trickle.
	www.guardian.co.uk /pakistan/Story/0,2763,1508334,00.html (852 words)

	American Ethnologist - Online Book Reviews
		Because Kalasha are non-Muslims and feel that their agency is not taken seriously in a larger geopolitical context, Kalasha women have come to identify with non-Muslim Western women.
		Although Maggi is clearly concerned with presenting Kalasha women with dignity and affirming their self-identity as “free,” she avoids over romanticizing their agency; freedom as an ideal is balanced against an equally compelling ideal of respect for family and patriline.
		Minangkabau notions of women’s “centrality” and Kalasha ideas of women’s “freedom” are not only discursively elaborated in the respective societies, but they are also central to the way both women and men construct a minority ethnic identity.
	www.aaanet.org /aes/bkreviews/result_details.cfm?bk_id=1743 (1789 words)

	The goat sacrifice 1998
		Kalasha returning from the pastures up in the higher mountains to their sacred shrine of the god Sajigor.
		The Kalasha wearing glasses is later going to hold a speech to his people.
		Behind him another Kalasha is crouching with his arms up, prepared to take hold of the goat¥s legs.
	www.nb.no /baser/morgenstierne/nirmali/nirmali/Imra/Text/sacrifice/sacrifice98.html (2106 words)

	Daily Excelsior... World
		The Kalasha are non-Muslims in an Islamic State and last year, the province in which they live — North West frontier — came under the control of hardline Muslim groups accused of trying to emulate the intolerant Taliban who ruled Afghanistan.
		The former Kalasha State, Kafiristan, meant literally "land of the infidels", and the tribe suffered severe persecution in the past at the hands of the Muslim majority.
		The Kalasha were a popular draw, given their colourful clothes, love of festivals and reputed ancestry to Alexander’s invading armies of more than 2,000 years ago, even if the reality might be more prosaic, with some anthropologists suggesting a Central Asian origin.
	www.dailyexcelsior.com /web1/03aug05/inter.htm (5480 words)

	Dhimmi Watch: Pakistan's tribe of "infidels"
		I suppose with a woman's evidence only worth half that of a man's it does not matter that their evidence in court would be worthless in practice as you could not be sure that you really were examining the correct arresting officer.
		While the Greeks were determining the circumference of the Earth by comparing the lengths of shadows in Egypt and setting out the fundamental laws of reasoning, the progenitors of Islam were thinking that the "sun sets in a muddy pool" and that the "stars are missiles to hit devils with".
		The concept that Kalasha women are "free" (azat), that they have "choice" (chit), is a topic of spirited conversation among the Kalasha.
	www.jihadwatch.org /dhimmiwatch/archives/006694.php (1500 words)

	Urday.com - Make ur Day on Net... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The deity is invoked and worshipped in the Kalasha, which is a copper pot filled with water.
		The Kalasha is placed at the North- Eastern corner of the Homa kunda or the sacrificial pit.
		Yet another significance of the Kalasha is that it absorbs all the positive energies generated during the homa and hence the divine water in the Kalasha is sprinkled upon and distributed to the participants at the end of the homa.
	www.urday.com /kalki/article25.asp (1529 words)

	The Hindu : Karnataka News : A unique festival of Uttara Kannada
		During the festival, a small water pot (`kalasha') is kept on a stone platform in the temple.
		The `kalasha' is decorated with flowers and ornaments and the mask of the deity is placed at the centre of the platform.
		After Hagarana, the `kalasha' is taken to "uyyale chappara," a swing.
	www.hindu.com /2005/05/24/stories/2005052409090300.htm (311 words)

	JAINHERITAGECENTRES.COM > Kalasha Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The amount collected through the distribution of Kalashas would be utilized on a variety of developmental works at Sri Kshetra Shravanabelagola such as education, social welfare programmes, temple renovation and literary programmes.
		All the decisions with regard to the distribution of Kalashas shall be the sole discretion of Mahamasthakabhishekha Kalasha Distribution Committee and final.
		Please Note: Kalasha pass holders shall be accommodated in Kalasha Nagar and the lodging facilities would be provided in the tin roofed rooms which would be around 10 minutes walk from the Kalasha Nagar to the Panchakalyanak phandal.
	www.jainheritagecentres.com /mahamasthakabhishekha/kalasha.htm (1880 words)

	Dardic languages in Chitral
		The Kalasha language is also spoken in Urtsun and Jinjoret valleys and in the village of Kalkatak.
		The languages of Khowar, Phalura, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Kalasha, Yidgha and Munji are all classified as Dardic languages in the Indo-European family of languages.
		The belief that Khowar is closely related to Kalasha may stem from the fact that the Kalash people often speak Khowar brokenly when talking to outsiders, rather than trying to speak their own language.
	www.samsloan.com /dardic.htm (2929 words)

	Re: The Kalash: An Endangered Minority of the Hindu-Kush Mtn Forum Discussion Archive Article 171003124356 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kalashas or Kalash or Kafirs have become "living museums" for tourists.
		The NGO sector in Pakistan, which is working in the name of sustainable development in North or Kalasha except AKRSP have not done anything to save people from total exploitation.
		If you ask other NGOs eating million of USD in the name of sustainable development or environment that why they are not providing something serious to support Kalash, they say that "we have to work closely with important locals".
	www.mtnforum.org /emaildiscuss/discuss03/101703124356.htm (665 words)

	The Kalasha of Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kalasha leaders may endorse such diagnoses of environmental devastation being made on their behalf.
		Kalasha are thereby able to maintain far larger herds of livestock than most of their Muslim neighbours, which in turn make a vital contribution to cereal production through the regular application of manure to fields.
		Yet the future viablility of Kalasha communities ultimately depends on the continuing efforts of local leaders like Saifullah Jan to mobilize struggles for an independent control of environmental resources, which often appear more sustainably managed in indigenous hands, given proper governmental support, than through the best-intentioned schemes of outside development agencies.
	www.utsc.utoronto.ca /~socsci/ids/kalasha.html (3402 words)

	Kalash vocabulary and possible relationship with Greek
		It is not clear that the Kalasha people believe in a supreme god that is a creator of all things.
		Finally, there is another problem in that, according to Richard Strand, Kalasha is also a different language spoken by a different group in Afghanistan.
		Strand's theory is that since the word "Kalash" or variations of it apply to several different people or languages in the region, that this word meant the entire area at some time in the past.
	www.ishipress.com /kalashav.htm (572 words)

	Ronald Trail (Summer Institute of Linguistics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kalasha is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 3000 speakers in the Chitral District of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan.
		Kalasha is grouped with a small sub-group of languages called Dardic which includes Kashmiri, Shina, and Khowar.
		My wife Gail is working on the historical origins of the Kalasha people and their religion.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/lweb/data/indiv/area/idsas/TRAIL,Ronald.htm (187 words)

	A webpage about Kalam, Swat,Pakistan
		Southern Kalasha is in Urtsun Valley; Northern Kalasha in Rumbur, Bumboret, and Birir valleys.
		The southern dialect has 75% lexical similarity with the northern dialects, and there seems to be little contact between them.
		Kalasha is used in the home and for in-group communication in the north.
	www.geocities.com /kcs_kalam/kalash.html (138 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:kls
		Southern Kalasha (Urtsun), Northern Kalasha (Rumbur, Bumboret, Birir).
		Trail, Gail H. "Tysam revisited: a study of Kalasha origins."
		A rhetorical structure analysis of a Kalasha narrative.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=kls (198 words)

	Kalasha 2
		Enfranchisement from feudal servitude was widely welcomed, but it was accompanied by the onset of forced conversions to Islam and the widescale appropriation of Kalasha property by outsiders.
		But from the early 1970s, these adversities began to be ameliorated through central government action, aware of the growing visibility and value of the Kalasha for foreign tourism.
		In response to calls to safeguard Kalasha from the zealous excesses of his Islamization policy, Zia also arranged for their electoral enrollment within a national minority constituency of non-Muslims, divorcing them from normal participation in district political elections.
	www.the-south-asian.com /June2001/Kalasha2.htm (618 words)

	Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple - Utah Krishnas
		This year we were hoping for new members, or heretofore marginally supportive ones, to step up to the plate, and to double the number of kalasha sponsors.
		The photos of the kalashas can be viewed by clicking at the bottom of our home page.
		For sponsorship and to receive either the deluxe kalasha for a donation of $ 251.00 or the golden kalasha for $ 108.00, contact Caru Das at (801) 787-1510.
	www.utahkrishnas.com /main/page.asp?id=31 (294 words)

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