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Topic: Kalhana

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	Seasons India :: Sanskrit Literature, India
		Kalhana was the son of Champaka, minister of King Harsha (1089-1101).
		Kalhana's Rajatarangini or the River of Kings is the first written history of the world.
		Kalhana belonged to distinguished family and had also an intimate acquaintance with the topography and physical conditions of Kashmir, its political kings and heroes and the facts of everyday life.
	www.seasonsindia.com /art_culture/lit_sanskrit_sea.htm (819 words)

	Kalhana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kalhana is regarded to be India's first historian.
		Kalhana opens his book by mentioning his views on writing history.
		Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini (1148/9 AD), presents his views on how history ought to be written.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kalhana (299 words)

	Kalhana - The Chronicler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		I before accusing Kalhana of inefficient handling of the subject-matter, it is to be borne in mind that he holds brief only for the "Rajas" i.
		However, it is to be borne in mind that the scribes (lipikaras) engaged for this purpose seem not to have mastery either over,the lanouage or the script.
		Perhaps this is the reason that Kalhana ends four out of eight Tarangas of his chronicle with the description of such kings who gave up their thrones by acts of pious resignation and renunciation.
	www.koausa.org /Glimpses/Kalhana.html (7950 words)

	Vitasta Annual Number: A Kashmir Sabha, Kolkata Publication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Kalhana's very frequent references to numerous Kashmirian authors and their works enable us to follow the history of Sanskrit literature of Kashmir with tolerable accuracy from the 8th century onwards.
		Kalhana, the celebrated poet-historian of Kashmir was the son of a high functionary of the State.
		The reason is not far to seek, Kalhana was a contemporary of the monarchs of the eighth book and for the history of Harsha and other immediately preceding rulers, he has most probably informations from his father and other older contemporaries.
	vitasta.org /1999/2a.html (7716 words)

	Articles on Indian-Americans, NRI and Indians featured on Garamchai.Com
		At the sound of his drums (beaten) in attack, the dwellings of his enemies were diverted by the (frightened) inhabitants and thus resembled women dropping in fright the burden of their wombs".
		Kalhana has described many of the conquests of this king in detail, particularly the triumph of Muktapida over the mighty Yasovarman, the King of Kanauj.
		Kalhana describes the construction (in reality the enlargement) of the famous Martand Temple such, "This liberal (king) built the wonderful (shrine) of Martand with its massive walls of stone within a lofty enclosure (prasadantar) and its town swelling with grapes".
	www.garamchai.com /feature1.htm (1475 words)

	The Wonder That Was Kashmir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Kalhana’s history begins with the Mahabharata War, but it is very hazy with regard to the events prior to the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.
		Kalhana, while speaking of Lalitaditya, narrates a charming story of how the king discovered the ruins of an old temple where he had a new temple built.
		Kalhana mentions many kings who were interested in dance and music.
	subhashkak.voiceofdharma.com /articles/wonder.htm (5495 words)

	Kashmir in Ancient Sanskrit Literature
		A number of feferences made by Kalhana regarding the origin of towns, cities, villages, estates and shrines are also of topographical importance.
		It is Kalhana's accurate dcscription which alone has helped future scholars to idenlify some of the ruined sites of present times with the famed cities of the past.
		His topographical exactness is strikingly revealed from such accounts as the regulation of the waters of the Vitasta by Suyya, the sieges of Shrinagar under Sussala, the battle on the Gopadari hill in the same period, the blockade of Lohara and the siege of the Shirahshila castle.
	www.koausa.org /KoshSam/SanskritLiterature.html (1585 words)

	Pandrethan Excavations,Archaeological Excavations in Jammu,Kashmir Excavations
		The earlier part, prior to the rise of Durlabha Vardhana of the Karkota dynasty, however, is shrouded in myths and legends, evidently for lack of reliable records at the disposal of Kalhana who had to grope through the mist of yore and tradition.
		Kalhana meticulously mentioned various pious foundations, many of which, no doubt, were in existence in his time.
		Referring to the meritorious works of Rilhana, the minister, Kalhana informs us that this virtuous minister embellished the cities of the two Pravarasenas with bridges and Mathas and erected at the first city of King Pravara a Shaiva temple after his name, Rilhaneshvara, which became pre eminent among his religious foundations.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /jammu-kashmir/excavations/pandrethan.html (1727 words)

	Buddhism in Kashmir - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kalhana claims that though it was situated far from the Mauryan capital (Pataliputra), Kashmir enjoyed all the benefits of Ashoka's benign rule.
		Kalhana describes how a large number of Buddhist scholars were vanquished in debates with Jalauka's guru Avadhuta, and hence traditional observances were slowly revived.
		Buddhism is stated by Kalhana and Hiuen Tsang to have suffered severe setbacks under the Huns, especially under Mihirakula, whom Hiuen Tsang describes as a great persecutor of the Buddhists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buddhism_in_Kashmir (1113 words)

	AfghanHindu.com - Afghan Hindu Association
		Kalhana wrote his history in 1148 A. about 125 years after the fall of Trilochanpal, who according to Alberuni was killed in 1021 A. There is one thing very interesting about the Hindu Kings of Kabul, and that they were known as Shahs, and their dynasty as Hindu Shahis of Kabul.
		For all this he is very much criticized and taunted by Kalhana, the Brahman author of Rajtarangini.
		We have it on the authority of Kalhana that this Kabul King Bhima came to Kashmir and stayed there for some time and built a temple dedicated to Vishnu which was given the name of Bhima Keshava.
	www.afghanhindu.com /kashmir.asp (1526 words)

	Project ZAAN: Information Digest - Vol. 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Kalhana was born in the beginning of 12th Century.
		Kalhana was an admirer of expositors of Kashmiri Shaivism [MAS pp 8], for instance Bhatta Kalatta.
		Kalhana was an accomplished poet, though there is no information about his formal education.
	zaan.net /vol1/4.html (514 words)

	Architecture Of The Jhelum Waterfront-Srinagar: Images And Impressions
		Kalhana, the Kashmiri poet, traced the history of Kashmir back to four thousand years from 1148 A.D., the date at which he was writing, into the mists of time, through the pages of his great chronicle-the Rajatarangini, (River of Kings).
		Kalhana, according to Kennan, "emerges as an exceptionally likeable and wise man, indeed a sort of Kashmiri version of Chaucer and Shakespeare, who clearly loved his country and described it charmingly.
		Due to their locations at a point which commands the trade routes to the rest of India and to Central Asia, these settlements served as the capital of Kashmir, as distribution centres for the valley and were also renowned centres of learning.
	meaindia.nic.in /jk/him-cent-asian-arch.htm (7171 words)

	Organiser - Content
		Kalhana is very frank and open minded when he says that the Brahman purohita parishad, the Tantrians, the Ekangas, the Damaras, the Kayasthas, etc. were all more powerful than the kings and their life very much proved contemporaneous with European feudal barons.
		Kalhana describes Kashmir as a “country which delighted in insurrection” and they were adventurers.
		Kalhana occupies a pre-eminent place in the history of Indian Historiography and therefore he may be credited with the title Ranke of ancient and medieval Indian Historiography, taking into account his magnum opus in Sanskrit—a clear proof for the historical sense of Indians.
	www.organiser.org /dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=108&page=19 (2209 words)

	CONVERTED KASHMIR: Memorial of Mistakes
		Kalhana had started writing Rajtarangani in 1147 and completed it in two years.
		Kalhana may have received help from his father, Champak, who was the Prime Minister.
		Kalhana, in his Rajtarangani, has given a detailed account of it.
	www.kashmir-information.com /ConvertedKashmir/Foreword.html (2704 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories
		What made Kalhana different from the many chroniclers and storytellers who had existed before him in India was his ability to be informative and accurate while at the same time keeping his readers from being bored with long and tedious descriptions in a long and tedious language.
		One such that Kalhana used with great care is the story of the great lake called Satisara, the lake of Sati that existed in ancient times.
		Kalhana uses this story to describe the topography of Kashmir and changes in it over the years.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2003/20030830/cth2.htm (2254 words)

	The Forgotten Tirtha of Bheda Devi
		Arel Stein, who visited the religious shrines mentioned in Kalhana's Raj Tarangini, says that the tirtha of 'Gangod Bheda' was not visited by the Brahamanas of the valley of Kashmir because by that time it had gone into oblivion, having fallen into a state of neglect over a period of time.
		High up in the valley of the Birnai Stream which debounches at Darbagam from the south west, is the site of an ancient tirtha, which though not completely forgotten, must have ranked once among the most popular in Kashmir.
		He consulted his maps and also studied carefully the statement of Kalhana about the forgotten tirtha; he was not satisfied that he had got to the exact place he was in search of.
	www.koausa.org /Temples/BhedaDevi.html (1773 words)

	Harsha of Kashmir, a Hindu Iconoclast?
		Next to the Pushyamitra fable, the most popular "evidence" for Hindu persecutions of Buddhism is a passage in Kalhana's history of Kashmir, the Rajatarangini (Taranga 7: 1089 ff.), where king Harsha is accused of looting and desecrating temples.
		He is described by Kalhana as having looted and desecrated most Hindu and Buddhist temples in Kashmir, partly through an office which he had created, viz.
		Either she has just been bluffing, writing lies about Kalhana's testimony in the hope that her readers would be too inert to check the source.
	koenraadelst.bharatvani.org /articles/ayodhya/harshakashmir.html (2939 words)

	Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir
		The tradition solidly established by Kalhana, which was marked by objectivity in approach and treatment, was followed by many later historians of Kashmir.
		Kalhana's Rajatarangini was translated during this very time.
		But the loss of Persian translation of Sanskrit histories of Kashmir from Kalhana to Suka (presuming the translations had been made) has made any verdict on the sources of the history of Hindu period in Baharistan-i-Shahi a matter of conjecture.
	kashmir-information.com /Baharistan/introduction.html (6604 words)

	Avantipur Excavations,Archaeological Excavations in Jammu,Kashmir Excavations
		From this statement it appears that the place had already been a holy centre before the town was established by the king after his own name.
		Thus, according to Kalhana, the greedy Kalasa (AD 1063-89) of the first Lohara dynasty confiscated the villages, which had formed the endowment of the Avantisvamin temple.
		Kalhana referred to this town in course of his narrations of the anecdotes of the reigns of Kalasa (AD 1063-89), Harsha (AD 1189-1101), Sussala (AD 1112-1120 and 1121-28) and Jayasimha (AD 1128-55).
	www.indiantravelportal.com /jammu-kashmir/excavations/avantipur.html (2455 words)

	Shah Travels Pvt. Ltd. Special Packages for Kashmir, Ladakh, Shree Amarnath Ji Yatra, Jammu....
		Srinagar is also a take-off point for some of the Kashmir's hill stations and a base for a variety of activities that range from trekking and mountaineering to fishing, golf and skking.
		Kalhana, the author of the Rajtarangini states that Srinagar was founded by the Emperor Ashoka (3rd Century BC).
		The shiva temple, as Kalhana belives, was constructed by Raja Gopadatya in 371 B.C.and as such is the oldest shirne in Kashmir.
	shahtravels.com (1218 words)

	The Nature And consciousness of the People of Kashmir
		Kalhana Pandit was another great historian and philosopher of Kashmir.
		The consciousness displayed in historical context by Kalhana and others in Kashmir proves once again that people in Kashmir have shown harmony and love without which art and culture cannot grow.
		Kalhana belongs to Kashmir and India and reminds of bygone days in Kashmir and the love of people for nature and mysticism.
	www.mea.gov.in /jk/him-cent-asian-nature.htm (4002 words)

	Glimpses of Kashmiri Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		After the assasination of Sussala (A.D. 1123), Jayasimha ascended the throne in the face of conspiracies, intrigues and famine.
		This is the last king of Kashmir as narrated by Kalhana.
		Not a single communal trouble is mentioned by Kalhana in his chronicle.
	www.ikashmir.net /glimpses/kalhana.html (7943 words)

	4. Harsha of Kashmir, a Hindu iconoclast?
		Next to the Pushyamitra fable, the most popular “evidence” for Hindu persecutions of Buddhism is a passage in Kalhana’s history of Kashmir where king Harsha is accused of looting and desecrating temples.
		This example is given by JNU emeritus professor of ancient history, Romila Thapar, in a book and again in a letter written in reply to a query on Arun Shourie’s revelations on the financial malversations and scholarly manipulations by a group of secularist historians including herself.
		He is described by Kalhana as having looted and desecrated most of the Hindu and Buddhist temples in Kashmir, partly through an office which he had created specially for this purpose.
	koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com /books/acat/ch4.htm (4734 words)

	Upinder Fotadar's Blog : Lalitaditya Muktapida: An Omnipotent Indian, Upinder Fotadar blogs on sulekha, History blogs, ...
		At the sound of his drums (beaten) in attack, the dwellings of his enemies were diverted by the (frightened) inhabitants and thus resembled women dropping in fright the burden of their wombs.â Besides Kalhana, the Chinese, Turkish and Tibetan legends also refer to him as a great conqueror.
		Though he was a Hindu, he had equal respect for all faiths.
		Kalhana also informs us that he was a compassionate ruler who was well versed in the Sastras.
	dr-upinder-fotadar.sulekha.com /blog/post/2003/11/lalitaditya-muktapida-an-omnipotent-indian.htm (1117 words)

	Adhi Sankara’s visit to Kashmir
		Rajatarangini, the history of Kashmir written by Kalhana in 1148-50 A.D, describes the place where the Sharda Peetha in Kashmir is located.
		According to Kalhana the Sharda Peetha was not only visited but also conquered by Adhi Sankara.
		Kalhana says, “There is a charming lake on one of the high hills of Bhedagiri, the origin of Ganga, which is the abode of playful swans and Goddess Sharda abides here”.
	www.chennaionline.com /columns/DownMemoryLane/diary132.asp (874 words)

	MJ Akbar's Blog : Bylines, Books, War, RSS Syndication, Book Reviews, Letters & Lots More! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In his history there are no heroes or heroines and the few persons who might be so described are only functionaries of certain groups and have not been too much emphasized; indeed, whether we love them or not for their virtues, it is their vices which make them unforgettable.
		It is reasonably certain that a branch of the Indo-Aryans who took the course of the Oxus and the Jaxertes separated from the main body of migrants and eventually settled down in the Kashmir Valley.
		Kalhana has rioted the sustenance he took from at least eleven previous historians.
	www.mjakbar.org /bookkashmir.asp (5992 words)

	Time in Indian language and philosophy/religion
		Another example is Kalhana's Rajataranginl, the chronicle of a Kashmiri dynasty and one of the best historical works ever written by an Indian.
		In it Kalhana details the social situation of his time and the activities of the various personages in it with an accuracy that no other Indian book of history has attained.
		If one removes all the poetic elements from Kalhana's story, and compares it with events of the time, he will find that the account is in essence on a level no higher than that of a more or less accurate article in a newspaper or a cartoon in a political comic paper.
	www.drury.edu /ess/Culture/indian.htm (3056 words)

	Dards, Dardistan, and Dardic: an Ethnographic, Geographic, and Linguistic Conundrum
		Kalhana, in Rajatarangini (Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir), first mentions "the Darada country" as the location of a Vihara built by king Surendra (Stein 1979:I, 93, 17).
		Surendra is the fifth king after Ashoka, whom Kalhana identifies as the familiar Ashoka of the 3rd century B.C. Daradas are next mentioned, along with Bhauttas and Mlecchas, as impure people during the reign of Mihirakula, calculated as from Laukika dates 2372-2442 (Stein 1979:I, 312-6, 46).
		Whether they were one distinct ethnic group, or whether the term broadly signified the unruly wine drinkers living in the mountains cannot be determined.
	www.mockandoneil.com /dard.htm (3638 words)

	SUN WORSHIP IN KASHMIR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Kalhana's Rajatarangini equally establishes that the sun-worship was prevalent in Kashmir too.
		As Kashmir had been a crucible of numerous cultural traditions and trends, the sun-god was worshipped alongwith a litany of religious gods and icons connected with Buddhism, Shaivism and Vaishnavism.
		As per Kalhana, a ruler named Ranaditya as a devotee had built a sun-temple at a place known as 'Simharotsika'.
	www.kashmirsentinel.com /maya1999/4.6.html (775 words)

	Daily Pioneer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		His son Kalhana, influenced by his friends and foreign powers, disobeys his father's strictures and plans invasions.
		The question of whether Kalhana is truly Ananta Deva's son.
		If the play had any flaws it was perhaps the repeated use of certain words and at times the over done melodrama.The play is one of the few you don't want to miss even if history was not your favourite subject.
	www.dailypioneer.com /archives/secon33.asp?cat=\viva11&d=vivacity&t1=feb1401 (386 words)

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