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	Oyirad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They were called Kalmak or Kalmyk which means "to stay" (as opposed to "to leave"), by their Western neighbors the Turks.
		The 17th century is the century of the Kalmyk Empire, known as the Khanate of Dzungaria, which stretched from the Great Wall of China to the River Don, and from the Himalayas to Siberia.
		The Kalmyk became Tibetan Buddhists in 1615 and it was not long before they got involved in the conflict between the Gelug and Karma Kagyu schools.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kalmyks (506 words)

	Kalmykia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kalmyks controlled a vast area known as or the to Westerners, which stretched from the Great Wall of China to the River Don, and from the Himalayas to Siberia.
		Hungarians (Kalmyks call them Uugr) in the 8th century, Tatars (Kalmyks call them Mangyd) in the 13th century, and Kalmyks (Kalmyks call themself Dörvn Öörd—The Allied Four) in the 17th century—all of them were driven to Europe because of its rich pastureland.
		Forced collectivization was a social, economic and cultural disaster, unsuited to the Kalmyk temperament and the dry treeless landscape.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Kalmykia (1391 words)

	Kalmykia - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Kalmyk culture has seen a resurgence of interest in the last 20 years, and most Kalmyks regard His Holiness the Dalai Lama as their spiritual leader.
		There is a Kalmyk Buddhist temple in Belgrade, Serbia, and several Kalmyk Buddhist temples in Monmouth County, New Jersey, where the vast majority of American Kalmyks reside, as well as a Tibetan Buddhist Learning Center and monastaryin Washington County, NJ.
		The word Kalmyk means 'those who remained'—a reference to the return to Jungaria of a large part of the population in the 18th century.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Kalmyks (1032 words)

	Kalmykia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Part of the Kalmyks did not manage to cross the Volga and the Ural rivers, remained in Russia and gradually created fixed settlements with houses and temples, instead of their transportable round felt yurts.
		Kalmyk State University is the biggest higher education facility in the republic.
		While some Kalmyks fought on the German side, the German 'Wehrmacht' army was already in retreat when the Kalmyks began to arrive in western Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kalmykia (1388 words)

	World congress on language policies
		Kalmyks (ancestors known as "oirats") are 47 % of the whole population of the Republic.
		Kalmyks faced the real threat of native language assimilation and as mother tongue is one of the main ethnic signs of the nation there was a threat of disappearance of national culture and later even disappearance of the nation itself.
		Kalmyk studies are the concern of the Kalmyk Research Institute of Humanitarian Studies, the department of Kalmyk philology and culture of the Kalmyk State University and outside the Republic they are carried out in the sector of Turkic and Mongolian languages of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
	www.linguapax.org /congres/taller/taller3/Bitkeeva.html (2306 words)

	Kalmykia : Kalmyks
		The Kalmyk people have since aligned themselves with Russian rule, first under the tsars, and later under the communists.
		These Kalmyks are those who remained when the bulk of the nation moved westwards in the early 16th century.
		Kalmyk language and tradition in Kyrgyzstan is dying out rapidly due to small numbers, and majority pressures.
	www.wordlookup.net /ka/kalmyks.html (416 words)

	Kalmykia - IBWiki
		Kalmyk language and tradition in Turkestan and Uyguristan is dying out rapidly due to small numbers, and majority pressures.
		Kalmyks (not Mongols) controlled a vast area known as Grand Tartary or the Kalmyk Empire to Westerners, which stretched from the Great Wall of China to the River Don, and from the Himalayas to Siberia.
		Residents of the Kalmyk capital, Elista, often hold protests and hunger strikes because of the shortage of basics such as water, and the lack of democracy.
	ib.frath.net /w/Kalmykia (1247 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Kalmyks
		Kalmyks, also Kalmucks, one of the major tribal divisions of the Mongols.
		From the 15th to the 17th century the Kalmyks were nomads who competed with...
		The Mongolian languages include Buryat, spoken in eastern Siberia; Kalmyk, spoken chiefly in Russia along the Caspian Sea; and the most widely used...
	encarta.msn.com /Kalmyks.html (101 words)

	AllRefer.com - Kalmykia : History (CIS And Baltic Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		A seminomadic branch of the Oirat Mongols, the Kalmyks migrated from Chinese Turkistan to the steppe W of the Volga's mouth in the mid-17th cent.
		The Kalmyk Autonomous Region was established in 1920; it became an autonomous republic in 1936.
		The Kalmyk Autonomous SSR was officially reestablished in 1958.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/K/Kalmykia-history.html (351 words)

	Read about Kalmykia at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Kalmykia and learn about Kalmykia here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Kalmyk from the Tatars in the 16th century and the Russians later learned about name Oyirad, which had come from the Mongols.
		13th century, and Kalmyks (Kalmyks call themself Dörvn Öörd—The Allied Four) in the 17th century—all of them were driven to Europe because of its rich pastureland.
		German army was already in retreat when the Kalmyks began to arrive in western Europe.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Kalmykia (1238 words)

	Kommersant: Republic of Kalmykia
		In 1608 and 1609 the Oyrats swore an oath of allegiance to the Russian Tsar.
		Kalmyks of the Don fought in Cossack units under the command of the legendary Chief Platov.
		The Kalmyks fought with fortitude in the battlefront of war and in the partisan resistance on the steppes of Kalmykia, in Belorussia, Ukraine, the Bryansk woods, etc. Twenty-one men were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
	www.kommersant.com /page.asp?id=-97 (1734 words)

	Republic of Kalmykia \| History
		Kalmyks took active part in all the Russian war campaigns in 17th and 18th centuries providing up to 40 thousands of filly equipped horsemen.
		As foreigners with another religious affiliation Kalmyks were not subject to the military service, but in the Patriotic War of 1812 they formed 3 regiments (The First and Second Kalmyk and Stavropolsky Kalmyk regiments) that fought their way to Paris.
		The Kalmyks fought with fortitude in the battle-front of war and in the partisan resistance in the steppes of Kalmykia, in Belorussia, Ukraine, Bryansk woods, etc. In the battles for Don area and North Caucasus distinguished was the 110 Detached Kalmyk Chivalry Division.
	kalm.ru /en/hist.html (845 words)

	kalmyks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Forced collectivisation was a social, economic and cultural disaster, unsuited to the Kalmyk temperament and the dry treeless landscape.
		Half of their number perished during the journey and in the following years of exile, a genocide unknown to the outside world to this day.
		The Kalmyk language and their traditions are dying out rapidly due to small numbers, and majority pressures.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Kalmyks.html (593 words)

	Bambooweb: Kalmyks
		There is also a small Kalmyk community in Pennsylvania in the USA.
		They are descended from those Kalmyks who fought on the German side in World War II.
		The word Kalmyk means 'Those who remained', a reference to the return to Jungaria of a large part of the population in the 18th century.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/k/a/Kalmyks.html (760 words)

	The deportation of Kalmyks (in December 1943) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This stream of exiles was scattered to all directions within our region: to the area around Vilisty on the upper course of the Mana, as well as to the Upper Chulym (settlement of Tamozhenka in the south-western Balakhta district), to the district of Yartsevo, to Predivinsk and to Khakassia.
		The majority of exiled Kalmyks, however, who had never ever seen a forest before, ended up on the taiga, which they were completely unable to adapt.
		It is to be supposed that those Kalmyks who had been taken away to Khakassia found themselves in a slightly better situation.
	www.memorial.krsk.ru /eng/Exile/065.htm (191 words)

	China seeks influence among Kalmyk Buddhists - www.phayul.com
		Nevertheless, like the Tibetans, Kalmyks practiced Buddhism secretly and preserved their specific Buddhist traditions and rituals and, like Tibet after Deng Xiaoping's reform policies, Gorbachev's perestroika brought a revitalisation of Kalmyk Buddhism, starting in 1988 when the first Buddhist community was registered in Elista, the capital of Kalmykia.
		The Kalmyk Buddhists felt particularly honoured to have had the Dalai Lama, during his first visit to the region in 1991, bless the foundations of what has become the centre of Buddhism in Kalmykia.
		Kalmyk President Illyumzhinov criticised the Russian central government for the visa denial and he threatened that Kalmyk Buddhists may turn to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation to contest this decision.
	www.phayul.com /news/article.aspx?id=7277 (1797 words)

	Tibetan Bulletin - Online: Volume 8, Issue 4, July - August 2004
		A move by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to repel the influence of the Dalai Lama in a Tibetan Buddhist region became apparent during the visit to Kalmykia, in the Russian Federation, from 21 to 25 June 2004, of an eight-member delegation from the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR).
		The Kalmyks belong to a Western Mongolian tribe called Oirats, who left the Western Mongolian province of Dzungaria (today incorporated into Xinjiang in the PRC) and established themselves in South Russia after their princes swore allegiance to the Russian crown in 1609.
		A potential way for the Russian authorities to satisfy both the demands of the Kalmyks and those of the PRC is mentioned in the part of the Foreign Minister’s statement about not allowing a visit by the Dalai lama"....at the invitation of a top official".
	www.tibet.net /tibbul/2004/0708/tibetnews2.html (1526 words)

	IBT - August 13, 2002
		The Kalmyks, being the Westernmost of the Mongolian people, are the only ones who became rooted in Europe, having arrived from Asia in the 1600's.
		The Kalmyks were accused of collaboration with the Germans, and were not allowed to return to their land until 1957.
		The Kalmyk New Testament is the fourth in the series of 15 New Testaments that the Institute for Bible Translation plans to print by 2005.
	www.ibtnet.org /latest_news/020813_kalmykNT.html (325 words)

	The Buddhist Channel \| Europe \| How Buddhism Got to Russia
		The Kalmyks, as the republic's residents are known, were once Mongolian nomads who lived and practiced their faith on the Central Asian steppe.
		Curiously, the spiritual head of the Kalmyks is a native of Philadelphia.
		Erdne Ombadykow was born to Kalmyk parents and sent to study Buddhism in India as a 7-year-old.
	www.buddhistchannel.tv /index.php?id=00000000003,00000000325,0,0,1,0 (581 words)

	Research Article- Ostrovskaya - JGB Volume 5
		Moreover, the Buryat and Kalmyk acquisition of national territory, and the full establishment of an ethnocultural tradition and pattern of political administration was significantly predetermined by joining the Russian Empire.
		In the middle of the seventeenth century the birth of the Kalmyk written language stimulated the translation and spread of Buddhist canonical texts of Indian and Tibetan Buddhist literary heritage.
		In the early twentieth century Kalmyk princes of the Tundutovs' and Tumens' clans settled in the capital.
	www.globalbuddhism.org /5/ostrovskaya04.htm (11623 words)

	China seeks influence among Kalmyk Buddhists - www.phayul.com
		The Kalmyks belong to a Western Mongolian tribe called Oirats that left the Western Mongolian province of Dzungaria (today incorporated into Xinjiang in the PRC) and established themselves in South Russia after their princes swore allegiance to the Russian crown in 1609.
		Kalmyk khans (princes) received edicts legitimizing their rule from the Dalai Lamas.
		It is on the basis therefore, of its perception of Tibetans as Chinese that the PRC sees the potential for establishing "broad prospects for various cooperation" with the Kalmyks.
	www.phayul.com /news/article.aspx?id=7277&t=1&c=1 (1797 words)

	Astrahan Travelogue, The Republic of Kalmykia
		The Kalmyks were pastorialists, who relied on the subsistence farming to feed their animals and families.
		The primary reason for the migration of the Kalmyks was one of religious authority.
		The sheep that the government gave to the Kalmyk people were not steppe animals; their hooves were hard and not suited to the steppe.
	www.trekshare.com /index.cfm?p1=48&journalid=5342 (2370 words)

	Otto's Random Thoughts: How the Kalmyks became white
		The survivors of the German sponsored Kalmyk Cavalry Corps and their families retreated west with the Wehrmacht.
		The Kalmyks in DP camps had no desire to join the fate of their kin in Siberia.
		You should know that more kalmyks from Russia are emigrating from Russia everday and are settling among the people that have been here for over 50 years.
	jpohl.blogspot.com /2005/08/how-kalmyks-became-white.html (496 words)

	Translation services, translation jobs, and freelance translators
		The Kalmyk (and their Oyrat ancestors) made an entrance to the historic arena as an independent nation in the first half of the 15th century after Mongolia had split in two parts (Eastern and Western).
		The Kalmyk (Kalmuck) language of Kalmyks, it is spoken mainly in Kalmykia, in the Russian Federation.
		This reflects Kalmyk's origin as the common language of the Oyirads, a union of four western Mongolian tribes that absorbed some Ugric and Turkic tribes during its migration westward.
	www.proz.com /kudoz/1023430 (1280 words)

	A Chechen War in Kalmykia? - FEATURE - MOSNEWS.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Both Kalmyks and Chechens are coming together in the town from areas throughout the southern region, while police, special forces and interior troops have gathered to try to prevent further conflict.
		The conflict between the Chechens and the Kalmyks began in Yandyki in February.
		After the funeral, the Kalmyks grew even more aggressive, and were joined by local residents, forming a 300-strong crowd that went through the town beating Chechens and setting fire to their homes.
	www.mosnews.com /feature/2005/08/19/kalmyk.shtml (1019 words)

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