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Topic: Kalmyk language

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	World congress on language policies
		Kalmyk language belongs to Mongolian group of languages, it is one of the minor languages of Russia.
		Kalmyks faced the real threat of native language assimilation and as mother tongue is one of the main ethnic signs of the nation there was a threat of disappearance of national culture and later even disappearance of the nation itself.
		Kalmyk studies are the concern of the Kalmyk Research Institute of Humanitarian Studies, the department of Kalmyk philology and culture of the Kalmyk State University and outside the Republic they are carried out in the sector of Turkic and Mongolian languages of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
	www.linguapax.org /congres/taller/taller3/Bitkeeva.html (2306 words)

	Kalmyk people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kalmyk Tayishis, by contrast, were given salaries and towns and settlements were established for them and their ulus (Khodarkovsky, 1992:39).
		Towards that end, Kalmyk khuruls (temples) and monasteries were destroyed and property confiscated; the clergy and many believers were harassed, killed, or sent to labor camps; religious artifacts and books were destroyed; and young men were prohibited from religious training.
		As a result, the Kalmyk language was not formally taught to the younger generation of Kalmyks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kalmyk (4731 words)

	Kalmykia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The population is primarily Kalmyk (45%) and Russian (37%).
		A seminomadic branch of the Oirat Mongols, the Kalmyks migrated from Chinese Turkistan to the steppe W of the Volga’s mouth in the mid-17th cent.
		The Kalmyk Autonomous Region was established in 1920; it became an autonomous republic in 1936.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ka/Kalmykia.html (401 words)

	Kalmyk language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kalmyk (Kalmuck, Calmouk, Oirat) is the language of the Kalmyks, spoken in Kalmykia (Russian Federation), Western China and Western Mongolia.
		Kalmyk belongs to the Kalmyk-Oirat subgroup of the Mongolic languages.
		Russian was made the primary official language of Kalmykia, and in 1963 the last Kalmyk language classes were closed and Russian became the language of education for Kalmyk children.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kalmyk_language (454 words)

	Kalmykia - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Kalmyks controlled a vast area known as Grand Tartary or the Kalmyk Empire to Westerners, which stretched from the Great Wall of China to the River Don, and from the Himalayas to Siberia.
		Hungarians (Kalmyks call them Uugr) in the 8th century, Tatars (Kalmyks call them Mangyd) in the 13th century, and Kalmyks (Kalmyks call themself Dörvn Öörd—The Allied Four) in the 17th century—all of them were driven to Europe because of its rich pastureland.
		Kalmyk State University is the biggest higher education facility in the republic.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Kalmyks (1442 words)

	Mongolian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mongolian is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family, and the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia.
		Related languages include Kalmyk spoken near the Caspian Sea and Buryat of East Siberia, as well as a number of minor languages in China and the Mogholi language of Afghanistan.
		A hallmark of agglutinative languages is that these affixes, unlike in fusional languages, are almost always monomorphemic, composed of a single morpheme.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongolian_language (1021 words)

	Kalmyks - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Kalmyks, also Kalmucks, one of the major tribal divisions of the Mongols.
		From the 15th to the 17th century the Kalmyks were nomads who competed...
		The Mongolian languages include Buryat, spoken in eastern Siberia; Kalmyk, spoken chiefly in Russia along the Caspian Sea; and the most widely used...
	encarta.msn.com /Kalmyks.html (129 words)

	Kommersant - Russia's Daily Online
		In 1608 and 1609 the Oyrats swore an oath of allegiance to the Russian Tsar.
		Kalmyks of the Don fought in Cossack units under the command of the legendary Chief Platov.
		The Kalmyks fought with fortitude in the battlefront of war and in the partisan resistance on the steppes of Kalmykia, in Belorussia, Ukraine, the Bryansk woods, etc. Twenty-one men were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
	www.kommersant.com /t-97/r_5/n_441/Republic_of_Kalmykia (1734 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Kalmyks
		Kalmyks, also Kalmucks, one of the major tribal divisions of the Mongols.
		From the 15th to the 17th century the Kalmyks were nomads who competed with...
		The Mongolian languages include Buryat, spoken in eastern Siberia; Kalmyk, spoken chiefly in Russia along the Caspian Sea; and the most widely used...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Kalmyks.html (101 words)

	Altaic Language Family
		All languages in the Tungusic group and some languages in the Mongolic and Turkic groups are endangered or facing extinction.
		An agglutinative language is one in which each affix typically represents one unit of meaning, e.g.,'past tense,' 'plural,' or 'masculine.' These affixes do not become fused with each other and do not change their form.
		The vocabulary of individual Altaic languages is influenced by the neighboring languages and by the languages of the dominant powers that colonized them.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/AltaicLanguageFamily.html (768 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:xal
		The Kalmyk are in Kalmykia, the steppes between the Don and Volga rivers, lower Volga Region, now the Astrakhan Province.
		The Dorbot and Torgut live between the Volga and the Don, west of the Caspian and north of the Caucasus, in the Republic of Kalmykia.
		Their language has diverged from other Mongolian languages and they are called 'Kalmyk' in Russia; 'Oirat' in China and Mongolia.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=xal (257 words)

	HUNMAGYAR.ORG - TURAN - KALMYKIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Another factor which had contributed to the decline in the Kalmyk population (106,066 in 1959), was the suppression of the opposition against collectivization in the 1920s.
		Marriage was formerly a symbol of adulthood among the Kalmyk.
		Kalmyk Buddhism is a mixture of ethnic beliefs and shamanism (belief in unseen gods, demons, and spirits).
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/kalmuk/kalmuk.html (862 words)

	U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Russia: Background
		These languages have undergone almost no territorial displacement over the different historical periods and may be considered the original languages of a large territory on both sides of the Caucasus.
		The last group of five languages that, according to the number of their speakers in Russia, may be endangered by an irreversible assimilation will definitely survive beyond the Russian borders as the languages of neighboring states.
		Kalmyks (the ancestors are known as “Oirats”) constitute 47 percent of the whole population.
	www.us-english.org /foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=36&TID=2 (3915 words)

	Mongolian language Summary
		Some languages, especially those spoken in China, are commonly referred to as "isolated" within the family, though their taxonomic subdivision continues to be debated.
		The most important language of the Central or Eastern Mongolian group is the official language of the Republic of Mongolia, generally called Mongolian (also known as Khalkha, after the prestige dialect; other important dialects in Outer Mongolia are Dariganga and Ujumuchin).
		Mongolian is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family, and the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia.
	www.bookrags.com /Mongolian_language (4302 words)

	U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Russia: Legislation
		Article 19 guarantees prohibition of language discrimination, which must be understood in reference both to the mother tongue of an individual and to the language that he/she usually or sporadically uses for expressing him/herself.
		The languages spoken in the territory of the republics, which are not proclaimed to be official, may benefit from the specific linguistic legislation that the respective Republic approves.
		Advertising on the territory of the Russian Federation shall be disseminated in the Russian language and, at the discretion of the advertiser, additionally in the official languages of the republics and native languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
	www.us-english.org /foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=36&TID=1 (3889 words)

	Central and Inner Asia Studies (CIAS) - Overview
		However, the Kalmyk culture and language are mostly Central Asian and the history of this small nation, "lost" and detached from its original roots, is quite unique.
		Kalmyks opposed the Russian Revolution and communist rule: the process of collectivization, the denial of religion and other constraints did not go along with their indigenous way of living.
		In 1943 Stalin suspected Kalmyks of disloyalty to the communist government and deported the whole nation from the south of the country to Siberia.
	www.utoronto.ca /cias/kalmykia.html (1295 words)

	Republic of Kalmykia \| Science
		Kalmyk Institute for Humanities Research of Russian Academy of Sciences is the scientific center studying, reproducing and preserving the historical and cultural heritage, linguistic and ethnic realities, arts and spiritual traditions of Kalmyk people.
		The charter of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanities Research (status of the state institution) was registered on December 20, 1999, approved by the controlling organization, Russian Academy of Sciences.
		One of the main tasks of the philology department is the realization of the Law "On languages in the Republic of Kalmykia" and the state program of the Republic of Kalmykia on restoration and development of Kalmyk language.
	kalm.ru /en/science.html (1009 words)

	NOVES SL. HIVERN-PRIMAVERA 2001. LANGUAGE POLICY AND MINORITY LANGUAGE PLANNING IN RUSSIA (1)
		It is obvious that the purposes and aims of language policy and language planning are dependent upon the individual linguistic context.
		For example, where the language in question is in a critical condition, the aim will be language restoration; where it is under threat, the language revival will be the aim.
		In multiethnic environment of Russia the linguistic contexts, language policies and language planning are certain to vary with every ethnic group, but there sure to be some common features influenced by the conventional state language policy.
	www6.gencat.net /llengcat/noves/hm01hivern-primavera/internacional/kornou1_9.htm (747 words)

	[Column] Thoughts about the Kalmyk language : Arts & Entertainment : Home
		Kalmyks feel the need to keep their national language alive, but the reality they face is not so easy.
		Kalmyk sentence structure is traditionally like Korean, with a "subject-object-verb" structure, but Russian interference has led people to frequently place the verb right after the subject.
		The idea is a reflection of the strong determination of a young leader to revive the dying Kalmyk language by bringing in people of the same ethnic group.
	english.hani.co.kr /arti/english_edition/e_entertainment/146657.html (328 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Country profiles \| Regions and territories: Kalmykia
		The Republic of Kalmykia is a constituent republic of the Russian Federation situated south of the Volga on the north-western shores of the Caspian Sea.
		The Kalmyk people are descended from nomadic Mongol herdsmen who travelled westwards in the 16th and 17th centuries in search of pasture land, eventually settling around the Volga river.
		The word Kalmyk is derived from the Turkish for remnant and refers to those who remained.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/country_profiles/4580467.stm (722 words)

	IBT - August 13, 2002
		The Kalmyks, being the Westernmost of the Mongolian people, are the only ones who became rooted in Europe, having arrived from Asia in the 1600's.
		The Kalmyks were accused of collaboration with the Germans, and were not allowed to return to their land until 1957.
		All 15 languages are spoken in the former Soviet Union.
	www.ibtnet.org /latest_news/020813_kalmykNT.html (325 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Kalmyk of Russia are of Mongolian origin.
		In 1943, Stalin had the Kalmyk descendants deported to Siberia for allegedly uniting with occupying Nazi troops; thousands died in the Siberian cold.
		Many Kalmyk have continued to live as nomads, and their lifestyle is one of seasonal migrations.
	www.ksafe.com /profiles/p_code2/1212.html (775 words)

	Kalmyk language resources
		Kalmyk (Kalmuck, Calmouk, Oirat) is the language of the Kalmyks, spoken in Kalmykia (Russian Federation), Western China and Western Mongolia.
		Kalmyk belongs to the Kalmyk-Oirat subgroup of the Mongolic languages.
		Russian was made the primary official language of Kalmykia, and in 1963 the last Kalmyk language classes were closed and Russian became the language of education for Kalmyk children.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Kalmyk.html (1459 words)

	Minority languages of Russia on the Net - Kalmyk language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Spoken in the Republic of Kalmykia, in the Astrakhan, Rostov, Stavropol regions and in Kyrgyzstan.
		The Cyrillic alphabet was introduced in 1924, the Latin alphabet was used in 1931-38, and since 1938 the written language has been based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
		Kalmyk research institute of humanities of the Russian academy of sciences (in Russian)
	www.peoples.org.ru /eng_kalmyk.html (134 words)

	[No title]
		Mongolian is the language of most of the population of Mongolia and also of Inner Mongolia and of separate groups living in several other provinces and regions of China and the Russian Federation.
		By origin, it is one of the languages of the Mongolian group of the Altaic family.
		The monuments of that period are linguistic materials referred to in historical documents of neighboring nations, in a majority of cases in Chinese transcription; materials in the Tabghatch dialect of the Xian'pi language; and in the Mongolian literary language in the Mongolian script based on the ancient Mongolian language.
	www.indiana.edu /~mongsoc/mong/language.htm (1204 words)

	A Most Non-Russian Republic Tends to Its Buddhist Roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The entire Kalmyk population of about 150,000 was packed off to Siberia, where tens of thousands died from hunger and cold.
		When the Kalmyks were finally allowed to return to their homeland in 1957, only 70,000 survivors were left.
		The language is now taught alongside Russian in schools and an estimated 70 percent of the population speak it.
	ccbs.ntu.edu.tw /FULLTEXT/JR-ADM/judith.htm (730 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		The Khakass language is an aggregation of different tribal languages, and it has achieved its present form only during the 20th century.
		At first there were attempts to fit the loan-words into the Khakass language system but since the 1960s loans from Russian have been incorporated in almost their original forms while a part of the adapted loans or the Khakass words have been fully replaced by Russian words.
		In 1944 an Institute for Research into the Khakass language, literature and history was founded in Abakan, and began organizing the collection of material on dialects, the standardization of the literary language and research into Khakass and its kindred languages.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/khakass.shtml (1678 words)

	[No title]
		Based on the 24-years long exposure to the language, my preliminary assumption is that the percentage of native speakers who are aware of the patterns of direct relativization of indirect objects and actually use them is probably not very large.
		According to one of my primary informants, who has been teaching Kalmyk for about 20 years these patterns are not taught to Kalmyk children, in other words, they are not considered to be part of the standard Kalmyk grammar (arguably).
		It looks like in the earlier stages of the language possessive pronoun /mini/ ‘my’ used to have a broader spectrum of application: in addition to the present meaning ‘my’, it also used to convey the source of the action (‘from me’).
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /~uhdoc/kalmyk/kalmykrelativeclauses.doc (1383 words)

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