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	Kaloyan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kaloyan was the younger brother of Ivan Asen I and Peter II.
		Kaloyan hurried to Adrianople with a large army composed of Bulgars (Bulgarians), Vlachs, and 14,000 Cuman mercenaries.
		Kaloyan pursued Boniface, the Marquis of Montferrat and leader of the Fourth Crusade, destroying Seres and Philippopolis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria (683 words)

	Bulgaria. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Bulgaria crumbled under the attacks of a reinvigorated Byzantium in the 10th cent., and in 1018 it was annexed by Emperor Basil II.
		In 1330, Macedonian Bulgaria was conquered by Serbia.
		Bulgaria was victorious against Turkey in the first (1911–12) of the Balkan Wars, but claims to Macedonia involved it in the Second Balkan War with its former allies Greece and Serbia, and it was soon defeated.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bu/Bulgaria.html (1925 words)

	Station Information - Kaloyan of Bulgaria
		Kaloyan hurried to Adrianople with a large army composed of Bulgars (Bulgarians), Vlachs (Wallachians), and 14,000 Comans (Koumanian mercenaries).
		On Thursday, April 14, 1205, the Crusaders faced Kaloyan outside of the city of Adrianople in what came to be called the Battle of Odrin.
		Shortly thereafter Kaloyan was killed in his sleep by Manastre, the leader of the Koumanian mercenaries in his army, during the siege of Solun, Thessalonica.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/k/ka/kaloyan_of_bulgaria.html (596 words)

	History of Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On their death (1197) their youngest brother Kaloyan, or Ivanitza, ruled alone until 1207; he entered into negotiations with the Holy See, promised to recognize the spiritual supremacy of the pope, and in November, 1204, was crowned with the royal diadem by Cardinal Leo, legate of Pope Innocent III.
		As Bulgaria emerged from the throes of communism, it experienced a period of social and economic unrest that culminated in a severe economic and financial crisis in late 1996-early 1997.
		Bulgaria officially became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on March 29, 2004 after depositing its instruments of treaty ratification in Washington, DC and hopes for a full membership in the European Union by 2007.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/bulgaria.html (1058 words)

	All Bulgaria Virtual Guide - The History of this Bulgarian Land
		Kaloyan succesfully negotiated union with the Catholic church in 1204 in the hope that the pope would support Bulgarian expansion, although at grass-roots level Bulgaria's church remained Orthodox in all but name.
		In 1393, Turnovo - the capital of Bulgaria fell and in 1395 the last medieval Bulgarian ruler - tsar Ivan Shishman was killed defending the fortress of Nicopol on the Danube.
		In northern Bulgaria and the Rhodopes some Bulgarians succumbed to forced Islamicization and, as converts gained rights denied to the Christian Rayah, notably exemption from the "blood tax" or devshirme, whereby the oldest boys were taken from their families and indoctrinated before joining the elite Ottoman janissary corps.
	www.abvg.net /history.html (937 words)

	Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman Empire.
		Bulgaria regained its independence in 1878 as an autonomous principality and was proclaimed a fully independent kingdom in 1908.
		Main article: Demographics of Bulgaria According to the 2001 census, Bulgaria's population is mainly ethnic Bulgarian (83.9%), with two sizable minorities in the form of Turks (9.4%) and Roma (4.7%).
	www.information-and-answers.com /resource-Bulgaria.html (927 words)

	Bulgaria.com - History, Rulers of Bulgaria - Tsar Kaloyan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1204 a nuncio of Pope Innocent III crowned him King, and Kaloyan was presented with a scepter and a flag.
		Kaloyan's diplomatic maneuvers temporarily averted the threat posed by the crusaders and strengthened the defence of the northwestern border where Catholic Hungarians still found it hard to put up with the loss of Belgrade and Branichevo.
		The talks with Byzantine nobles provided further encouragement - Kaloyan was promised to be crowned in Constantinople as Byzantine Emperor in case he defeated the crusaders, an unprecedented promise in the history of Bulgarian-Byzantine relations.
	www.bulgaria.com /history/rulers/kaloyan.html (687 words)

	Encyclopedia: Samuil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The note is dated to the end of 969 or to 970, when northeastern Bulgaria with the capital of Preslav were occupied by Prince Sviatoslav of the Kievan Rus', who also had established a capital south of the Danube, in the Bulgarian town of Pereyaslavets.
		Northeastern Bulgaria was in Russian hands after the death of Tsar Peter I and Peter's successor, Boris II was nothing more than a Russian puppet during his short-lived reign.
		The history of Bulgaria began in the 7th century CE with the arrival of the Bulgars in the Balkans.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Samuil (2997 words)

	Bulgaria - Boyana Church
		One of the finest examples of Byzantine frescoes still preserved in Bulgaria's capital Sofia are found in the Boyana Church which has lately been restored by means provided by UNESCO as part of their preservation program for World Cultural Heritage Sites.
		But in the recently built neighbouring museum one can admire the fantastic frescoes that are famous for their nearly human faces in opposition to the stern and severe faces of saints and other personalities of the time normally displayed in the religious world.
		The church was built by Sebastocrator (Governor) Kaloyan and Madame Desislava.
	worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk /frame-BulgariaBoyana.htm (276 words)

	Kaloyan de Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Kaloyan se apresuró a Adrianople con un ejército grande integrado por Bulgars (búlgaros), Vlachs (rumanos), y 14.000 mercenarios de Cumans.
		Kaloyan derrotó a fondo a cruzados y tomó a preso de Baldwin del emperador.
		Kaloyan fue matado pronto después de eso en su sueño por Manastre, el líder de los mercenarios de Koumanian en su ejército, durante el sitio de Solun, Thessalonica.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/ka/Kaloyan%20de%20Bulgaria.htm (668 words)

	ROAD SCHOLARS - Features news
		Kaloyan was the third ruler of the Assen’s dynasty who led the struggle for independence of Bulgaria from the Byzantine Empire at the end of the 12th century.
		Kaloyan was pronounced tsar of Bulgaria in 1197, after the death of his brothers Assen and Petar who fell victim to a conspiracy.
		Kaloyan promised the union of the Bulgarian church with Rome, provided that the Pope would acknowledge his tsarist rank and the patriarchal dignity of the Bulgarian church.
	www.sofiaecho.com /article/road-scholars/id_2455/catid_29 (726 words)

	thePeerage.com - Person Page 14554
		Boril, King of Bulgaria was the son of Henrith I and Maria.
		Kaliman, King of Bulgaria was the son of Ivan Asen II, King of Bulgaria and Marie Arpád.
		Constantine Asen, King of Bulgaria married Irina of Constantinople, daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Constantinople.
	www.thepeerage.com /p14554.htm (545 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Bulgaria
		The Berlin Congress of 1878 abrogated some of the provisions of the Peace of San Stefano and divided Greater Bulgaria into an autonomous Bulgarian principality and a province of Eastern Rumelia under a Christian governor-general, to be appointed by the Porte every five years, but subject to the approval of the Powers.
		The economic and intellectual progress of the country is retarded by financial complications, by partisanship in politics, and by the unrest incident to the so-called Macedonian question.
		The Catholics of Bulgaria are for the most part descendants of the Bogomili or Paulicians converted by the Franciscans during the sixteenth century, and are directly subject to the Diocese of Nicopolis with its seat at Rustchuk, and the Vicariate Apostolic of Sofia and Philippopolis, with the seat at Philippopolis.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03046a.htm (1989 words)

	Bulgaria - The Second Kingdom - Travel Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tsar Kaloyan sought to exploit this fragmentation of Byzantine power in the Balkans, dreaming of one day setting up a Slav-Greek empire of his own.
		Widely admired in his own time (the name Kaloyan was derived from the Greek for "John the Handsome"), Kaloyan was also mercilessly cruel, notoriously razing Plovdiv to the ground and flaying its leading citizens alive in 1205, and hostile chroniclers were subsequently to dub him Skiloyan - "John the Dog".
		Kaloyan inflicted a stunning defeat on the Latin rulers of Constantinople in 1205, capturing Emperor Baldwin and holding him prisoner in Tarnovo.
	travel-guide.traveliseek.com /bulgaria--the-second-kingdom_avl_fi104055.html (403 words)

	Second Bulgarian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Church of Bulgaria, after wavering between East and West, was developed into a Metropolitanate of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and sought to secure administrative autonomy from the throne of Constantinople.
		This administrative autocephaly was, of course, of a relative character, since the Archbishop of Ohrid was elected by the Byzantine Emperor from among the clergy of Saint Sophia in Constantinople, and the Church of Bulgaria was recorded in the Ordinals of the Ecumenical Throne as an autocephalic Archbishopric.
		During the reign of Kaloyan, Bulgaria was endangered by the Fourth Crusade (1202-04) which was to be fatal to the Byzantine Empire.
	lccb.scripps.edu /~amatov/bg22.html (998 words)

	thePeerage.com - Person Page 14553
		Petar II, King of Bulgaria was the son of unknown.
		Kaloyan, King of Bulgaria was the son of unknown.
		Alexander is the son of Asen I, King of Bulgaria and Elena.
	www.thepeerage.com /p14553.htm (391 words)

	The Ultimate Henry of Flanders - American History Information Guide and Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When his elder brother, the emperor Baldwin I, was captured at the Battle of Adrianople in April 1205, Henry was chosen regent of the empire, succeeding to the throne when the news of Baldwin’s death arrived, He was crowned August 20, 1205.
		Henry was a wise ruler, whose reign was largely passed in successful struggles with Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria, and with his rival, Theodore I Lascaris, emperor of Nicaea.
		Henry appears to have been brave but not cruel, and tolerant but not weak; possessing "the superior courage to oppose, in a superstitious age, the pride and avarice of the clergy." The emperor died, poisoned, it is said, by his Greek wife, on June 11, 1216.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Henry_of_Flanders (206 words)

	Main Events of Bulgarian History, by Neytcho Iltchev
		The king of Volga Bulgaria Almus invites a mission from the Caliph of Baghdad al-Muktadir for explaining Islamic laws; Ibn Fadlan heads the mission and presents the king with gifts; the account of his journeys with the embassy, Risala; and the legend of the trip,
		Tsar Kaloyan restores the mighty power of Bulgaria; it stands out again as a major power in East Europe; the army of the Latin emperor Baldwin of Flanders is crushed near Adrianople (1204) and he is taken as a prisoner (chronique of G.
		The last Christian Crusade against the assault of Islam invading Europe; the army of Wladyslaw III Jagelo, young King of Poland is routed in the Battle of Varna, the King died in the battle
	economiebg.isuisse.com /bulgaria/history0.htm (1451 words)

	Empire of Nicaea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Theodore Lascaris was not immediately successful, as he was defeated at Poemanenum and Bursa in 1204, but he was able to capture much of northwestern Anatolia after the Latin Emperor Baldwin I had to defend against invasions from Kaloyan of Bulgaria.
		In 1235 he allied with Ivan II of Bulgaria, allowing him to extend his influence over Thessalonica and Epirus.
		In 1242 the Mongols invaded Seljuk territory to the west of Nicaea, and although John III was worried they may attack him next, they ended up eliminating the Seljuk threat to Nicaea.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Nicaean_Empire (784 words)

	Kaloyan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Kaloyan hurried to Adrianople with a large army composed of Bulgars (Bulgarians), Vlachs (Romanians), and 14,000 Cuman mercenaries.
		This page was last modified 11:39, 3 May 2005.
		The article about Kaloyan contains information related to Kaloyan.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria (692 words)

	BNR • Radio Bulgaria • History and Religion • (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The unique Kaloyan exposition is a joint project of the Veliko Tarnovo municipal council and the Bulgarian National Bank Mint.
		The exposition displays the bone relics of Tsar Kaloyan, as well as an anthropological replica of his bust, his gold ring seal as well as original ware from the epoch of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom.
		Tsar Kaloyan is the only Bulgarian medieval sovereign whose relics have been found on the territory of Bulgaria.
	www.bnr.bg /RadioBulgaria/Emission_English/Theme_History_And_Religion/Material/TzarKaloyan.htm (1288 words)

	Razgrad Bulgaria - Travel Guide, Tours, Hotels and Photos
		The town of Razgrad (population: 39 036 habitants, about 200 m above sea-level) is situated on the Loudogorie plateau (and is considered the capital of the Loudogorie), on either bank of the Beli Lom River.
		The bus station is located in the eastern part of the town near the river (2, Bulgaria Blvd., tel.: 084 22356, 26979).
		The railway station in Razgrad (tel.: 084 22436, 6 km away from the town with a bus line) is situated on the oldest railway line in the country, i.e.
	www.picturesofbulgaria.com /article/razgrad.html (641 words)

	Destinos - Historia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		En aquel entonces Bulgaria tiene salida a tres mares: al Negro, al Egeo y al Adriático, siendo la capital la ciudad de Preslav.
		A la futura Bulgaria se le concede un estatuto de principado autónomo en los límites señalados por la Conferencia de Estambul.
		Bulgaria, separada bajo el nombre de Rumelia Oriental, quedó sometida al protectorado político y militar del sultán.
	www.rumbo.es /guide/es/europa/bulgaria/histo.htm (1369 words)

	Tekirdag -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In (Greek general and historian; student of Socrates (430-355 BC)) Xenophon’s Anabasis it is mentioned as in the kingdom of the (A Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages) Thracian prince (Click link for more info and facts about Seuthes) Seuthes.
		In (Click link for more info and facts about 813) 813 and again in 1206 it was sacked by the (A native or inhabitant of Bulgaria) Bulgarians, but it continued to appear as a place of considerable note in later (A native or inhabitant of Byzantium or of the Byzantine Empire) Byzantine history.
		Tsar (Click link for more info and facts about Kaloyan of Bulgaria) Kaloyan of Bulgaria, destroyer of Rodosto in 1206.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/te/tekirdag.htm (337 words)

	Kaloyan Of Bulgaria Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
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	www.karr.net /encyclopedia/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria (866 words)

	Bulgaria Property - About Bulgaria - Bulgarian Mountains - Pirin - Melnik & Rozhen
		From the year of 1215 it was the capital of the independent despot Alexii Slav - boyar of the Melnik feudal principality and a son of Tsar Kaloyan’s sister.
		After Bulgaria succumbed to Ottoman Rule, the town went into a decline but it reached its peak once again during the years of the Revival Period.
		The ruins of St. Nikola Monastery of the 12th century, the Slavovs’ Fortress of the 13th - 14th centuries, the Roman Bridge, the ancient Turkish bath are of interest, too as well as the ruins of the several churches, which in the old times added to 75 in number.
	www.bulgaria-property.com /bulgaria/bulgarian_mountains/pirin/146.cntns (655 words)

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