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Topic: Kana literature

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	Japanese literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although Japanese literature and Japanese authors are perhaps not as well known in the west as those in the European and American canons, Japan possesses an ancient and rich literary tradition that draws upon a millennium and a half of written records.
		Literature during this time was written during the largely peaceful Tokugawa Period (commonly referred to as the Edo Period).
		Aozora Bunko for a repository of Japanese literature
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Japanese_literature (2080 words)

	Kana
		Kana is a general term for two types of syllabic Japanese script: hiragana (ひらがな) and katakana (カタカナ).
		However, literature aimed for young children with little knowledge of kanji may dispense with furigana altogether and simply used hiragana combined with spaces.
		Kana is traditionally said to have been invented by the Buddhist priest Kukai in the 9th century.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/k/ka/kana.html (292 words)

	International JFL Cafe. Japanese culture literature. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Although Japanese literature and Japanese authors are perhaps not as well known in the west compared to European and American canons, Japan owns an old and rich literary tradition that draws upon thousands of years of culture and experience.
		The medieval literatures strongly reflected heavy influences of Buddhism and Zen ethics had on the emerging samurai class.
		Literature during this time was written during the largely peaceful Edo Period in Japan's history.
	internationaleflcafe.com /japanese-culture-literature.htm (1096 words)

	Iroha - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The iroha is distinctive in that it is a perfect pangram—it uses each and every kana precisely once (with the exception of ん [-n], which was added to the syllabary later).
		For this reason, the poem was frequently used as an ordering of the Japanese syllabary until the Meiji era reforms in the 19th century.
		However, this is unlikely as it is believed that in his time there were separate e sounds in the a and ya columns of the kana table.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Iroha (529 words)

	Wikinfo \| Hiragana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Literature was written using these characters, and as the forms of the man'yo-gana became simplified (flattened), the hiragana came in to existence, used mainly by women.
		The "WE" and "WI" kana are obsolete, and the "VU" kana is relatively modern, pronounced as "bwu" to approximate the "v" sound in foreign languages such as English.
		The three kana, ゃ, ゅ, and ょ (small "ya", small "yu", and small "yo") change the preceding vowel sound to a glide palatization.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Hiragana (1145 words)

	LiteratureForums.net - Hyetsu Empire: Greatest of all Kingdoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Kohan Hyetsu I (775 B.C.E — 726 B.C.E) Born in Kajra in 775 B.C.E, Kohan was son of the king, Kana Hyetsu.
		Kana Hyetsu I (690 B.C.E — 659 B.C.E) Born in Alexandria in 706 B.C.E, he is considered one of the greatest rulers of Hyetsu of all times, despite being the shortest ruling of all.
		Through sheer genius, Kana turned the tables on a far superior enemy, and went on to sack, and consequently raze Sojei City, a glorious city matching Kohakta in beauty and splendor, and matching Kajra in size and wealth.
	www.literatureforums.net /vb3/showthread.php?t=2593 (1655 words)

	The Flowering of Japanese Literature
		History as literature is called historiography, or "the writing of history." Early Japanese historiography is dominated by mythical tales and unverifiable events.
		The flowering and proliferation of literature in the Heian period was in part made possible by the introduction of a new writing system that was purely phonetic, hiragana.
		However, since the novel primarily concerns the knowledge that things pass away, the refinement chronicled in the novel is seen from a nostalgic point of view, a way of life or a shining moment in Heian culture that, at the time of the writing of the novel, had passed away.
	www.wsu.edu:8000 /~dee/ANCJAPAN/LIT.HTM (1858 words)

	Early Modern Japanese Literature; An Anthology, 1600-1900; Haruo Shirane
		This is the first anthology ever devoted to early modern Japanese literature, spanning the period from 1600 to 1900, known variously as the Edo or the Tokugawa, one of the most creative epochs of Japanese culture.
		Since much of early modern Japanese literature is highly allusive and often elliptical, this anthology features introductions and commentary that provide the critical context for appreciating this diverse and fascinating body of texts.
		One of the major characteristics of early modern Japanese literature is that almost all of the popular fiction was amply illustrated by wood-block prints, creating an extensive text-image phenomenon.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/023110/0231109903.HTM (740 words)

	literature
		Japanese literature began with a writing system introduced to them by the Chinese in the early eighth century.
		During the last half of the twelfth century, literature consisted of stories about ghosts and goblins and epic accounts of warfare.
		Literature of this time turned away from society and looked inwards towards psychological concerns.
	www.bridgewater.edu /~dhuffman/soc306/S98grp1/literature.HTML (485 words)

	Universities
		Excerpts of original Japanese texts from a wide range of fields may be used effectively beginning as early as the middle of second-year language courses, but the reading of literature is usually set aside for those who have finished three or four years of Japanese and who already have a firm grasp of grammar.
		Challenges include identifying literature at the appropriate level of difficulty and deciding how much to assist students with vocabulary lists and grammatical help, both in the daily assignments and with the final project.
		In my Japanese literature and culture courses, where all the assigned reading is in English (albeit often in translation), I offer the option of doing several reading assignments in Japanese.
	www.colorado.edu /ealld/atj/prodev_news/university.html (1169 words)

	Department of Arabic Language and Literature
		Specific themes, common in Palestinian literature, such as land, resistance literature, exile literature, poetry of the Nakba (disaster of 1948) are examined.
		This kind of literature is a literary art closely related to the environment in which it came into being.
		The course also covers other topics: fields of research in comparative literature and methods, worldiness of literature and its factors, literary patterns, human models, literary schools, comparative literature conferences and their roles.
	www.najah.edu /english/Faculties/arts/Arabic.asp (2373 words)

	Women in Japanese literature of the Heian period, by K. Cheney
		Women of the Japanese court in the Heian period played a large role in the development of the literature of the time, which was an even more impressive feat considering the state of the rest of the world’s culture and the role and rights of women in the rest of the world at the time.
		Many theories have been suggested as to why women dominated literature from the Heian period, although historians usually do agree that one important factor is the difference in languages in which men and women generally wrote: the Chinese language or a Chinese-Japanese hybrid versus kana, a phonetic script.
		On the other hand, the kana script allowed women to write freely in vernacular Japanese, so it was the women who wrote in these genres and made the greatest contributions to literature in Heian period (Morris 200).
	www.her-own-eyes.org /heianwomyn.htm (3852 words)

	Japanese Literature
		The literature of the late Tokugawa period is generally inferior to earlier achievements, especially those of the Genroku masters.
		Japanese literature in general was at one of its lowest levels at the end of the Tokugawa period.
		JANINE BEICHMAN, Masoka Shiki (1982); and MASAOKA SHIKI, Peonies Kana: Haiku by the Upasaka Shiki, trans.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/inlight/art/jlit_e.htm (13434 words)

	[No title]
		4.1.2 Hiragana and Katakana The kana, hiragana and katakana, are strictly phonetic syllabifies.
		The invention of hiragana had a significant impact on Heian literature (794-1185) as it enabled women to write (education was a virtually male-only privilege).
		Moreover, the use of kana is, depending on the level of education, limited to (parts of) words which have a grammatical function, such as particles, conjunctions and inflectional endings.
	infohost.nmt.edu /~armiller/japanese/faq.txt (2329 words)

	Stalking the Wild Onji:
		I was especially surprised that Japanese Literature students had the same reaction as the general education students; I began to wonder if the term itself was problematic.
		For simplicity's sake, and the benefit of a readership possibly unfamiliar with the kana alphabets, the digraphic kana are being included here under the appellation "single kana characters," though they are actually composed of two kana characters, which produce a single "combined" character.
		We can use -ji when we count up the kana in Japanese poetry, as in: "The first line of this haiku has 5-ji." Ji is not generally used to express the total number of kana in a poem.
	www.ahapoetry.com /wildonji.htm (7210 words)

	Tale of Murasaki - Murasaki in Japanese Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In particular, her fascination with the aesthetic of impermanence, the heightened sense of beauty aroused by knowledge of its imminent destruction, seemed to the nativists to distill the essence of a uniquely Japanese sensibility.
		It was as if she felt a resonance between the contemporary post-WWI vogue for romantic women's literature and the world of multiple romantic entanglements depicted by the author of Genji.
		Thus, ironically, the passionately modern, free-thinking, slightly outrageous Yosano Akiko was the one to resurrect the time-honored, over-refined, ultra-confined corpus of Heian literature by giving it a voice that would speak to Japanese women of her generation.
	www.lizadalby.com /murasakistofgpage.htm (1425 words)

	Japanese literature - Gurupedia
		Japanese literature spans a period of almost two millenia of writing.
		The Tale of Genji (early 11th century) by Murasaki Shikibu is arguably the most famous work in all of Japanese literature, and is considered by many to be the first novel in Japan, if not the world.
		The medieval literatures strongly reflected hevay influences of Buddhism and Zen ethics had on the emerging samurai class.
	www.gurupedia.com /j/ja/japanese_literature.htm (962 words)

	IBM WebSphere - e-business on demand, middleware, application server, portal, business integration, infrastructure ...
		KANA Contact Center running on IBM WebSphere® Application Server provides a highly scalable, manageable and available environment on which to deploy and grow large-scale CRM applications.
		KANA Contact Center leverages WebSphere Application Server?s rich set of application services including capabilities for transaction management, availability, security, performance, and scalability, while significantly reducing the costs of maintenance and ownership in the contact center.
		KANA Contact Center is a multi-channel customer service application for contact centers that provides complete request management, solution publishing, self-service capabilities and extranet workflow for complete, high-quality service at lower cost.
	www-306.ibm.com /software/info1/websphere/index.jsp?tab=kana&S_TACT=103BHW06&S_CMP=campaign (275 words)

	Payyanur and Literature
		Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar gave a new vigor to the literature field of Payyanur.
		He was one of the leading figure in the field of prose in Kerala and he was the author of first short story in Malayalam, 'Vasanavikriti'.
		AKP, (he is popularly known as) was considered to be a "mobile encyclopedia" and handled all sorts of literature from Folklore to Modern.
	www.payyanur.com /literature.htm (1117 words)

	Valparaiso University: Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures
		Outside the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, the Japanese program is an essential element in the University's majors in the Chinese and Japanese Studies Program and International Economic and Cultural Affairs.
		Schooled in traditional Japanese poetry and Kana calligraphy, he is a published translator in the genre of late-medieval popular prose narrative known as otogizoshi.
		As distinct from the typical language course, students in FLJ 250 learn to write the same kana in classic calligraphic form, on the model of writings by famed Japanese calligraphers over the last thousand years and to learn variant forms of specific kana that were commonly used prior to the Meiji Restoration.
	www.valpo.edu /foreignlang/descriptions/ChineseJapanese.html (1412 words)

	Japanese KaNa Orthography
		The Kofun Era lasted until 660 AD because of the introduction of Buddhism in 538 AD and the use of cremation as a means of disposal of the deceased.
		These KaNa were actual Chinese characters which took the place of individual syllables of sound.
		The majority of the KaNa used today are derived from the Chinese character with the sound of the syllable at the time of their original borrowing.
	www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk /sapienti/jkana-or.htm (1034 words)

	Japanese Literature
		Therefore, they have orally transmitted literature such as tales, Iegends, experiences, and morals for everyday life from generation to generation.
		The oral literature of the Ainu is not only "recitative" as described above, but also "narrative uepeker " which is usually translated as, "an old tale," is called "tuitak" in some areas and "uchashkuma" in Sakhalin.
		The early literature, which began as an oral tradition, depicted a love of nature and man and held that man was a part of nature.
	www.indigenouspeople.net /JapaneseLit (1989 words)

	Social Studies Spring Final Review
		During this period art and literature flourished within the capital city of Kyoto.
		Literature - Islamic literature was the Koran itself.
		These writing were of the language of ordinary people of that time and the literature captured the essence of the High Middle Ages.
	home1.gte.net /vze6jxlz/rs/9/SS-JuneFinal.htm (13463 words)

	East Asian Languages and Literatures
		All courses must be passed with a grade of C– or better to count toward the concentration; a minimum average of 2.0 in all courses counted toward the concentration is necessary for graduation.
		Materials alternate between original works of literature (poetry, short fiction, familiar prose) written for Chinese readers, and a multimedia-enhanced textbook that introduces important writers and literary events of the twentieth century.
		The two kana syllabaries and about 100 Kanji (characters) will be introduced toward the goals of developing reading skills and reinforcing grammar and vocabulary acquisition.
	www.colgate.edu /DesktopDefault1.aspx?tabid=649 (2416 words)

	Ailanto : Japanese
		Kana - There are two sets of these, with 48 (I think) in each set.
		That is, instead of writing a picture, you can use the sounds of the kana to "spell" out its pronunciation.
		Japanese words are usually spelled with hiragana, though katakana may be used for emphasis or special effects.
	www.kafejo.com /lingvoj/natlangs/misc/japanese.htm (629 words)

	Teaching about Japan - Classical Japan Literature Overview ...
		The Heian period (794-1185) is considered Japan's "Golden age" in terms of literature and the arts in the sense that it, much like 19th century Russian literature, is considered the period when Japanese literature came into its own.
		Students will demonstrate knowledge of the fact that the literature of the Heian period was highly aristocratic in form, content, and inception and limited to a very small number of practitioners.
		Utilizing what you have gotten from the readings, draw what you imagine a typical court lady and male courtier would look like, paying close attention to the material culture of their clothing, accessories in the home, food, etc. See what you can reconstruct in terms of their physical features.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /eas/japan/classical/classical-literature.htm (1652 words)

	Language & Literature - China Gateway
		For most Westerners, this means somehow using an alphabet, hence “Romanization” (there exist other, non-Romanization methods of representing Chinese syllables, such as Japanese kana and the zhuyin fuhao 注音符號 system, popularly known as “bo po mo fo,” used largely in Taiwan until recently).
		Access to classical and modern Chinese literature – for both the casual and the scholarly reader – has suddenly become far easier with the availability of e-texts in various formats.
		As its name suggests, hardly restricted to literature, but a vast clearinghouse with full-text links; bibliographies for author and media studies; image banks and more.
	www.bc.edu /research/chinagateway/culthist/langlit.html (968 words)

	Randy's 'Favorite Getaways in Rural Japan' p 14
		Therefore, learning and literature were reserved to the higher educated classes, some of whom were of Korean or Chinese descent, imported to teach Chinese culture to the Japanese ruling class.
		This name derives from its usage in one of the first works of literature in the Japanese language, the Manyoshu, a collection of ancient Japanese oral poems transcribed at the end of the 8th century using Chinese characters as 'phonetics', called kana.
		Not only were men reluctant to write in the "effeminate" form of their native language, but men of learning and power were too busy immersing themselves in the hand-me-down ideas of classical Chinese learning to explore the imaginative potentials of original literature in the language in which they best thought and could express their feelings.
	ease.com /~randyj/rjjapana.htm (4218 words)

	Oromo literature, folk tales, language, history, and culture, (Ethiopia) part 2 of 2
		Garfarsa kana bate qagete wasatti gale.Daga kana harka tokko nqabe balbalasa bane.
		Ammanan gara manatti qagele wasasatti gale; balbala wasasa kana harka tokkon irra fude gale cufate cise.
		Intala kan qabate halkan kana buleto borumti cakka daqe.
	www.samizdat.com /cerulli2.html (19357 words)

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