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	Kanem-Bornu Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The original empire was called Kanem and grew out of a coalition of chiefdoms near Lake Chad, located on the trans-Saharan trade routes that linked sub-Saharan Africa with the Middle East.
		But a group called the Kanuri migrated into the Kanem area in the 1100s and in the 13th century the Kanuri began to conquer the surrounding areas.
		However, in the early 1400s the Sefuwa dynasty reoriented from Kanem to Bornu, a kingdom to the west of Lake Chad.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kanem-Bornu_Empire (562 words)

	Chad Kanem-Borno
		Even though the Kanembu were becoming more sedentary, Kanem's rulers continued to travel frequently throughout the kingdom to remind the herders and farmers of the government's power and to allow them to demonstrate their allegiance by paying tribute.
		During Dabbalemi's reign, the Fezzan region (in present-day Libya) fell under Kanem's authority, and the empire's influence extended westward to Kano, eastward to Wadai, and southward to the Adamawa grasslands (in present-day Cameroon).
		It was at that point that Kanem's son, Umar, became king, thus ending one of the longest dynastic reigns in regional history.
	www.country-studies.com /chad/kanem-borno.html (1508 words)

	MSN Encarta - Nigeria
		Kanem profited from trade ties with North Africa and the Nile Valley, from which it also received Islam.
		The Saifawas, Kanem’s ruling dynasty, periodically enlarged their holdings by conquest and marriage into the ruling families of vassal states.
		The Kanuri state, centered first in Kanem and then in Bornu, is known as the Kanem-Bornu Empire, hereafter referred to as Bornu.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557915_10/Nigeria.html (1165 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Kanem-Bornu
		Kanem was originally a confederation of fl tribes, but by 1100, a group of tribes called the Kanuri settle in Kanem and in the thirteenth century the Kanuri began to conquer the surrounding areas.
		As a result of the military and commercial growth of Kanem, the Kanuri slowly changed from a nomadic to a sedentary people.
		The Kanuri grew powerful enough to unite the kingdom of Bornu with Kanem during the reign of Idris Alawma (1575-1610).
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/KANEM.HTM (307 words)

	Kanem-Bornu Empire -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Kanem-Bornu Empire existed in (The second largest continent; located south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean) Africa, established around 1200 and lasting, in a changed form, until the (The decade from 1840 to 1849) 1840s.
		But a group called the (additional info and facts about Kanuri) Kanuri migrated into the Kanem area in the (additional info and facts about 1100s) 1100s and in the (additional info and facts about 13th century) 13th century the Kanuri began to conquer the surrounding areas.
		However, in the early 1400s the Sefuwa dynasty reorientated from Kanem to (additional info and facts about Bornu) Bornu, a kingdom to the west of Lake Chad.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/k/ka/kanem-bornu_empire1.htm (530 words)

	KAM Kanem Bornu and the Hausa Kingdoms
		Kanem was originally a confederation of various ethnic groups, but by 1100AD, a peoples called the Kanuri settle in Kanem and in the thirteenth century the Kanuri began upon a conquest of their neighbors.
		As a result of the military and commercial growth of Kanem, the once nomadic Kanuri eventually turned to a more sedentary way of life.
		By the early 1400's, Kanuri power shifted from Kanem to Bornu, a Kanuri kingdom south and west of Lake Chad.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Classroom/9912/kanemhausa.html (756 words)

	Kanem
		Kanem, former empire in Africa in the areas near Lake Chad that are now part of Chad and N Nigeria.
		The empire began in the 9th cent., when the Sefawa migrated to the area from the Sahara.
		After attacks by the Bulalas forced the rulers of Kanem to shift their capital to Bornu (c.1380), Bornu gradually emerged as the center of a revitalized empire of which Kanem became a protectorate.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0826992.html (81 words)

	MSN Encarta - Chad
		By the 9th century ad, the kingdom of Kanem (see Kanem-Bornu Empire) was established in what is now western Chad, with its capital at Njimi, near Mao.
		Kanem was subjected to neighboring Bornu in the 16th century, and in the succeeding period the chief powers were the sultanates of Baguirmi and Wadai in the south.
		The export of slaves to North Africa was an important sector of the economy of these states.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562065_4/Chad.html (620 words)

	The Story of Africa\| BBC World Service
		Kanem was situated north east of Lake Chad.
		The wealth of Kanem derived from the ability of its rulers to control trade in the region.
		Most memorably, a giraffe was presented by the king of Kanem and Bornu to the Hafsid Sultan al-Mustansir of Tunis in the 13th century.
	www.bbc.co.uk /worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter2.shtml (804 words)

	Project: KANEM AGROFORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT AWARENESS PROJECT
		The Kanem prefecture, on the northern fringe of Chad's Sahelo-Saharan zone, suffers from long-term deforestation and environmental degradation, processes which were accelerated by the prolonged drought of 1973-85.
		While the primary concern of subsistence level farmers, such as those in Kanem, must necessarily by short-term in nature and related to food and water, the long-term sustainability of the land is severely threatened if new coping mechanisms are not developed.
		The Kanem Agroforestry and Environmental Awareness Project is based upon the experiences gained and lessons learned by CARE-Chad through its agriculture and forestry programming in the Kanem since 1984.
	www.odi.org.uk /tropics/projects/2222.htm (526 words)

	FEWS NET 3.0 Center
		The outlook for Kanem (Moussoro, Mao and Nokou) and Western Logone is even bleaker, and the risk of a famine is inescapable unless appropriate measures are taken between now and the end of the first quarter of 2003.
		Kanem and Lac prefectures are in a Sahelo-Saharan zone, where millet crops grown in interdune areas are highly susceptible to climatic risks.
		Even with this help, Kanem (Moussoro, Mao and Nokou) could be facing a full-fledged famine unless appropriate measures are taken between now and the end of the first quarter of 2003.
	www.fews.net /centers/innerSections.aspx?f=td&m=1000732&pageID=monthliesDoc (2728 words)

	Black History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the late 14th century the Bulala people forced the Sef to abandon Kanem, and the capital was moved to Birni Ngazargamu in Bornu, west of Lake Chad.
		It remained there even after Kanem was retaken in the early 16th century.
		They were expelled by the intervention of Muhammad al-Kanami, a scholar, warrior, and diplomat of Kanem, to whom Ahmad had been forced to appeal for aid.
	www.britannica.com /Blackhistory/article.do?nKeyValue=44545 (270 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		By the end of the 11th century the empire of Kanem, of which Bornu (now in extreme eastern Nigeria) was a province, extended east and west of Lake Chad and included the greater part of the Hausa lands.
		In the 13th century Islam was introduced into the northern area and influenced the social as well as the religious life of the inhabitants.
		They were conquered in turn by Kanem, by the Songhai kingdom of the Sudan, and by Bornu and then Kebbi, but they retained their identities and continued to engage in internecine wars.
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/static.asp?staticpageid=187 (747 words)

	Approved projects for Chad
		The target group comprises vulnerable rural poor communities living in the structurally food insecure Kanem region of Chad, who have limited access to resources (particularly land in the ouadis), social infrastructure and information.
		The beneficiaries constitute almost the entire rural population of the Kanem region and are typically smallholders engaged in subsistence cultivation and livestock on marginal land.
		Poor people in the Kanem region are rarely involved in decision-making, in analysing the constraints they face and identifying possible solutions, or in prioritizing their needs.
	www.ifad.org /operations/projects/regions/pa/des/TD.htm (816 words)

	Click Afrique: Magazine: History: Africa's Ancient Empires - Kanem Bornu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		His greatest legacy however was to lay the political and administrative foundations for an empire that was to last for another 300 years.
		The eventual demise of the Kanem Bornu stemmed mainly from the rise of the Hausa states to the west, where the Fulani under Uthman Dan Fodio were rising to power, a move that would bring them into direct conflict with Kanem Bornu.
		The conflict between Kanem Bornu and the Hausa states eventually led in 1808 to the destruction of the Kanem capital.
	www.clickafrique.com /0101rpt/history_KanemBornu3.asp (311 words)

	Joseph Kenny OP: WEST AFRICA & ISLAM, A LITTLE ENCYCLOPÆDIA, Lesson 29 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ume Jilmi (1085-97) is said to have been the first Mai (king) of Kanem to become a Muslim, probably through the presence of a foreign Muslim community and his contacts with North Africa.
		By the end of the 13th century the empire included Kanem east of Lake Chad, Borno to the west, and in the desert most of Fezzân.
		In the reign of Mai `Umar (1380-88) the royal family abandoned Kanem to the Bulala and fled to Borno, where Kanuri immigrants proceeded to subjugate and gradually assimilate the native So people.
	www.diafrica.org /nigeriaop/kenny/wafr/WAfr29.htm (1081 words)

	PLAYAHATA.COM
		They were led by Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (1221-1259), the first of the Kanuri to convert to Islam.
		Pictured here is a painting of the king of Bornu in royal procession arriving at one of his provincial residences around 1850AD.
		Kanem Bornu Empire - Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms/Kanem_Bornu/KanemHistNarr.html
	www.playahata.com /pages/bhfigures/bhfigures22.html (766 words)

	The Arabic Literary Tradition of Nigeria - Questia Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first known writer in Arabic was a grammarian and poet of Kanem, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Kanemi, who died c.
		One of the earliest trans-Saharan trade routes led down from Tripoli through the Fezzan to the state of Kanem just north of Lake Chad and the earliest Islamic and Arabic influences entered the greater Nigerian region by this path.
		Bornu, originally a province of Kanem, became the principal territory of the dominant branch of the Saifawa dynasty in the late fourteenth century, and when a new capital was established at Gazargamu, the mais attracted scholars to settle there.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=98500553 (429 words)

	Chad Arabs: Semisedentary Peoples of the Sahel - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current ...
		The Arabs were not state builders in Chad, a role played instead by the Maba in Wadai, the Barma in Bagirmi, and the Kanembu in Kanem-Borno (see Era of Empires, A.D., ch.
		As with nomads and seminomads elsewhere, the possession of camels and horses translated into military potential that commanded the respect of the settled states.
		For example, the Awlad Sulayman of Kanem, despite their small numbers, gained fame and fortune during the second half of the nineteenth century by playing the increasingly aggressive empire of Wadai against weaker Kanem-Borno.
	www.photius.com /countries/chad/society/chad_society_arabs_semisedentary~11492.html (994 words)

	West Africa
		The development of modern historical scholarship as exemplified in the research tradition on the past societies of the Bilad es Sudan in general, and more specifically on the Central Sudan, is connected with Islamology and Orientalism.
		It is accepted that written records concern only a minute part of the transformations of societies from the past, that other kinds of data are needed to achieve a deeper understanding of the historical issues at hand, that oral history and social anthropology can be useful in clarifying some research problems.
		In order to achieve a deeper understanding of the Diwan or kings lists of Kanem and Bornu, before considering the long-lasting and important chronological and political aspects of the history of the area, we need to ask some naive questions which may be helpful to devise a problem-oriented research strategy.
	www.wordtrade.com /history/westafricaR.htm (928 words)

	FEWS NET 3.0 Center
		Pockets of drought in the western Sahelian zone (West Batha, northern Kanem, Bahr El-Ghazal, Dababa, Hadjer-Lamis) were responsible for the withering of grain crops in the heading stage of the growing cycle, affecting output in these areas.
		The Departmental Action Committee is recommending three subsidized sales in Kanem Prefecture to cover the food needs of the local population for a nine-month period, effective as of December of 2002 and March and July of 2003, to head off a deterioration in the food situation and prevent any ensuing fatalities in the coming months.
		To better ensure the adequacy of grain supplies in Kanem, AAH and ADIS (the Association for Integrated Development in the Sahel) are proposing the establishment of grain banks in this area.
	www.fews.net /centers/innerSections.aspx?f=td&m=1000781&pageID=monthliesDoc (2350 words)

	Chad - Nilo-Saharan Languages
		Some cattle owners leave their animals with herders in the south when they return north; others choose to remain in the south and entrust their other animals to relatives or herders who take them north.
		Although Kanuri, which derived from Kanembu, was the major language of the Borno Empire, in Chad it is limited to handfuls of speakers in urban centers.
		These languages are mutually comprehensible, and the peoples who use them are thought to be descendants of the core ethnic groups of the precolonial sultanate of Yao (a state founded by the Bulala, who ruled a vast region extending as far west as Kanem in the fifteenth century).
	countrystudies.us /chad/19.htm (1955 words)

	Amana Online
		It was in the twelfth century that Kanem's expansion began.
		Under a vigorous ruler the Kanembu extended their influence southwards to obtain better control of the staples of the trans-Saharan trade gold, ivory, and of course slaves-and northwards to prevent the nomads of the desert from plundering their caravans 5.
		In this they were greatly assisted by their success in winning the allegiance of the Shuwa Arabs, a fresh wave of immigrants who had poured into the central Sudan after the destruction of the Christian kingdom of Nubia, about a century earlier, and settled in fairly large numbers in the region south of the Lake.
	www.amanaonline.com /Sokoto/sokoto_7.htm (2941 words)

	Profile
		Sources differ with one indicating the Sao came from Egypt about 500 BC while others say it might have come from the Berbers and flourished anywhere between the 8th and 16th centuries AD.
		Later the Kanem empire became weakened and was forced to move to the southwest to Borno which is referred to as the Kanem-Borno empire.
		came to Chad in 1085 to the Kanem empire, in the 1600’s to the Ouaddai region, between 1568-1608 to the Bagirmi and in the 1800’s to the northern Goran and Zaghawa peoples.
	www.wec-int.org /chad/profile.htm (1472 words)

	Untitled Document
		The new and improved Wonder Man is determined to beat the whole "Savage Wonder Man" image by journeying to the Islamic nation of Kanem and defeating a mysterious superhuman terrorist who is destroying a prototype agriculteral experiment called Agrimax.
		Arriving in Kanem a few hours later, Wonder Man ditches the plan and flies down to the Agrimax site and is shot at by soldiers while trying to get his passport from his new belt.
		Back in Kanem, The Hulk and a General Bornu stand over Wonder Man and the General accuses Wonder Man of being the terrorist and a big fight ensues.
	members.fortunecity.com /muscular1/W26.htm (1429 words)

	Njimi - TheBestLinks.com - Kanem-Bornu Empire, Libya, Lake Chad, Sahara, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Njimi, Kanem-Bornu Empire, Libya, Lake Chad, Sahara, Kanuri, Kanem, Sefawa...
		Njimi was the capital of the Kanuri state of Kanem (later Kanem-Bornu), north of Lake Chad.
		Founded by the Sefawa dynasty in the eleventh century, the town dominated trans-Saharan trade in ivory and slaves between the central Sahara and Libya.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Njimi.html (116 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Bornu
		One such Kingdom, under HUMMAY, the founder of the SEFUWA DYNASTY of KANEM, adopted Islam as state religion.
		Pressure of the Bulala, a rival dynasty from further east, caused the Sefuwa court to abandon Kanem proper and move to BORNU between 1382 and 1387.
		In the 16th century old Kanem, now under Bulala rule,was annexed; for the next 300 years, Bornu (also called Kanem-Bornu) controlled the entire Lake Chad basin.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/centrafrica/bornu.html (311 words)

	archive: [LoGH] History of the Phezzan (Fezzan) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Fezzan, a region of desert oases just to the north of Kanem and Lake Chad, was an irresistible target for the Sefuwa kings.
		It is unlikely that Kanem achieved complete hegemony in the Fezzan; both north African kingdoms and local Berber lineages were too solidly entrenched, and it was far easier and more effective to seek compromise with them than to fight them.
		One is tempted to imagine Kanem enjoying a general primacy in the Fezzan, with other local powers working together to ensure stability and active trade across the desert.
	www.logh.net /loghlist/0009/249.html (642 words)

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