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Kanem Bornu

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	Kanem-Bornu Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Even though the Kanembu were becoming more sedentary, Kanem's rulers continued to travel frequently throughout the kingdom to remind the herders and farmers of the government's power and to allow them to demonstrate their allegiance by paying tribute.
		It was at that point that Kanem's son, Umar, became king, thus ending one of the longest dynastic reigns in regional history.
		Bornu began to decline, as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant Ouaddai Empire to the east.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kanem-Bornu (1682 words)

	Kanem-Bornu Empire
		The original empire was called Kanem and grew out of a coalition of chiefdoms near Lake Chad, located on the trade routes that linked sub-Saharan Africa with the Middle East.
		However in the early 1400s the Sefuwa dynasty reorientated from Kanem to Bornu, a kingdom to the west of Lake Chad.
		The empire finally collapsed in the 1840s, it had been challenged by the growing anti-Muslim power of the Hausa states (see Usman dan Fodio) for many years (the Kanem capital had been destroyed in 1808) and the arrival of the colonial powers was the final blow.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ka/Kanem-Bornu_Empire.html (521 words)

	History of Chad - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Although many states rose and fell, the most important and durable of the empires were Kanem-Bornu, Baguirmi, and Ouaddai, according to most written sources (mainly court chronicles and writings of Arab traders and travelers).
		The Kanem Empire originated in the 9th century AD to the northeast of Lake Chad.
		Bornu survived, but the Sayfawa dynasty ended in 1846 and the Empire itself fell in 1893.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/History_of_Chad (3422 words)

	Nigeria - MSN Encarta
		The Saifawas, Kanem’s ruling dynasty, periodically enlarged their holdings by conquest and marriage into the ruling families of vassal states.
		The Kanuri state, centered first in Kanem and then in Bornu, is known as the Kanem-Bornu Empire, hereafter referred to as Bornu.
		In the late 16th century, the Bornu king Idris Alooma expanded the kingdom again, and although the full extent of the expansion is not clear, Bornu exerted considerable political influence over Hausaland to the west.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557915_10____152/Nigeria.html (1176 words)

	Kanem: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		After attacks by the Bulalas forced the rulers of Kanem to shift their capital to Bornu (c.1380), Bornu gradually emerged as the center of a revitalized empire of which Kanem became a protectorate.
		To the north of Lake Chad, in the Kanem region, however, the soil is mainly subarid...period and important water ta bles: Batha, Kanem, and Chari-Baguirmi.
		KANEM kanem, former empire in Africa in the areas near Lake Chad that are now part of...to neighboring Bornu.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/kanem.jsp?l=K&p=1 (1038 words)

	Islam in West Africa
		With the introduction of Islam in Kanem, it became the principal focus of Muslim influence in the central Sudan and relations were established with the Arab world in the Middle East and the Maghrib.
		By the middle of the 13th century, Kanem established diplomatic relations with Tuat (in the Algerian Sahara) and with the Hafsid state of Tunis at embassy level.
		In the late 14th century, a new capital of the Kanem empire was established in Bornu at Nigazaragamu by 'Ali b.
	members.tripod.com /worldupdates/islamintheworld/id26.htm (3657 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Bornu
		Bornu BORNU [Bornu], former Muslim state, mostly in NE Nigeria, extending S and W of Lake Chad.
		Bornu exported slaves, eunuchs, fabrics dyed with saffron, and other goods to N Africa.
		Kanem KANEM [Kanem], former empire in Africa in the areas near Lake Chad that are now part of Chad and N Nigeria.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Bornu (604 words)

	THISDAYonline
		A wide range of dialects of Kanembu are spoken in Chad, and certain of the westernmost dialects, a very few of which are spoken on the former shores of Lake Chad in eastern Niger (Kuburi, Suwurti, and Tumari) are mutually intelligible with the Mobar dialect of Kanuri.
		The Kogono dialect of Kanembu spoken in the Kanem region north of lake chad is also mutually intelligible with the Mobar dialect and is the dialect that has traditionally been used to broadcast Kanembu in Chad.
		Bornu was largely agricultural, and their people were little affected by the presence of the Kanuri, given the Kanuri system of government that seldom interfered with local affairs.
	www.thisdayonline.com /archive/2003/06/28/20030628plu04.html (1523 words)

	KANURI - KANOURI PEOPLE AND THEIR HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is unlikely that Kanem achieved complete hegemony in the Fezzan; both north African kingdoms and local Berber lineages were too solidly entrenched, and it was far easier and more effective to seek compromise with them than to fight them.
		A first step was well underway in the twelfth century: the kings of Kanem began to ally themselves with sedentary agriculturalists in the Lake Chad region at the expense of nomadic pastoralists to the north of Kanem, at the fringes of the desert.
		Bornu's armies sallied forth to Hausaland in the west, towards the Fezzan in the north, and into Old Kanem northeast of Lake Chad.
	www.cyberquebec.ca /kaganami/kanuripeople.htm (3386 words)

	Bornu: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Bornu reached its peak under the mai (ruler) Idris Alawma (ruled 1570â“1610), when it was the leading state in the central Sudan region.
		However, Bornu began to decline again after c.1850 because of weak rulers, and was conquered (1893â“96) by the forces of Rabih, a Sudanese slave trader.
		After attacks by the Bulalas forced the rulers of Kanem to shift their capital to Bornu (c.1380), Bornu gradually emerged as the center of a revitalized empire...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/bornu.jsp (1206 words)

	Research in African Literatures--The Arabic Literary Tradition of Nigeria
		Bornu, originally a province of Kanem, became the principal territory of the dominant branch of the Saifawa dynasty in the late fourteenth century, and when a new capital was established at Gazargamu, the mais attracted scholars to settle there.
		The long Bornu tradition of learning and its important school of calligraphy, though eclipsed by Sokoto in the nineteenth century, remains vital today, as is evident in the scholarly activities of a man like Shaykh Ibrahim Salih (b.
		In Bornu a hand that originated in Kufic hands of Ifriqiyya (roughly modern Tunisia) was the formal calligraphy for copies of the Quran, and the art of Quranic codex was one in which the Bornuans excelled.
	iupjournals.org /ral/ral28-3.html (6127 words)

	KAM Kanem Bornu and the Hausa Kingdoms
		Kanem was originally a confederation of various ethnic groups, but by 1100AD, a peoples called the Kanuri settle in Kanem and in the thirteenth century the Kanuri began upon a conquest of their neighbors.
		By the early 1400's, Kanuri power shifted from Kanem to Bornu, a Kanuri kingdom south and west of Lake Chad.
		The Bornu were well known for their chain-mailed cavalry.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Classroom/9912/kanemhausa.html (756 words)

	Amana Online
		The accounts of the origins of the Kanuri (as the people of Bornu are called) and the Kanembu go back to the shadowy period of the first millennium and are more than ordinarily contradictory and confusing.
		In this they were greatly assisted by their success in winning the allegiance of the Shuwa Arabs, a fresh wave of immigrants who had poured into the central Sudan after the destruction of the Christian kingdom of Nubia, about a century earlier, and settled in fairly large numbers in the region south of the Lake.
		Bornu is usually regarded as having reached the height of its power under Mai Idris Alooma, who reigned from 1571 to 1603.
	www.amanaonline.com /Sokoto/sokoto_7.htm (2941 words)

	Early Chad and Kanem-Bornu
		The Kanem Empire originated in the ninth century A.D. to the northeast of Lake Chad.
		Prior to the twelfth century, the nomadic Sayfawa confederation expanded southward into Kanem (the word for "south" in the Teda language).
		During Dabbalemi's reign, the Fezzan region (in present-day Libya) fell under Kanem's authority, and the empire's influence extended westward to Kano, eastward to Wadai, and southward to the Adamawa grasslands (in present-day Cameroon).
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Kanem-Bornu.html (2066 words)

	Nigeria, Federal Republic of
		By about 1300 Bornu was a flourishing center of Islamic culture, rivaling Mali in the west.
		Bornu reached its zenith as an independent kingdom under Idris Alooma, who extended his rule over many of the eastern Hausa states that had existed in the area west of Kanem-Bornu since the 11th century; the western states fell under the sway of Songhai.
		Following the breakup of Songhai and the decline of Kanem-Bornu in the late 16th century, the Hausa states regained their independence and continued to flourish until the early 19th century.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/GeogHist/histories/history/hiscountries/N/nigeria.html (2082 words)

	History of NIGERIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Its original centre is east of the lake, in the Kanem region, but it soon extends to Bornu on the western side.
		West of Bornu, along the northern frontier of Nigeria, is the land of the Hausa people.
		From the death of Mungo Park near Bussa in 1806 to the end of the century, there is continuing interest in Nigeria on the part of British explorers, anti-slavery activists, missionaries and traders.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad41 (2942 words)

	Lords 42 - West Africa
		Kanem is a pagan tribal state based around Lake Chad and ruled over by the Islamic Sefawa dynasty (who converted in 1085).
		The Kanemi state is capable of projecting a reasonable degree of military power (its cavalry is peerless in the region) and derives considerable income from trade; a dynamic leader might easily shape Kanem into a first-class empire.
		Akan has, as yet, nothing like the kind of political or cultural development seen further along the coast in Ife or Benin but it does encompass sufficient resources to become a major power in the region if sufficiently dynamic leadership is provided.
	www.lorne.plus.com /lords/lote42/archives/wafr.htm (548 words)

	The story of Nigeria: Michael Crowder
		There was the empire of Kanem Bornu with its Sefawa dynasty reigning almost a thousand years, albeit with intra-dynastic conflict and with retrenchments occasioned by dominance even in Kanem itself of other families.
		Bornu flourished and the reign of Idris Alooma (c.
		69-83), begins with a look at Bornu's continued position and increasing intellectual attainments, at the struggles amongst the Hausa states, at the championing of Islam by Muslim Fulani clans, at the decline of Islam with the breakup of the Songhai Empire and the Fulani revolts in the Eighteenth Century in their Senegal homeland.
	www.kwenu.com /nigeria/history/mckenny_review.htm (2988 words)

	The Story of Africa\| BBC World Service
		Kanem was situated north east of Lake Chad.
		The wealth of Kanem derived from the ability of its rulers to control trade in the region.
		Most memorably, a giraffe was presented by the king of Kanem and Bornu to the Hafsid Sultan al-Mustansir of Tunis in the 13th century.
	www.bbc.co.uk /worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter2.shtml (804 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Bornu
		Pressure of the Bulala, a rival dynasty from further east, caused the Sefuwa court to abandon Kanem proper and move to BORNU between 1382 and 1387.
		The 19th century saw the decline of Bornu, loss of territory to the Sultanate of SOKOTO (the Haussa), it's capital destroyed in a raid in 1808.
		Shares of Bornu are now part of (formerly British) Nigeria, of (formerly French) Niger, of (formerly French) Chad and of (formerly German/French) Cameroun.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/centrafrica/bornu.html (311 words)

	Click Afrique: Magazine: History: Africa's Ancient Empires - Kanem Bornu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		His greatest legacy however was to lay the political and administrative foundations for an empire that was to last for another 300 years.
		The eventual demise of the Kanem Bornu stemmed mainly from the rise of the Hausa states to the west, where the Fulani under Uthman Dan Fodio were rising to power, a move that would bring them into direct conflict with Kanem Bornu.
		The conflict between Kanem Bornu and the Hausa states eventually led in 1808 to the destruction of the Kanem capital.
	www.clickafrique.com /0101rpt/history_KanemBornu3.asp (311 words)

	Chad - A Look at the Past
		he Kanem empire was established in the northern part of present-day Chad by a federation of nomadic peoples in about 1000 A.D. Its ruler was known as the Mai and was considered divine.
		The capital was moved to Bornu, on the western edge of Lake Chad, at the end of the 14th century.
		The Kanem-Bornu empire, as it became known, reached the height of its power and influence during the reign of Mai Idris Aluma, at the end of the 16th century.
	www.cp-pc.ca /english/chad/alook.html (497 words)

	The Nigerian Embassy, Moscow, Russian Federation: Nigeria: History
		There, the Kanem inter-married with the native peoples, and the new group became known as the Kanuri.
		In the mid and late 18th century, severe droughts and famines weakened the kingdom, but in the early 19th century Bornu enjoyed a brief revival under El-Kanemi, a shrewd military leader who resisted the Fulani revolution that swept over much of Nigeria.
		The Hausa cultures, which as early as the 7th century AD boasted great skills in iron-ore smelting, arose in what is now north-western and north central Nigeria, to Bornu's west.
	www.nigerianembassy.ru /Nigeria/history.htm (5094 words)

	PLAYAHATA.COM
		Pictured here is a painting of the king of Bornu in royal procession arriving at one of his provincial residences around 1850AD.
		The Bornu were well known for their cavalry.
		Kanem Bornu Empire - Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms/Kanem_Bornu/KanemHistNarr.html
	www.playahata.com /pages/bhfigures/bhfigures22.html (766 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Kanem-Bornu
		Kanem was originally a confederation of fl tribes, but by 1100, a group of tribes called the Kanuri settle in Kanem and in the thirteenth century the Kanuri began to conquer the surrounding areas.
		In the late 1300's, civil strife within Kanuri territory began to seriously weaken the empire so that by the early 1400's, Kanuri power shifted from Kanem to Bornu, a Kanuri kingdom south and west of Lake Chad.
		The Kanuri grew powerful enough to unite the kingdom of Bornu with Kanem during the reign of Idris Alawma (1575-1610).
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CIVAFRCA/KANEM.HTM (307 words)

	Chad, Republic of
		By the 9th century AD, the kingdom of Kanem (see Kanem-Bornu Empire) was established in what is now western Chad, with its capital at Njimi, near Mao.
		Kanem was subjected to neighboring Bornu in the 16th century, and in the succeeding period the chief powers were the sultanates of Baguirmi and Wadai in the south.
		The export of slaves to North Africa was an important sector of the economy of these states.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/GeogHist/histories/history/hiscountries/C/chad.html (596 words)

	North Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The communities formed from early times one leg of trade routes between Pharaonic Egypt on the one hand and Napata/Meroë on the other, and it has been suggested that surviving elements of the Kingdom of Cush may have set up a dynasty here after that state fell in c.
		Kanem authority over this region became increasingly fragile after the 15th century, and in those times local annals record the arrival of Muslim warlords who assumed a more definite rulership in this area and finished the process of Islamicization.
		Capital transferred to Bornu owing to turbulence in Kanem - from c.
	www.hostkingdom.net /noafrica.html (2725 words)

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