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Topic: Kangxi Emperor

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	CHINA: THE THREE EMPERORS, 1662-1795: The Kangxi Emperor (1662-1722)
		Seal of the Kangxi Emperor, Kangxi period 1662—1722.
		In addition to his military prowess the Kangxi Emperor was famous for his scholarly abilities and his patronage of the arts.
		Kangxi is shown at his desk in an informal scholar’s hat, poised to write.
	www.threeemperors.org.uk /index.php?pid=11 (95 words)

	Kangxi Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: 康熙; Pinyin: Kāngxī; Wade-Giles: K'ang-hsi; May 4, 1654 – December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over all of China, from 1661 to 1722.
		His father died in his early twenties, and as Kangxi was not able to rule in his minority, the Shunzhi Emperor appointed Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi as the Four Regents.
		Kangxi's first Empress gave birth to his second surviving son Yinreng, who was at age 2 named Crown Prince of the Great Qing Empire, which at the time, being a Han Chinese custom, ensured stability during a time of chaos in the south.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kangxi_Emperor (2141 words)

	Kangxi dictionary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kangxi Dictionary (Chinese: 康熙字典; Pinyin: Kāngxī Zìdiǎn; Wade-Giles: K'ang-hsi tzu-tien) was the standard Chinese character dictionary during the 18th and 19th centuries.
		The Kangxi Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty ordered its compilation in 1710 and it was published in 1716, named in his honor.
		The Kangxi Dictionary is available in many forms, from old Qing Dynasty editions in block printing, to reprints in traditional Chinese bookbinding, to modern revised editions with essays in Western hardcover, to the digitized Net Version.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary (312 words)

	Yongzheng Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Yongzheng Emperor (born Yinzhen 胤禛 December 13, 1678 - October 8, 1735) was the fourth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1722 to 1735.
		Kangxi knew it would be a mistake to raise his children inside the deep palaces alone, and therefore exposed his sons, including Yongzheng, to the outside world, and gave a strict system of education for them.
		In 1712 the Kangxi Emperor removed his second son, Yinreng, as successor to the throne and did not designate another one.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Yin_Zheng.htm (2253 words)

	Qing art
		The emperors represented themselves at the centre of the universe in the eyes of their courtiers and subjects: as rulers, patrons of the arts and conquerors, as the creators of a great state, as ardent Buddhists and as eminent figures within China's ancient scholarly traditions.
		Court robes worn by the emperors, a carved lacquer throne and screen, incense burners and metalwork cranes are arranged in a formal court setting typical for the Qing dynasty; cranes are the symbols of long life and the word for "crane" is a homonym for the word for "harmonious".
		However, the Kangxi Emperors initial toleration of the Jesuits was eroded by papal envoys' insistence on overall papal authority over Chinese Catholics; the Yongzhen Emperor banned Christianity altogether, as did his son, the Qianlong Emperor.
	www.cosmopolis.ch /english/art/68/qing_art.htm (1027 words)

	Ming9
		Emperor Kangxi commissioned handscrolls to be painted which documented his inspection tours to the south.
		But while Kangxi was painted in the traditional formal style sitting in official attire with a stern face looking straight forward at the observer, Yongzheng and Qianlong are presented in a variety of informal or, in the case of Yongzheng, even foreign costumes.
		The emperor had converted to Tibetan Buddhism in 1745 and is said to have studied the sutras daily.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/Mingqing04/Qing1.htm (592 words)

	Kangxi
		In comparison with the emperors of the late Ming period he was frugal, practical, and conscientious in the discharge of his responsibilities.
		The Emperor took notice of scientific matters and himself became interested in mathematics during the controversy (1668-69) concerning Chinese and Western calendrical methods.
		In 1693, for the service at court - especially for having cured the Emperor of malaria, with quinine - the French missionaries were given a piece of land inside the Forbidden City, with permission (1703) to erect a church there which was completed ten years later and came to be known as Pei-t'ang.
	www.uni-koeln.de /phil-fak/ostas/sinol/kangxi.html (969 words)

	Qing_Dynasty - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son Prince Yong (???) succeeded him as the Yongzheng Emperor.
		During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, for example, members of his family were distinguished by garments with a large circular emblem on the back, whereas a Han could only hope to wear clothing with a square emblem; this meant effectively that any guard in the court could immediately distinguish family members from the back view alone.
		Cixi and the Guangxu emperor both died in 1908, leaving a relatively powerless and unstable central authority.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /information.asp?k=Qing_Dynasty (6344 words)

	KANGXI - GREAT EMPEROR and TRUE BELIEVER OF CHRIST
		Known to all historians and anyone who is familiar with this name, “Kangxi”, the Emperor was indeed one of the greatest, if not the greatest among the 300 and more emperors in the whole history of China and his 60-years reign from the age of 8 was the longest.
		Emperor Kangxi agreed with all the points raised and wrote a letter in confirmation to the Pope that Confucianism and ancestor “worship” were not religion but philosophy and customs of paying respect to the ancestors.
		Emperor Kangxi did not allow China to embrace Catholicism, because he would not subject his people to a religious authority that he was not convinced of.
	www.patriarchywebsite.com /bib-patriarchy/kangxi.htm (5521 words)

	Portraits of Emperors
		Kangxi was the 4-th emperor of the Qing Dynasty.
		The portrait shows the young emperor Kangxi, sitting at his writing table and holding a thick writing brush.
		On the marble top of the table there are paper, ink, brush and inkstone, the "Four Treasures of the Study"; they are the tools of the painter and calligrapher.
	www.chinapage.org /emperor.html (250 words)

	Secret World of the Forbidden City: Splendors from China's Imperial Palace -- Exhibitions -- Oakland Museum of ...
		Emperor Kangxi was a skilled calligrapher versed in the classical texts and also schooled in astronomy, geography, mathematics and medicine.
		The emperor's meals were prepared by the imperial kitchen to the highest standard, and beverages such as milk and tea were served from the imperial tea kitchen.
		Since she was not permitted to spend the entire night in the emperor's bed, nor could she return to her own apartment, she would adjourn to one of the side rooms for the remainder of the night.
	www.museumca.org /exhibit/exhib_forbiddencity2.html (1304 words)

	Kangxi's Valedictory Edict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The 1717 document known as Kangxi's Valedictory Edict is an effort on the part of the Qing emperor Kangxi to gather, clarify, and communicate his thoughts to his officials in preparation for the end of his reign.
		Kangxi portrays himself as the keeper of a dual heritage: in particular, he is a Manchu emperor; in general, he is an emperor of the vast, diverse and ancient Chinese nation.
		As Kangxi places himself within the historical contect of the Qing dynasty and within the greater dynastic history of China, then, he offers reassurance to both himself and his officials that all will be well even after he is gone.
	people.ucsc.edu /~myrtreia/essays/Kangxi.html (936 words)

	[No title]
		In fact, during the Kangxi reign, the Qing state was undergoing rapid economic change. Thus, one of the most significant challenges that confronted the new Qing government was maintaining stability in the peripheral regions and provinces of the empire in the wake of this economic tumult.
		Chen thus felt that it was imperative for the Qing state and Kangxi Emperor to enact preemptive measures, in particular, a prohibition of all Catholic missionaries in the Qing provinces to prevent the increasing territorial and commercial control of the Catholic missions and foreign merchants.
		The Kangxi Emperor ratified the Council’s recommendation and decreed that a prohibition was necessary. In January 1721, eleven months before his death, the Kangxi Emperor issued the formal decree proscribing Catholic missionaries in the Qing state.
	www.slu.edu /the_arts/sluma/files/kangxi.doc (6937 words)

	Could the Kangxi emperor have become a Christian? - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The Kangxi emperor's receptiveness to the Christianity of the Jesuits was probably also part of his interest in their culture, and wanting to be a patron to the Chinese Christians.
		The Kangxi emperor and the Jesuits argued that ancestor sacrifices were merely an expression of filial piety, and not religious worship.
		Kangxi allowed the Jesuits to go to the Vatican to present their case, but they too failed to change the Pope's mind.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=8207 (3105 words)

	Emperor Kangxi - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Emperor Kangxi (Wade-Giles: K'ang Hsi) (May 4, 1654 - December 20, 1722) was the third emperor of the Manchurian Qing Dynasty from 1662 to 1722.
		Despite Kangxi's attempts to quiet rumours and speculations of who the new Crown Prince is, the court's daily businesses were strongly affected by the abolition of the Crown Prince.
		During Kangxi's last visit southward to the Yangtze region, Yinreng grew hungry for supreme power as he ruled as regent in Beijing; he had decided with bad influence from many of his supporters to give a try at forcing Kangxi to abdicate when he returns to Beijing.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=790 (1816 words)

	Phoenix Art Museum - Secret World of the Forbidden City: Splendors from China's Imperial Palace
		The ten Emperors of the Qing Dynasty were the last to rule China and occupy the Forbidden City.
		Yongzheng was the fourth son of the previous Emperor and thus not immediately in line for the throne.
		Born in 1871, he was chosen at the age of 4 to be the new Emperor by his aunt, Dowager Empress Cixi.
	www.phxart.org /pastexhibitions/ForbiddenCity/whoswho.asp (1092 words)

	ArtWorld CHINA - The Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Chinese emperor was known as the 'Son of Heaven'.
		To ensure this, it behoved the emperor and his officials in the Board of Rites to see that the rituals were carried out with stately movement, beautified by the use of rich vessels, accompanied by meticulously tuned music, and enhanced by the performance of elegant dance.
		The emperor, his empress and the empress dowager wore richly embroidered satin robes of yellow¹, made for the Qing rulers at imperial workshops in Nanjing and Hangzhou and incorporating twelve symbols of imperial authority.
	artworld.uea.ac.uk /teaching_modules/china/spatial/the_emperor/welcome.html (955 words)

	Qing Empire 1644-1799 by Sanderson Beck
		Kangxi's third son Yinzhi was a top-level prince and had been made editor of the imperial encyclopedia, and the fourteenth son Yinti led the campaign against the Khoshote Mongols in Tibet.
		Kangxi's reluctance to enforce taxation had left the treasury depleted, and much corruption and embezzlement in the provinces meant that the poor were overtaxed while landowners avoided taxes.
		Emperor Yongzheng had written the name of his successor and locked it in a casket, enabling his fourth son to become Emperor Qianlong in 1736 without controversy at the age of 24.
	www.san.beck.org /3-8-QingEmpire1644-1799.html (13185 words)

	Qing Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Manchu emperors also supported Chinese literary and historical projects of enormous scope; the survival of much of China's ancient literature is attributed to these projects.
		After Kangxi's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Yinzhen (later to be known as Emperor Yongzheng) succeeded.
		Empress Dowager Cixi, who was the mother of child emperor Tongzhi, successfully controlled the Qing government and was the de facto leader of China for close to 40 years.
	usapedia.com /q/qing-dynasty.html (3767 words)

	TIME Asia Print Page: The Art of Power -- December 12, 2005 Vol. 166, No. 24 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In fact, the subjects of this exhibition are a father, his son and grandson—the Qing Emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong—who ruled the Middle Kingdom for 133 consecutive years and expanded China even beyond its present-day borders.
		Kangxi was only 7 in 1662 when he assumed the throne from his father, the first Qing Emperor, who died in a smallpox epidemic.
		Kangxi was a strong and effective leader who ventured throughout the empire to raise his profile among his subjects and to reinforce his absolute authority.
	www.time.com /time/asia/magazine/printout/0,13675,501051212-1137706,00.html (1440 words)

	Breaching the Great Wall: How the Manchu Took China
		Kangxi took the throne at a time when stable dynasties were being established throughout the region.
		Kangxi’s people, the Manchu, were non-Chinese from the northeast who believed they had an ancient right to rule the nation.
		The emperor was interested in Western mathematics and science, and appointed Jesuits to his Directorate of Astronomy, whose duty it was to determine the official calendar.
	www.neh.gov /news/humanities/2003-03/greatwall.html (1929 words)

	personal site,life& opinions - the truth is out there
		The portrait of the Emperor T'ai Tsung (627-649), as we learn from the Nestorian Monument of 781, was in fact painted on the wall of the Nestorian monasti.c church, reminiscent of the portrait of the Emperor Justinian (483-565) in the Byzantine church in Ravenna.
		The Emperor was pleased with Alopen 's achievement.
		That he was permitted to celebrate the Eucharist in the Palace of the Emperor's elder brother was a strong indication of the steady progress of the Nestorian Church in China.
	www.freewebs.com /erwinli/princepirooztakesrefuge.htm (12072 words)

	phorum - Chinese Culture Forum at Asiawind - Emperor Kangxi's Moonlight Experience at Niujie
		Those advisors told the emperor that Muslims were gathering in the mosque at night to plan rebellion.
		It is perhaps unlikely that the emperor ever took such a risky trip outside the walls of his Imperial Palace.
		The incident surrounding Kangxi's decree is significant not only because of the emperors action, but because it points to the kind of discrimination Muslims in China have faced during the the Qing Dynasty period.
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=2&i=2364&t=2364 (325 words)

	Dallas Museum of Art - Splendors of China's Forbidden City
		Emperor Qianlong (“cheeyen-loong”) ruled for sixty years (1736–1795), during China’s last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty.
		The emperor is best known to art historians as a collector who amassed the largest collection of art known up to that point in China.
		Objects on view never before seen outside China include the emperor’s funeral throne and spirit tablet, a monolithic carved jade boulder, the five-foot high gold stupa commissioned by Qianlong to commemorate his mother, and eight paintings by the great Jesuit court artist Giuseppe Castiglione, including portraits of Qianlong and his first wife and empress, Xiaoxian.
	dmaws.dallasmuseumofart.org /stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&ssDocName=ID_015557&ssSourceNodeId=1680 (564 words)

	West Meets the East: the Western Style Porcelain in the Forbidden City
		In 1719, the 58th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, a French enamel specialist named Jean Baptist Gravereau was invited to the Imperial Palace.
		Painted enamel was most developed during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong.
		Emperor Kangxi used flowers as the main motif on enamel-painted porcelain; Emperor Yongzheng preferred a combination of poem, calligraphy, painting and seal.
	www.gotheborg.com /exhibition/exhibit_part3.shtml (1858 words)

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