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	King Kanishka
		Kanishka, probable successor of Wima Kadphises II[?] was the greatest of the Kushana[?] kings.
		It is interesting however that Kanishka's fame is based not only on his military and political success but also on his spiritual merit.
		Kanishka personally seems to have embraced both Buddhism and the Persian Mithras cult.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ki/King_Kanishka.html (477 words)

	2. South Asia, 72 B.C.E.-500 C.E. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Kanishka appears to have been tolerant in religion and built a great stupa at Peshawar over relics of the Buddha.
		Kanishka's successors with their inscriptions (dated in terms of his reign) are: his son Vasishka (24, 28, 29); the latter's son Kanishka II (41); his younger brother Huvishka (29 or 33–60); Vasushka, son of Kanishka II (68, 74); and Vasudeva (76–98).
		Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (on throne in 379) ended the satrapy of Ujjain by conquest of Malwa, Gujerat, and Surashtra (between 388 and 401).
	www.bartleby.com /67/130.html (1083 words)

	Europa Barbarorum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Kanishka, who is traditionally dubbed as the "4th" Kushana emperor, probably succeeded to the throne between 105 - 116 AD and, in particular, probably around 115 AD, though due to the imprecision and conflicts of the various dating methods used, there is still disagreement and debate among scholars who study Kushana history.
		It was said that Kanishka was interested in Buddhism and invited a different monk in every day to explain to him Buddhist philosophy, but that because none of the monks could agree, Kanishka decided to hold a council in order to resolve these differences.
		However, by the beginning of the reign of Chandragupta II, the successor of Samudragupta, and whose reign approximates to the end of the 4th century/beginning of the 5th centuries AD, the Lesser Kushanas lost their territories in the Punjab and were either annihilated by the Guptas or retained some territory in Gandhara.
	www.europabarbarorum.com /factions_yuezhi_history.html (4717 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Kushan Empire
		According to the Rabatak inscription, Kanishka was the son of Vima Kadphises, the grandson of Sadashkana, and the great-grandson of Kujula Kadphises.
		Kanishka’s era is now generally accepted to have begun in 127 on the basis of Harry Falk’s ground-breaking research.
		Kanishka’s era was used as a calendar reference by the Kushans for about a century, until the decline of the Kushan realm.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Kushan_Empire (3268 words)

	Coin of the Week - Week 2
		Kujula's son Kadphises II was the first Indian ruler to strike gold coins reminiscent of the Roman aurei circulating along the caravan routes.
		Under the rule of Kanishka, the third Kushan emperor, the Kushan empire reached its greatest extent, a territory ranging from the Aral Sea through areas that include present-day Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan into northern India as far east as Benares and as far south as Sanchi.
		Kanishka¹s coinage displays a remarkable pantheon of deities of this cosmopolitan empire, drawing on the traditions of Iranian, Greco-Roman, and Indian cultures.
	www.bpmurphy.com /COTW/week2.htm (548 words)

	Indian History - Kushans and Kanishkas
		Kanishka was the most famous of the Kushan kings.
		When Kanishka ascended the throne, his empire consisted of Afghanistan, Sind, Punjab and portions of the former Parithan and Bactrian kingdoms.
		Kanishka embraced Buddhism towards the middle of his reign.
	www.indhistory.com /kushans-kanishkas.html (434 words)

	Chronology of Ancient India: The Era of the Kushan King Kanishka
		Kanishka is the most famous of the Kushan kings, he is preserved in Bhuddist tradition as the king responsible for calling the second great Bhuddist council.
		The upshot of this is to imply that there must be at least 200 years between Kanishka and the commencement of Gupta rule at Mathura, certainly at least 150 (which would require it was lost in the reign of Vasishka).
		This excludes Kanishka having come to power before the report is compiled, in 96AD, and implies that Vima Takpiso must have come to power after 96AD, so unless his and Vima Kadphises rule exceeds 50 years, very unlikely, Kanishka must have come to power before 146AD.
	www.kushan.org /essays/chronology/kanishka.htm (4081 words)

	CoinArchives.com Search Results
		Kanishka, nimbate and helmeted, standing facing, head left, sacrificing over altar to left and holding filleted standard; to left, filleted trident behind, "Ha" to right of altar, and "Vi" to right of scepter in Brahmi /...
		Kanishka standing facing, head left, holding standard, sacrificing over altar to left / Mao, diademed, lunar "horns" at shoulders, standing facing, head left, right hand extended in benedictional gesture, hand on...
		Kanishka standing facing, head left, holding standard, sacrificing over altar to left / Radiate and bearded male running left, holding up cloak behind him in both hands; tamgha to left.
	www.coinarchives.com /a/results.php?results=200&search=Kanishka&Thumb=1 (4032 words)

	Kanishka: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Kanishka Jayasuriya is Principal Senior Research...Regional Governance Crisis and change Kanishka Jayasuriya (ed.) Asian Regional Governance Crisis and change Edited by Kanishka Jayasuriya LONDON AND NEW YORK...
		Kanishka Jayasuriya is Senior Research Fellow...LAW AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS Edited by Kanishka Jayasuriya POLITICS AND MARKETS...Edited by Richard Robison, Mark Beeson, Kanishka Jayasuriya and HyukRae Kim POLITICS AND...
		Kanishka was in Cleveland at the time; she was...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/kanishka.jsp?l=K&p=1 (1011 words)

	InfoHub - History of India
		Chandragupta II married the daughter of King Rudrasena II of the Deccan.
		Kanishka I was the son of Vima Kadphises and succeeded him as ruler of the Kushan empire.
		P.S. This is an example of a coin minted during the reign of Kanishka I: Obverse: Kanishka is standing and is wearing a heavy Kushan coat and boots.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showthread.php?p=8071&mode=linear (1950 words)

	Ethics of India 30 BC To 1300 by Sanderson Beck
		Kanishka, considered the founder of the Shaka era, supported Buddhism, which held its 4th council in Kashmir during his reign.
		However, Pulakeshin II was defeated and probably killed in 642 when the Pallavas in retaliation for an attack on their capital captured the Chalukya capital at Badami.
		Krishna II died in 914 and was succeeded by his grandson Indra III, who marched his army north and captured northern India's imperial city Kanauj.
	www.san.beck.org /AB2-India.html (21954 words)

	Buddhist Channel \| World \| Buddhism, a landmark in Uzbekistan's history
		It is interesting that some researchers carry the initial development period of Buddhism to the time of the administration of the Kushan king Kanishka (the first half the 2nd century A.D.) Others date the beginning of this process by earlier time.
		Consequently, only eight years had passed after the death Kanishka, when the Ayrtam Buddhist complex got out of order, and required its restoration, which proved to be very doubtful.
		Thus, it is obvious for scientists that the Buddhist temple in Ayrtam was, probably erected long before Kanishka's administration, whenever, already in the fourth year of Huvishka's administration it needed restoration.
	www.buddhistchannel.tv /index.php?id=71,3159,0,0,1,0 (699 words)

	The Kushans - Indian History
		Kanishka is the legendary ruler of ancient India and according to most historians the greatest ruler of Kushan dynasty.
		Huvishka succeeded Kanishka I. He was founder of a city Hushka in Kashmir named after him (described by Kalhan in Rajatarangini).
		Vasudeva was followed by his son (?) Kanishka II who lost all the territories west of river Indus to Sassanians.
	www.gloriousindia.com /history/kushans.html (554 words)

	Kushan Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The rule of Kanishka I, the second great Kushan emperor, fifth Kushan king, who flourished for at least 28 years from c. 127, was administered from two capitals: Purushapura (now Peshawar in northern Pakistan) and Mathura, in northern India.
		The "Kanishka casket", with the Buddha surrounded by Brahma and Indra, and Kanishka on the lower part, 127.
		Depictions of the Buddha in the coinage of Kanishka.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kushan (2505 words)

	Project ZAAN: Information Digest - Vol. 1
		Kanishka was the most famous of the Kushans.
		Kanishka’s Council marks the beginning of a new epoch in the history of Buddhism.
		Kanishka’s successors : It is possible that Kanishka’s sons Vaiska and Huviska acted as viceroys in succession, but it appears that Vaiska pre-deceased his father who was succeeded by Huviska, who died in 140 A.D. His son Vasudeva, also known as Jasuka succeeded him.
	www.zaan.net /vol2/4.html (1987 words)

	Kusana Coins and History: A Collection of Essays by P L Gupta
		The coin still requires some explanation, but readers tempted to posit that Kanishka II might be the son of Huvishka, and brother of Vasudeva, should bear in mind that the coin is remarkably un-Kushan in its general appearance, and that the characters read as 'putra' are quite indecipherable on the plate provided by Gupta.
		In addition to the divisions of Huvishka and Vasudeva, there seems no reason why a Kanishka I and Kanishka II should not be separated on the basis of the change from Greek to Bactrian legends on the coins.
		Gupta makes two attempts at the date of Kanishka, in 'Date of Kanishka' he tries to calculate the time between the collapse of Mauryan rule and the inception of Kanishka's era by taking the number of intervening kings and multiplying by an 'average reign'.
	www.kushan.org /reviews/kch.htm (1953 words)

	The Amitabha Buddhism gospel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Kanishka said: “While I was ill I had occasion to meditate on the problem of life and life’s relation to death.
		Kanishka followed with his eye the graceful movements of the princess and breathed a prayer: “Adoration to the Buddha!” he said to himself in the silent recesses of his heart.
		While King Kanishka thus idled away the time the prime minister felt uneasy, for his fellow conspirators, the generals from the south, were waiting for the signal to overpower the few foreign guards, to close the gates, and take possession of the palace.
	www.hinduwebsite.com /sacredscripts/amitabha.htm (14989 words)

	[No title]
		Kanishka is said to have been converted to Buddhism by the playwright Ashvaghosha.
		Maharashtra Châlukyas Pulakeshin I 543-566 Kirtivarman I 566-597 Mangalesa 597-609 Pulakeshin II 609-642 killed in battle by Narasimha Varman I of Pallava; interregnum, 642-655 Vikramaditya I 655-680 Vinayaditya 680-696 Vijayaditya 696-733 Vikramaditya II 733-746 Kirtivarman II 746-757 Rashtrakutas Dantidurga 754-768 Krishna I 768-783 Govinda I 768-?
		Pulakeshin II, also visited by Hsüan-tsang, declared himself "Lord of the Eastern and Western Waters." Although Maharashtrans never united the north and dominating the country like the Guptas or Harsha, I have included them to span the period down to the Sult.âns of Delhi.
	saturniancosmology.org /files/fries/sangoku.txt (13390 words)

	Evolution of the Buddha Image
		Excavations at Chilla II (now in Pakistan) betray dated carvings of the 1st century B.C., which may be the earliest attempts at discovering Buddha's anthropomorphic image.
		It seems, the mind of the Buddhist sculptor, which had so far wrestled between the 'image' and the 'non-image', had at last discovered 'one' in the 'other', that is, the motif in man and the man in motif.
		Buddha's stucco images are also reported from around the same 1st century A.D. The stucco image of the Buddha, in the collection of Mathura Museum, belongs stylistically to the same iconic group to which the A.D. 81 Buddha image belongs.
	www.exoticindiaart.com /article/lordbuddha (4110 words)

	kushanas
		Mathura became the centre of Kushans.Many monuments were erected during Huvishka's reign.The last great king of Kushans was Vasudev I. The Kushans were overthrown by the Sassanians of Persia in the north-west and the Guptas in the north.The rule of Kushans ended almost at the same time as that of the Satavahans in the south.
		Kanishka embraced Buddhism towards the middle of his reign.He is said to have been Zoroastrian before he became Buddhist.
		Mahayana was the new form of Buddhism that was followed during this period where the Buddha was worshipped as God.Old monastries were repaired and many new ones were built.Art, Science and Literature Kanishka was a great patron of art and literature.
	members.tripod.com /masad/kushanas.html (315 words)

	[No title]
		The gold coins of Kadambas were maintained with remarkable accuracy throughout the reigns of rulers of this dynasty as seen in coins of Jayakesi I and Soideva (7,8).
		As the gold coins, Bhairava-gadyana were known to have been in circulation in the second half of eleventh century, it is very compelling to propose that the coin shown in figure 1 is a Bhairava-gadyana minted by Jayasimha Jagadekamalla.
		These punch-marked gold coins of ~3.5 to 4 gms were reintroduced by Jayasimha II Jagadekamalla (1015-1042 AD), a ruler of Western Chalukya dynasty (Chalukyas of Kalyana) which were used by various kingdoms of south India, including those who acknowledged suzerainty of Chalukyas.
	www.med.unc.edu /~nupam/thshiv.html (4923 words)

	Bengal upto the Guptas
		Hindu religious era, and Azilises; the pahlava kings Vonones, Spalirises, Azes II, and Pacores; and the early kuSANa (the guishang branch of Yüeh-chih) kings Kujula and Vima Kadphises were all in Punjab or further west.
		His successors were Vasishka, Kanishka II, Huvishka, Vashushka, and Vasudeva) coins from kaniSka's reign (78–96 AD) do not necessarily mean that Bengal was under their rule, though the Murandooi mentioned by Ptolemy in India Extra-Gangem may have connections with the term shaka-murundu found later in samudragupta's inscription.
		Since the time of kumAragupta I (415–455), son of candragupta II vikramAditya (375–415), son of samudragupta (there may have been an extremely short reign of rAmagupta in between) till the middle of 6th cent AD, when the gupta empire fell, puNDravardhana remained a major city in the gupta empire.
	members.tripod.com /~tanmoy/bengal/earlyphase.html (898 words)

	History of Kushans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Kanishka was a patron of Mahayana Buddhism and during his reign, a large number of Buddhist monasteries, sculptures were built in and around Gandhara region.
		Mathura, the winter capital and Gandhara were two centres of art; Mathura developed it's distinct style of art whereas the Gandhara school was influenced by Greco-Roman philosophies and centred in depicting Buddha's images.
		The Roman history records that ambassadors were sent to the court of Trajan (98-117 AD) by the Indian kings, but it is unclear whether it is by Vima or Kanishka.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /india/kushana/kus_history.html (779 words)

	Numismatic Literature: Published by the American Numismatic Society
		Especially notable are a rare bronze of Alexander II of Macedon, a group of silver fractions from the Argolis, a drachm of the Indo-Greek king Telephos, and a group of Roman Provincial bronzes from various cities in Thrace and Moesia Inferior.
		Series I was discontinued when John III Vatatzes commenced striking his own coins at Thessalonica, and series II ceased early in the reign of Theodore II when that emperor discontinued the issue of coins from Thessalonica.
		Beginning with the Last Small Cross type of Æthelred II (c.1009-1016), Anglo-Saxon silver pennies were sporadically debased from the normal levels of c.90 to 95 per cent, down to 70 per cent or less.
	www.numismatics.org /numlit/subjects147.html (14847 words)

	British Academy - After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam: Abstract (Rtveladze) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The second period is characterized by the circulation of gold and bronze coins of a common coinage of Kushan rulers in the territory of Bactria – Tokharistan, beginning from the reign of Soter Megas (Vima Tokto) to Kanishka III inclusive.
		For instance, in Kampyr-tepe, which is comparatively small, more than 500 Kushan coins, of Soter Megas, Kadphises II and Kanishka, have been found.
		These are well illustrated, thanks to the hoard from Dalverzin tepe, which consisted of imitations of Kushan coins and drachms of Shapur I. The circulation of imitations and gold and bronze Kushano-Sasanian, Sasanian-Kushan coins of all Kushan-Shahs is typical of the second stage of this period.
	www.britac.ac.uk /events/programmes/2004/abstracts/asia-rtveladze.html (691 words)

	[No title]
		Laxmi, as goddess Ardoxo, was shown on few coins of Kanishka and Huvishaka, but later Kushans altogether gave up the most common icon of Kushan dynasty, the Shiva and Nandi and practically minted all their gold coinage depicting Laxmi.
		Kanishka is the legendary ruler of ancient India and according to most historians the greatest ruler of Kushan dynasty.
		Vasudeva was followed by his son (?) Kanishka II who lost all the territories west of river Indus to Sassanians.
	www.med.unc.edu /~nupam/kushan1.html (2499 words)

	Coins, Art, and Chronology: Cribb page 3
		The Rabatak inscription suggests that the adoption of the Kanishka Era was a deliberate decision in the first year of the reign of Kanishka I. Its use in inscriptions at Mathura from early in his reign also points to its widespread adoption.
		The Unknown Era's association with the kings Vima I Tak[to] and Vima II Kadphises suggests that it should be recognized as the era of two early Kushan inscriptions found at Mathura.
		The form of Brahmi letters used in these inscriptions began during the reign of Sodasa and ended under Kanishka I. Their attribution to Vima I and II cannot therefore be questioned because they are the only kings ruling at Mathura, other than Kanishka I, during whose reigns early Kushan style Brahmi could have been used.
	www.grifterrec.com /y/cribb/ekk_cribb_03.html (4469 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hinduism And Buddhism An Historical Sketch, Volume II, by Sir Charles Eliot. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Since the early history of the Mahayana is a matter for argument rather than precise statement, it will perhaps be best to begin with some account of its doctrines and literature and proceed afterwards to chronology.
		I may, however, mention that general tradition connects it with King Kanishka and asserts that the great doctors Aśvaghosha and Nâgârjuna lived in and immediately after his reign.
		The attitude of Kanishka and of the Council which he summoned towards the Mahayana is far from clear and I shall say something about this difficult subject below.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/1/6/5/4/16546/16546-h/16546-h.htm (15219 words)

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