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	Kanizsa triangle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kanizsa triangle is a famous optical illusion that was first described by the Italian psychologist Gaetano Kanizsa in 1955.
		In this figure we "see" a white equilateral triangle but in fact none is drawn.
		Also the nonexistent white triangle appears to be brighter than the surrounding area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kanizsa_triangle (108 words)

	Perception of Illusory Curves and Shapes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It appears as an opaque surface that is superimposed on the background figure (Kanizsa 1955, 1976, 1979) (Halpern 1981).
		Kanizsa (1976,1979) observed that if illusory contours are induced by fl asymmetric shapes, then when these inducing shapes are symmetrized (as in the two previously mentioned cases), the illusory contours disappear.
		In contrast, human visual searches for the packman triangle have been found to be serial, implying that attention is required in their detection; neural responses to these illusory contours have not been found as early as primate V1, arising instead in V2.
	www.ensc.sfu.ca /people/grad/brassard/personal/THESIS/node44.html (702 words)

	Directional Harmonic Theory
		Breaking the closure of the Kanizsa triangle by removing or occluding one of its inducing pac-man features reduces the salience of the entire figure, even that portion of the illusory edge that spans the remaining pac-man features, just as a bubble surface tends to collapse when it's global closure is breached at any point.
		The illusory brightness of the Kanizsa figure is observed to pervade the entire surface of the illusory form, with a uniform white percept that is perceived to be brighter than the white background against which it appears.
		This is in contrast to the observed properties of illusory figures like the camo or the Kanizsa triangle in which the illusory form appears at a precise location, orientation, and spatial scale, and in the case of the Kanizsa triangle, with a precise contrast against the background.
	cns-alumni.bu.edu /~slehar/webstuff/dirhr1/dirhr1.html (15881 words)

	Ponzo illusion and illusory contours
		One of the most well-known of these is the Kanizsa triangle, produced by three "pacmen" figures that appear to form the points of a triangle.
		Kanizsa (1976) presents cases of the Poggendorf and Ponzo illusions as being induced by illusory contour figures with similar strengths as the actual lines.
		The means for the Ponzo illusion and the two Kanizsa illusions were very similar, and the standard deviations were smaller than the standard deviation for the parallel lines.
	www.alma.edu /departments/psychology/SP99/DK/DK.html (869 words)

	Perception: ECVP 2003 abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The openings of the pacmen were aligned in 25% of the trials so as to induce an illusory Kanizsa parallelogram.
		In the remaining 25%, three of the pacmen induced a Kanizsa equilateral triangle.
		Subjects reported whether they perceived a Kanizsa figure (detection) and which shape they saw, 'guessing' the shape even when it was not explicitly perceived (discrimination).
	www.perceptionweb.com /perception/ecvp03/0818.html (312 words)

	[No title]
		The paper [1] explains the generation of subjective contours, which are seen because the brain tends to complete the gaps between unlinked edges in an image (e.g.: Kanizsa triangle).
		The curves thus generated simulate the perceived curves of the Kanizsa triangle (figures 2, 3, 4 in [1]).
		The results of this model on the Kanizsa triangle are in figure 5(A) to 5(D) of [4].
	www.cs.mcgill.ca /~arajwa/termpaper.htm (3344 words)

	Optical Illusion Encyclopedia Articles @ ColorFool.com (Color Fool) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Penrose triangle, an impossible object created (independently) by Oscar Reutersvärd and Roger Penrose.
		The triangle is an illusion dependent on a cognitive misunderstanding that adjacent edges must join.
		Many famous artists have worked extensively with optical illusions, including, Salvador Dalí, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Marcel Duchamp, Oscar Reutersvärd, and Charles Allan Gilbert.Optical illusion is also used in film by the technique of forced perspective.
	www.colorfool.com /encyclopedia/Optical_illusion (560 words)

	Figures: Computational Maps in the Visual Cortex
		Each element in the triangle is identified by a number 1 through to 9 counterclockwise from the top left vertex, with 2, 5, and 8 denoting the gaps.
		(a) A complete triangle with gaps in the middle of each side approximates the central triangular part of the edge-detected Kanizsa triangle (Figure 13.4).
		(b) When one vertex (elements 6 and 7) is removed, areas representing gaps 5 and 8 become almost silent: The perception of a triangle disappears, as it does in the incomplete Kanizsa triangle (Figure 13.17).
	nn.cs.utexas.edu /computationalmaps/figures/13.16.php (147 words)

	Tachistoscopic Study of Illusory Contours and Kanizsa Type Images
		Figure 1 The Kanizsa Triangle and the Rectangle Image were both shown separately to the subjects.
		Some of the subjects were able to see a triangle formed by the lines of the corners and others were able to see a triange formed by the dots in the corners of the triangle.
		This could be done by showing Kanizsa and Kanizsa type illusions for varying lengths of time (in a time sequential order) and having participants note when they can see the illusion.
	www.alma.edu /departments/psychology/sp2003/nicam/nicam.htm (1284 words)

	AcademicDB - Visual Illusions - sensory filtering or knowledge of the world?
		The above figure is known as the Kanizsa triangle.
		What it actually consists of is three fl circles with a segment cut out of each of them, however, what we see when we look at it is a white triangle against a background of three fl circles.
		This is one of a number of pictures that deceive the brain, known collectively as visual illusions.
	academicdb.com /visual_illusions_-_sensory_filtering_or_knowledge_9036 (268 words)

	Ehrenstein illusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The apparent figures have the same color as the background, but appear brighter.
		A similar effect is obtained in the Kanizsa triangle.
		Sometimes the name "Ehrenstein" is associated with one of the illusory contour figures (2).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ehrenstein_illusion (112 words)

	Why the strange triangle? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The strange triangle that forms the background of many of our pages may seem odd at first sight.
		Called a Kanizsa triangle, it is an essential part of the Gestalt theory of perception: a holistic view of how the eye works opposed to a purely reductionist analysis of vision.
		Yet the circles marking the corners of the triangle make it readily apparent what we are to perceive.
	www.princeton.edu /~freshman/kanizsa.html (279 words)

	The Psychology Papers
		n the Kanizsa triangle illusion, presented on the Imagination page, it seems as though there is a brighter triangle superimposed on another triangle in the background.
		he small triangles in the centres of the two larger triangles are identical in colour.
		Consider this when you look at the Kanizsa triangle on the Imagination page.
	www.subliminalworld.org /psychol3.htm (1605 words)

	Optical illusion - Kanizsa triangle - The IET
		Optical illusion - Kanizsa triangle - The IET
		And the picture is a uniform colour, even though the triangle looks brighter.
		The missing wedges of the discs are like the points of a triangle so the brain âfills in the gapsâ and âseesâ a triangle that isnât really there, just to make sense of the diagram.
	www.flipside.org.uk /extra/issue06/illusion.cfm (121 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		An example from the visual system is the perception of the Kanizsa triangle (c.
		The stimulus corresponding to the real triangle was a spectral pitch of 250 Hz.
		The virtual pitch consisted of the 4th to 8th harmonics of the missing fundamental frequency of 250 Hz.
	www.neurologie.uni-duesseldorf.de /HBM99/cd/attention/2984.html (410 words)

	Stimulus Specificity of Phase-Locked and Non-Phase-Locked 40 Hz Visual Responses in Human -- Tallon-Baudry et al. 16 ...
		The task of the subject was to count the occurrences of a curved illusory triangle.
		The ratio between the diameter of the inducing disk and the total length of the edge of the triangle was 1:4.
		There seems to be a maximum of energy in response to the illusory triangle, an intermediate value in response to the real triangle, and a small one in response to the no-triangle stimulus.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/16/13/4240 (7243 words)

	New Scientist Premium- Science: Bees can see what we see, even if it isn't there - Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The bees were then presented with three versions of 'Kanizsa's triangle' (see Diagram).
		'We found that the bees responded far more often to the Kanizsa triangle than to our controls, one of which had the corner indicators facing outwards, and the other of which had one indicator pointed outwards,' says Boacnin.
		The researchers found that the bees were twice as likely to either land on, or fly over, the Kanizsa triangle...
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg14119142.100.html (289 words)

	Tests for left-handedness
		We have seen quite a few tests to show how left-handed people are and whether they have an special skills as a result.
		If you can see the white triangle - the one with its apex pointing up - it's because your left-handed brain has created that triangle to unify what is otherwise simply a collection of angles and PacMan shapes.
		There is, in fact, no white triangle there.
	www.anythingleft-handed.co.uk /lh_tests.html (490 words)

	Notes of the illusion catalogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Neon color spreading can be also observed in the Kanizsa triangle (1955).
		A further outcome with the Ehrenstein lines - they can also cause lustre - was recently published by Pinna, Spillmann and Ehrenstein (2002).
		In our (Jiro Gyoba, Kenzo Sakurai, Hideaki Kawabata and me) opinion, the neon effect shown in the Kanizsa triangle should be attributed to visual phantoms, especailly to photopic phantoms (Kitaoka et al., 1999).
	www.chadderton.com /images/akitaoka/notes.html (256 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		If you focus on the triangle, you will see a white triangle that appears a brighter white than its white background.
		Its corners are located in the three fl "pac men." The sides or contours of the bright-white triangle are called subjective contours because they aren't there.
		It appears to be covering the triangle outlined with fl lines.
	asterix.ednet.lsu.edu /~maxcy/learningo/mindy/triangle.html (101 words)

	Biocosmology5
		This access to the subjective is profoundly augmented by a variety of subjective states some of which have no direct correlate in the physical world, yet can be commandingly real to the observer.
		Firstly consciousness is constructive, and fills in details to construct a description of reality which can often lead to peculiar results as illustrated by visual illusions, such as the Kanizsa triangle above.
		(e) Koch flake formed by repeated tessellation of a triangle (f) Typical correlation dimensions of a variety of natural and pathological brain states.
	www.dhushara.com /book/bchtm/biocos5.htm (3810 words)

	Acta Math. Univ. Comenianae Vol. LXX, 1(2001), pp. 85103 Proceedings of Algoritmy 2000 85 (SMEALSearch) - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A geometric model for segmentation of images with missing boundaries is presented.
		Some classical problems of boundary completion in cognitive images, like the pop up of subjective contours in the famous triangle of Kanizsa, are faced from a surface evolution point of view.
		The method is based on the mean curvature evolution of a graph with respect to the Riemannian metric induced by the image.
	gunther.smeal.psu.edu /99068.html (230 words)

	Effects of spatial configuration and number of fixations on Kanizsa triangle detection -- Liinasuo et al. 38 (12): 2554 ...
		Effects of spatial configuration and number of fixations on Kanizsa triangle detection -- Liinasuo et al.
		Effects of spatial configuration and number of fixations on Kanizsa triangle detection
		scale invariance in Kanizsa triangle perception broke down in the smallest
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/abstract/38/12/2554 (359 words)

	Philadelphia Inquirer 1 December 1997
		It is an effect that Italian psychologist Gaetano Kanizsa popularized in the 1950s with a figure called the Kanizsa triangle - three Pac-man-shaped figures whose arrangement forces most people to see a triangle pop out among them.
		The brain carries on a kind of unconscious problem-solving, he says, taking in visual signals and finding a ``solution'' that corresponds to a picture of the world.
		Sometimes more than one solution is possible, as in the case of the Kanizsa triangle, which can appear as either a triangle or as three open-mouthed Pac-men, depending on how you look at it.
	www.vision.nyu.edu /docs/PhiladelphiaInquirer1Dec97.html (970 words)

	New Technologies in Perception studies
		The modifications of surfaces’ appearing largeness in condition of amodal completion were verified with
		bi-dimensional patterns [Kanizsa (1972; 1975); Vezzani (1993; 1998); Gamberini L. and al (2003)] and with three-dimensional objects [Piaget, Inhelder e Szeminska (1948); Masini e Perussia (1982)].
		The main aim of the our research was to explore the effects of amodal completion with three-dimensional stimuli in not-immersive virtual environments (NIVE), without resolving the theoretical controversy of the mechanisms.
	www.psicologia.unipd.it /htlab/130.php (231 words)

	Capture Illusory Contours: A Level Set Based Approach (ResearchIndex)
		Many methods have been proposed to identify illusory contours.
		In this paper, we present a level set based variational model to capture a typical class of illusory contours such as Kanizsa triangle.
		The model consists of two parts: the first part drives the zero level set to the inside desired solid boundaries and keeps it sticking to the L-junctions while the second one employs the Euler's Elastica to complete the missing boundaries in...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /zhu03capture.html (330 words)

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