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Kant

Immanuel Kant

Categorical imperative

Transcendental idealism

Critique of Judgment

Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals

Critique of Pure Reason

Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics

Human nature

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Goodness and value theory

	Kantian Quantum Mechanics
		The act of observation, which collapses the wave function, is conformable to the Kantian act of synthesis, by which phenomenal objects are introduced into consciousness and subjected to the categories of the understanding.
		If what Kantian consciousness requires is discrete actual things in space and time, this is exactly what is delivered in quantum mechanics: Bohr stipulated that observers and their equipment would never be subject to quantum mechanical probability effects.
		Since nothing is so characteristic of Kantian philosophy than that principle, perhaps it is only a matter of time before philosophers pull their heads out of the "post-modernist" hole in the ground and pay attention.
	www.meta-religion.com /Philosophy/Biography/Immanuel_Kant/kantian_quantum_mechanics.htm (1822 words)

	Social Research: Wittgenstein's pragmatic strain
		The basis for this observation is the recognition that within Kantian liberal theory the standpoint of moral reflection is maximally dispassionate in the sense of being characterized by a requirement to abstract from all emotional endowments--or, as I will put it, an abstraction-requirement.
		Kantian liberals tend to advocate an account of our personal relationships, commitments, projects, etc., in which they are essentially characterized by a reflective structure.
		The narrower conception is inseparable from an abstraction-requirement, and Kantian liberals tend to assume, in a manner respectful of the conception, that any account of moral reflection capable of laying claim to objectivity must impose such a requirement.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2267/is_2_70/ai_107489497/pg_4 (1020 words)

	Immanuel Kant
		Kantianism seems threatened with "psychologism," the doctrine that what we know is our own psychology, not external things.
		Kantian realism and Kantian idealism are thus reconciled by a distiction, that between phenomena and things-in-themselves.
		This would be an intellectual intuition in a strong Kantian sense, and a form of mysticism, with the transcendence of the Pure Land, in which the identity with the mystical object is facilitated by the absence of any substantial independence of things whatsoever.
	www.friesian.com /kant.htm (9663 words)

	[No title]
		Kantian ethics, grounded in the ethics of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), defended individual rights against the logic of utilitarianism, which seemed to allow for the rights of some to be sacrificed for the sake of the happiness of others.
		With its emphasis on justice, Kantian ethics has come to dominate discussions in the areas of political philosophy, the philosophy of law, and applied ethics during the second half of the 20th Century.
		Defenders of virtue ethics have, in turn, alleged that Kantian ethics is based on false universal principles, a narrow fixation on rights, and a crippling lack of insight into emotions and the good in life.
	www.huc.edu /newspubs/pressroom/2005/3/Ethics.shtml (425 words)

	20th WCP: A Kantian Interpretation of Demonstrative Reference
		A Kantian mode of demonstrative reference is characterized by the existence of a real, 2-placed affective relation between an intuiting subject and the referent.
		It has been suggested that Kantian intuition is analogous to the demonstrative term "This." According to Sellars, "to intuit is to represent a this." The demonstrative "This" provides a semantic model for Kantian intuition, but with some restriction.
		Kantian intuition is an extensive magnitude a mathematical quantity of a non-zero dimensionality.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Mode/ModeWong.htm (2798 words)

	LewRockwell.com Blog: Bennett's Kantian Provenance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He is now under attack for firing the dean of BU's Communications school, and one of the department chairmen there, because he wants the students to know basic history, literature, and other fundamentals that these guys didn't want to teach (imagine!).
		Silber's Kantian approach, adopted by Bennett, reflects the insight of Tom's friend that power is fine, if the right people are running the country.
		John Silber certainly thought he would be running the country by now, but he lost (as a Democrat) by a hair to Bill Weld in the 1990 guv's race and that was the end of his political career.
	blog.lewrockwell.com /lewrw/archives/000074.html (472 words)

	Untitled Document
		In Ackerman's terminology, the term "Kantian" covers everyone who rejects utilitarianism on the ground that "individuals have certain rights simply because they are autonomous beings worthy of respect -- rights which cannot be overridden simply by an appeal to general Utility." Ackerman treats Kant as "a symbol of [the] principle.
		Ackerman's discussion of a Kantian approach to the taking question does not aim to provide a fully refined and developed Kantian analysis of takings, nor was Ackerman trying to figure out what the historical figure named Immanuel Kant would have said about the question.
		Recall that the Kantian and utilitarian approaches are opposed along the two distinct and cross-cutting axes of consequentialist/non-consequentialist and right-based/goal-based.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /bridge/Philosophy/takings2d.txt.htm (458 words)

	Mind: Kantian Aesthetics Pursued. - book reviews
		Kantian Aesthetics Pursued is something in between a "book" and a collection of essays (five of the eight chapters having been published previously).
		This property, if it is indeed the proerty of beauty, is such "as to call forth this [pleasurable] response from any (ideal) judge, and this thought he expresses in terms of the universality of the judgment of taste" (p.
		It is bound to be controversial, however, since it separates the beauty from the perfection of the function or representationality in a way that, for myself, at least, is counter-intuitive and would, for the eighteenth century, have been, I imagine, quite surprising.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2346/is_n411_v103/ai_15696984 (948 words)

	The Kantian Project in Modern International Legal Theory
		For Tesón, `[t]he Kantian thesis, then, can be summarized as follows: observance of human [and democratic] rights is a primary requirement to join the community of civilized nations under international law' (p.
		Tesón's opening statement makes it clear that he is attempting to engage in a defence of the Kantian conception of international law.
		The second argument is substantive: Tesón grossly neglects the critical move in Kant's philosophy from international morality to international law, and hence advances a skewed and idiosyncratic view of Kantian jurisprudence.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol12/No5/br1-02.html (1140 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		And the notion of freedom is essential for the two Kantian projects to work out, and thus this keystone in its turn lends support to both the theoretical as well as the practical philosophy.
		Now, given this keystone-character of the notion of freedom in Kantian philosophy, it is clear that we can look at the Kantian notion of freedom in so far as it is accessible to theoretical reason or in so far as it is accessible to practical reason.
		What we will examine in some detail is Kantian "compatibilism", that is, Kantian ideas as to how it might be the case that events are both causally determined (in the order of nature, as Kant would say) and yet free in a certain sense to be explained.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~lehrer/free_will/micha.doc (4899 words)

	Immanuel Kant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These laws obligate her or him to treat other human beings as ends rather than as means to an end.
		These Kantian ideas have largely framed or influenced all subsequent philosophical discussion and analysis.
		Howard Caygill's dictionary of Kantian terms is an excellent guide to the overall terrain of the influence and nature of Kant's concepts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immanuel_Kant (4008 words)

	Stirner and Foucault: Toward a Post-Kantian Freedom
		However, the purpose of this paper is not merely to situate Stirner in the "poststructuralist" tradition, but rather to examine his thinking on the question of freedom, and to explore the connections here with Foucault's own development of the concept in the context of power relations and subjectivity.
		Broadly speaking, both thinkers see the classical Kantian idea of freedom as deeply problematic, as it involves essentialist and universal presuppositions which are themselves often oppressive.
		This subordination at the heart of freedom may be seen in the Kantian categorical imperative: while it is based on a freedom of consciousness, this freedom is nevertheless subject to absolute rational and moral categories.
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /pmc/issue.103/13.2newman.html (7540 words)

	Kant, Immanuel -> The Impact of Kantian Philosophy on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Marburg school was primarily concerned with the application of Kantian insights to the understanding of the physical sciences, and the Heidelberg school with the application of Kant to the historical and cultural sciences.
		Kant influenced English thought through the philosophy of Sir William Hamilton and T. Green, and some Kantian ideas are found in the pragmatism of William James and John Dewey.
		The dialectics of decay: rereading the Kantian subject.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Kant-Imm_TheImpactofKantianPhilosophy.asp (617 words)

	From the Kingdom of Ends to the End of Kingdoms: Marxism and Kantian Moral Theory
		Many fine philosophers and Marxists have eloquently argued for the view that Kantian moral ideas inform Marx's theories and help to illuminate Marxist thought and praxis, but Hegel, the other key to Marx's thinking, is often overlooked, his impact underrepresented or misplaced.
		From a Kantian perspective, morality involves both a formal apriori principle and a set of options defined by history and political life.
		Ideological morality is the part that is known in the history of morality, and all historical morality is ideological, in the sense that it is always at best merely a claim to instantiate and realize the a priori practical principle.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~pa34/FKE.htm (2352 words)

	The Kantian Project in Modern International Legal Theory
		In the latter half of the twentieth century, the influence of Kant's moral, political and legal philosophy increased.
		This development can be attributed to the impressive and avowed Kantianism expressed by John Rawls in his seminal work on the political foundations of the state.
		Despite the apparent problems with the United Nations system - such as the fact that its legal authority being firmly rooted in state consent, and the connected problem of effectiveness - it still can be understood as an important move towards Kant's vision of international legal order.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol12/No5/br1-01.html (801 words)

	Is Christ a Kantian?
		Hence, he does the moral act disinterestedly and dutifully, with the sole intention of increasing his faith and ascertaining to himself that he owns virtuousness, just as the rich man needs to spend money in order to ascertain to himself that he is rich.
		Kantians have always attempted to prove that there is something special and metaphysical about ethics through the feeling of remorse that is unlike the feeling of regret.
		The first answer by a Kantian is this, so long as one has the intention to give charity, then he has fulfilled his responsibility.
	www.coursework.info /i/32432.html (3341 words)

	Foucauldian Reflections: Foucault's Kantian search for autonomy
		It was a factor constituting the mode of being of the moderate subject; it was not equivalent to an obligation for the subject to speak truthfully concerning himself; it never opened up the soul as a domain of potential knowledge where barley discernible traces of desire needed to be read and interpreted.
		It was Kant’s confusion between the ontological conditions of freedom and the epistemological (normative) foundations of freedom that not only made him oblivious to the contingent historical limits imposed on autonomy, but also paved the way for confusing the epistemological subject and the ethical subject and hence reintroduced knowledge into the realm of ethics.
		The rigorous consideration of Kantian insights leads to the conclusion that the exercise of Positive freedom and autonomy cannot rely on pregiven rules and laws nor on truth about external or internal nature but it can only take the form of a free relation of the self to it self.
	foucauldians.blogspot.com /2005/01/foucaults-kantian-search-for-autonomy.html (2274 words)

	O'Neill vs. Singer: Utilitarian Famine
		Having written that, O'Neill continues her deliberation by declaring how Kantian ethics does not say anything about the moral status of unintentional action, or in other words, agent K letting the famine problem continue whilst purchasing a new fur coat.
		She shows that in any situation, whether it's as part of a famine-stricken society that has a rationing scheme or not, or whether one like the United States in relation to Senegal, one must always be dutiful as a matter of justice.
		O'Neill goes on to illustrate the difference between her advocated Kantian famine solutions and the standard utilitarian approach, which entails the knowledgeable consequences of all possible actions, that means actions committed and non.
	plaza.ufl.edu /admiral/essays-damico03.html (723 words)

	Where is this Kantian corruption? - Objectivism Online Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		But Kant was the culmination of such ideas, he was the one who did the most to dress them up as "rational," and he is the one who, in particular, has had the most influence on Western thought and culture extending through to today.
		So, take a context-less, useless system of ethics and say it must be followed out of disinterested duty, let it filter down through the culture for a couple hundred years, and suddenly everybody thinks of morality as in conflict with practicality, i.e., in conflict with their life.
		The author of that essay is seriously at risk of running into "walls-in-themselves" at their home because they "cannot be apprehended by our five senses" (Note to self: detect true Kantians by the fact that they always have a box of bandages handy...).
	forum.objectivismonline.net /index.php?showtopic=165 (3469 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philosophy of Immanuel Kant
		There must, then, be forms of judgment, as there are forms of sensation, which are imposed by the understanding, which do not come from experience at all, but are a priori.
		It is hardly necessary to call attention to the contrast between the Kantian categories and the Aristotelean.
		Within the limits of the philosophical sciences themselves, his thought was the starting-point for Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, and Schopenhauer; and, so far as contemporary philosophic thought in Germany is concerned, whatever of it is not Kantian takes for its distinguishing characteristic its opposition to some point of Kantian doctrine.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08603a.htm (3893 words)

	Kantian Formulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Moral values must pass Kantian categorical imperatives to be moral; categorical meaning unconditional.
		Kantians could not reply to the answer that why should not we nuke any other country, while utilitarian can saying that number of hedons will be less than dollars, thus that must not be done.
		So I think that there are many defects in Kantian formulation and thus won’t work in daily life.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /ngier/_disc1/0000071e.htm (392 words)

	kantian stakeholder: essayshotline.com- essays hotline, term papers hotline, book report hotline, research papers ...
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	essayshotline.com /term-papers/2935/kantian-stakeholder.html (432 words)

	SSRN-Moral Objectivity and Reasonable Agreement: Can Realism be Reconciled with Kantian Constructivism? by Cristina ...
		On the one hand, the claim to moral objectivity characteristic of Kantian moral theories makes the validity of norms depend on realist assumptions concerning the existence of shared fundamental interests among all rational human beings.
		On the other hand, however, objections to moral realism motivate many Kantian constructivists to endorse the antirealist claim that reasonable agreement is the source of the validity of social norms.
		After analyzing the difficulties in the latter strategy, I try to show how a balance between the realist and antirealist elements of Kantian constructivism can be reached by drawing a sharper distinction between the justice and the legitimacy of social norms.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=548092 (275 words)

	Aristotelian and Kantian Virtue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In this paper I will present both Aristotelian and Kantian views on virtue and offer my own evaluation of these views, arguing that Aristotle gives a better conception of virtue.
		First of all, Kantian morality is too ratiocentric, failing to recognize the cognitive role of emotion.
		Susan's spouse, upon finding out that he was saved only because she felt some sense of duty, is likely to be disappointed to find that she would do the same for any person, regardless of how she feels.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~heitchue/papers/virtue.html (1205 words)

	20th WCP: Lyotard on the Kantian Sublime
		Essentially, the heuristic function of the sublime is to expose reflective judgment (of which sublime feeling is a species) as the context in which the critical enterprise functions or as the "manner" in which critical thought situates its own a priori conditions.
		The Kantian sublime may teach us something else: In an earlier work (1984), "Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism?," Lyotard views the sublime as legitimating the avant-garde as way of extending the critical enterprise to the arts.
		Lyotard describes the incommensurability of imagination and reason as a "differend" which is "to be found at the heart of sublime feeling: at the encounter of the two 'absolutes' equally 'present' to thought, the absolute whole when it conceives, the absolutely measured when it presents."
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Cont/ContDavi.htm (2948 words)

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