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Topic: Kara Koyunlu

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	Ak
		The Ak Koyunlu were present in eastern Anatolia at least from 1340, according to Byzantine chronicles, and most Ak Koyunlu leaders, including the founder of the dynasty, Kara Osman (reigned 1378-1435), married Byzantine princesses.
		In 1402 Kara Osman was granted all of Diyar Bakr in northern Iraq by the Turkic ruler Timur.
		With the defeat of Jihan Shah, the Kara Koyunlu leader, in 1467 and the defeat of Abu Sa'id, the Timurid, in 1468, Uzun Hasan was able to take Baghdad, the Persian Gulf, and Iran as far east as Khorasan.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/ak.html (374 words)

	kara
		Kara Koyunlu [Turkish KARAKOYUNLULAR, English Black Sheep], is a Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468.
		He then secured the Kara Koyunlu position against threats from the Ak Koyunlu ("White Sheep"), a rival Turkmen federation in the province of Diyar Bakr (modern Iraq), and from the Georgians and Shirvan-Shahs in the Caucasus and Timur's successors in Iran.
		Jihan Shah's rule was repeatedly troubled, however, by his rebellious sons and by the semiautonomous Kara Koyunlu rulers of Baghdad, whom he expelled in 1464.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/kara.html (284 words)

	Ak Koyunlu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Accadi · Ak Koyunlu · Angli · Aorsi · Apuli · Aramei · Arii · Avari.
		Ak Koyunlu infoTurkish.com Herey Hakknda Türkçe Bilgi Rulers of
		AK Fairbanks · Ak Jang · Ak Koyunlu...
	akeozx.bihyjutpxe.info (606 words)

	Ak goyunli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Ak Koyunlu were present in eastern Anatolia at least from 1340, according to Byzantine chronicles, and most Ak Koyunlu leaders, including the founder of the dynasty, Kara Osman (reigned 1378–1435), married Byzantine princesses.
		Kara Koyunlu (q.v.; “Black Sheep”), a rival Turkmen federation, in western Iran and Azerbaijan temporarily checked any expansion, but the rule of Uzun Hasan (1452–78) brought the Ak Koyunlu to fresh prominence.
		With the death of Kara Osman, founder of the Ak Koyunlu dynasty, in 1435, a civil war ensued among his descendants.
	www.mertebe.org /English/Turkmenistan/history/ak_goyunli.html (583 words)

	Informat.io on Kara Koyunlu
		However, the Turkomans rebelled against the Jalayirids, and secured their independence from the dynasty with the conquest of Tabriz by Kara Yusuf.
		However, in 1400, the armies of Tamerlane defeated the Black Sheep Turkomans, and Kara Yusuf fled to Egypt and sought refuge with the Mamelukes.
		Despite internal fighting amongst Kara Yusuf's descendants after his death in 1420, and the increasing threat of the Timurids, the Black Sheep Turkomans maintained a strong grip over the areas they controlled.
	www.informat.io /?title=kara-koyunlu (344 words)

	To Trebizond - Trabzon, Turkey
		He was formerly a vassal of Timur Beg {Kara Yusuf, a Turkish chief of the tribe of Kara Koyunlu (fl sheep), afterwards defeated Miran Meerza, and his son Abubeker, establishing a dynasty in Azerbijan in 1408.
		In 1477 Jehan Shah, another son of Kara Yusuf, invaded Khorassan (Iran/Afganistan), and actually besieged Herat; but in 1488 the dynasty of the fl sheep was destroyed by Uzun Hassan, chief of the Ak Koyunlu (white sheep)}.
		They were again told that Kara Toman was in the road before them, so they left it at noon, and took another more to the left; but the more they went to the left hand, the more they went out of their way.
	www.gardenvisit.com /travel/clavijo/totrebizondtrabzon.htm (1118 words)

	InfoHub - View Single Post - The Safavi Dynasty of Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Kara Koyunlu gave the Timurids quite a difficult time and even managed to temporarily occupy the Timurid capital of Herat, which is in present-day Afghanistan.
		The conflict between the Kara Koyunlu and the Ak Koyunlu was equally ferocious.
		In 1435 a Kara Koyunlu leader killed Kara Qasim, the Amir of the Ak Koyunlu.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showpost.php?p=7379&postcount=1 (902 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Black Sheep: A Kara Koyunlu AAR
		Kara Koyunlu, or in English "Black Sheep" were a Turkish tribal federation located in modern day Azerbaijan, Iraq, Iran, and Anatolia.
		However, in 1400, the armies of Tamerlane defeated the Black Sheep Turkmen, and Kara Yusuf fled to Egypt and sought refuge with the Mamelukes.
		He opened the eyes of the people of Kara Koyunlu by showing them maps of the new world, and now his son Azem II was ready to ascent to the throne of the Black Sheep.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=179161 (4670 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - The Last Mongol
		The armies of Kara Koyunlu pursued, capturing the unfortified province on June 9.
		Kara Koyunlu attacked again, but by January 12, 1422 they were defeated.
		Kara Koyunlu declared war in February, and sent large armies across the Western border.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=202692 (2642 words)

	Turkmen Ruling Dynasties in Asia Minor, Middle East and Iran
		Founded by Karas, a frontier ruler under Seljuq suzerainty, the principality had two branches, with their respective centres in Balkesir and Bergama (Pergamum).
		Of the sons of Karas, Demirhan was defeated by the Ottoman ruler Orhan, and Balkesir was annexed (c.
		The dynasty was founded by Saruhan, a tribal chief and frontier prince in the service of the Seljuqs of Anatolia who traced his descent to the Khwarezm-Shahs of Central Asia; after its conquest of Manisa (1313), the dynasty's principality extended its territories to the Aegean Sea.
	turkmeniya.tripod.com /id17.html (2154 words)

	~~IRAN * ZAMIN~~
		Ak Koyunlu and Kara Koyunlu tribes loyal to the Seljuk dynasty settle in Azerbaijan and have full control of the Azeri homeland.
		1071 CE The Ottomans(Osmanli) were pushed west by the Kara Koyunlu, defeated the Byzantine Empire at the battle of Malazgirt, thus establishing a Turkic presence in Anatolia.
		1467 CE The Kara Koyunlu were defeated by the Ak Koyunlu, Jahan Shah steps from the throne and is killed, leaving power to the inept Uzun Hasan Shah.
	www.geocities.com /kaotikdreamer/1.HTML (1886 words)

	Azerbaijan
		Initially, it was the Kara Koyunlu who were ascendant when their chief Kara Yusuf overcame Sultan Ahmad, the last of Jalayirids, and conquered South of Azerbaijan in 1410, establishing his capital at Tabriz.
		Under Jahan-Shah, the Kara Koyunlu expanded their territory into central Iran and as far east as Khurasan.
		Both Ak Koyunlu and Kara Koyunlu, continued the Timurid tradition of generous patrons of literature, poetry and the arts as the renowned Islamic miniature paintings of Tabriz illustrate.
	www.vugar.4mg.com /about.html (8183 words)

	Kara Koyunlu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The page may still be edited but cannot be moved until unprotected.
		Protection is not an endorsement of the current page name (Kara Koyunlu).
		The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans (Turkmen: Garagoýunly; Azeri: Qaraqoyunlu; Turkish: Karakoyunlu; Persian: قراقویونلو), were a tribal federation of Turkoman origin that ruled in what is today Eastern Anatolia, Armenia, Iranian Azerbaijan, and northern Iraq from 1375 to 1468.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kara_Koyunlu (415 words)

	Armenian Architecture - VirtualANI - a history of the city: part one
		However, by the 1330s they had lost control of the city to a succession of Turkish dynasties, including the Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep clan) who made Ani their capital.
		By the mid 14th century Ani had ceased to be a trading city and the remaining trade routes now passed further to the south.
		By then Ani was about to collapse as a city - the Kara Koyunlu transferred their capital to Yerevan (the Armenian Katholikosat did the same in 1441) and much of the city’s remaining population abandoned it.
	www.virtualani.freeserve.co.uk /history/part1.htm (1194 words)

	Tabriz History \| ema_05_package.xml
		In the thirteenth century, the city avoided destruction during the Mongol-Turkic invasions of Southwest Asia by surrendering; it was designated as a political capital by the invaders and thereafter began to thrive economically even more than it had previously.
		Between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, Tabriz thus became an important seat of power and administration for groups like the Il Khan Mongols, the Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu Turks, and the Timurids.
		In 1500, Tabriz then passed to Persians under the emergent Safavid dynasty (1501–1722/1736) when it was conquered by Ismail I prior to his conquests of the rest of Persia (Iran).
	www.bookrags.com /history/tabriz-ema-05 (838 words)

	Timur and Timurids
		The years 1449-69 were marked by a constant struggle between the Timurid Abu Sa'id and the Uzbek confederations of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koynlu.
		When Abu Sa'id was killed 1n 1469 the Ak Koyunlu ruled unopposed in the west while the Timurids receded to Khorasan.
		Nevertheless the arts, particularly literature, historiography and miniature painting, continued to flourish; the court of the last great Timurid Husayn Baygarah (1478-1506) supported such luminaries as the poet Jami, the painters Mirkhwand and Khwandamir.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/5246/Timur.html (1012 words)

	Techography - The Kingdom of Heaven: A fall to Ruin
		While they warred, Kara Koyunlu,a Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468, and who acted as little more than Vassals of the Jalyirid, siezed Tabriz.
		During this time Jihan Shah established a temporary peace with the Timurid Shah Rokh, who had helped him gain the Kara Koyunlu throne; but after Shah Rokh's death in 1447, Jihan Shah annexed portions of Iraq and the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula as well as Timurid western Iran.
		Jihan Shah's rule was repeatedly troubled, however, by his own rebellious sons and by the semiautonomous Kara Koyunlu rulers of Baghdad, whom he expelled in 1464.
	www.techography.com /article.php?story=20061016171555246 (9851 words)

	Aghtamar - Church of the Holy Cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From the end of the 14th century the history of Armenia, as separate kingdom, is replaced by the history of Armenians under foreign domination.
		On the death of Tamerlane in 1405, the eastern Armenian regions had passed into the hands of rival Turkmen tribal confederacies, the Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) and the Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep), until the defeat of the Ak Koyunlu by the Persian Shah Esma'il I in 1502.
		Armenia again became the battlefield between two powerful neighbors, and in 1514-16 the Ottomans snatched it from Persian rule.
	www.ling.umd.edu /~ninaka/grace/aghtamar/main/pages/armhistory12.htm (242 words)

	Embassy of Iraq to the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Baghdad fell on February 10, 1258 A.D. and the last Abbasid Calipha, al-Must'asim, was executed shortly thereafter.
		After the fall of Baghdad in 1258 A.D., Iraq was dominated by the Mongol tribes until 1432 A.D., and then by the Turkmen tribal federation (Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu) that ruled Azerbaijan, Anatolia, and Iraq until 1508 A.D. In 1508, Shah Isma'il I, founder of the Safvid dynasty in Iran, entered Baghdad.
		In 1534 the Ottoman sultan Suleyman I (also known as Suleyman the Magnificent) took Baghdad from the Safavids.
	www.iraqiembassy.org /History.html (1468 words)

	Ak Koyunlu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ak Koyunlu or Aq Qoyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans (Turkish: Akkoyunlu, Turkmen: Akgoýunly, Azeri: Ağqoyunlu, Ottoman Turkish/Persian: آق قوینلو) were a Turcoman tribal federation that ruled present-day Eastern Anatolia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq and western Iran from 1378 to 1508.
		According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, White Sheep Turkomans were present in Anatolia since at least 1340, and most White Sheep Turkoman leaders, including the dynasty's founder, Kara Osman, married Byzantine princesses.
		The White Sheep Turkomans officially first acquired land in 1402, when Tamerlane granted them all of Diyar Bakr, in northern Iraq.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ak_Koyunlu (499 words)

	Turkish Studies and Middle Eastern Studies
		September 1998, Vienna: "The government of the Lake Van region under the Kara Koyunlu"
		"The Armenians and the Kurdish Emirs of Bitlis under the Kara Koyunlu", to be published in R.Hovannisian (ed.), Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces: Taron/Mush and Baghesh/Bitlis, Costa Mesa, California, 2001
		"The Government of the Lake Van Region under the Kara Koyunlu", in M.Kφhbach (ed.), Acta Viennensia Ottomanica.
	www.hum.ucy.ac.cy /TME/people/sinclair.htm (1258 words)

	1800 Years of Iraqi Coins and Currency
		During his reign Tamerlane besieged and sacked Baghdad three times, which lead to the further decline of the once great city.
		Kara Yusuf, chief of the Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep Turkmen) he was able to regain control of Baghdad after the death of Tamerlane.
		The coin is quite crudely struck, as might be expected from a mint in a city repeatedly under siege.
	www.joelscoins.com /iraq.htm (2251 words)

	Armenian History Timeline - Little Armenia
		Armenia and its environs were ruled by a group of Turkoman tribes, among whom the most important were the Black Sheep Turkomans (Kara Koyunlu) and the White Sheep Turkomans (Ak Koyunlu), who took their names from the design on their banners.
		During this period, the Black Sheep, under the leadership of Kara Yusuf, attempted to defend against the Mongol invasions.
		When Jihanshah, the last leader of the Black Sheep, died in battle in 1467, the White Sheep became dominant in the region.
	www.littlearmenia.com /html/history/detail.asp?id=117 (202 words)

	Rulers Of Kara Koyunlu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Rulers Of Kara Koyunlu
		List of Rulers of Kara Koyunlu (The Horde of the Black Sheep)
		Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu
	www.infoforyou.org /input.php?title=Rulers_of_Kara_Koyunlu (51 words)

	wotmania: feed your wheel of time addiction
		Under Jahan Shah's rule the Kara Koyunlu extended their domain over Iraq, Fars, and Esfahan (1453).
		Defeated by the Ottoman Turks in 1461, Uzun Hasan fought the Kara Koyunlu and defeated and killed Jahan Shah in 1467.
		It describes the conflict between the Black Tower and White Tower and perhaps also between the Black and ‘White’ Asha’man. Jahar was the one who drew out Callandor and may indeed follow after Rand and lead the Black Tower.
	www.wotmania.com /faqtopic.asp?ID=128 (13761 words)

	SFBARS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the mid-fifteenth century the Karakoyunlu confederation was defeated and absorbed into the similar but even more powerful Ak Koyunlu confederation.
		The name Ak Koyunlu means " white sheep tribe." There are still Yoruks in Anatolia today who call themselves by these two names.
		Other Yoruk tribes shown in this film are the Karalar, Gebze-eli,and the Sarikecheli, but they do not all have the same glorious history: Sarikecheli means tribe with yellow goats.
	www.sfbars.org /meet4.html (5275 words)

	Amazon.com: Frontiers of Ottoman Studies: Volume 1 (Library of Ottoman Studies): Books: Colin Imber,Keiko ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Key Phrases: sharia judiciary, sultanic justice, ilmiye hierarchy, New York, Hakham Bashi, Kara Koyunlu (more...
		Key Phrases - CAPs: New York, Hakham Bashi, Kara Koyunlu, Ottoman Egypt, Land of Israel (more)
		New York, Hakham Bashi, Kara Koyunlu, Ottoman Egypt, Land of Israel, Dahiliye Siyasiye, Young Turk, Austrian Report, Suq Saruja, Middle Ages, Middle East, Mustafa Ali, World War, Foreign Ministry, Midan Fawqani, Cevdet Maliye, Ottoman Macedonia, Thomas of Metsop, Donald Quataert, Interior Ministry, Mehmed Pasha, Muhammad Kurd, Zal Pasa Camii, Ali Bey, Bagdat Hazinesi
	www.amazon.com /Frontiers-Ottoman-Studies-Library/dp/1850436312 (1014 words)

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