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Topic: Karakhanids

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	Kievan Rus Database (Karakhanids)
		The Karakhanids proved slightly less oppressive than the Ghaznavids as rulers, because, unlike the Ghaznavids, who relied on professional armies that had to be paid every three months, they relied to a much greater extent on levies of their pastoralist followers.
		The Karakhanid royal family was probaby of Karluk origin, from the region around Kashgar.
		1001: Ghaznavid leader, Mahmud, and the Karakhanid leader, Nasr Ilig, negotiated a treaty that established the border of the two empires at the Amu Darya, thereby recreating the traditional division between Khorasan and Mawar'n-nahr.
	members.aol.com /ingigerthr/Karakhanids.html (250 words)

	Struggle between the Samanids and the Karakhanids - Bukhara History
		Judging by numismatic materials, the Karakhanid internal feuds followed in the area downstream of the Zerafshan.
		Nevertheless, regardless of loosing its status as capital (the Karakhanids moved their capital to Balasagun in the Chu Valley), Bukhara retained its importance as the center which was coveted by new rulers of the country.
		Ali had to flee because of the invasion of his rivals, Mahmud Qaznavi and Karakhanid Kadyr-khan Yusuf (416/1025).
	www.advantour.com /uzbekistan/bukhara/history/009.htm (1728 words)

	Buran Tower
		The long-term laborious researches of historians and archeologists give the basis to suggest, that the ancient settlement is ruins of the ancient Balasagyn town, the capital of the Karakhanids’ Caganate.
		The rapid growth of cities and settlements occurred during the Karakhanids’ dynasty ruling, including the handicraft development, also, and there was a brisk trade.
		The former Karakhanids’ capital disappeared to the ground, and even its name was forgotten.
	www.silkoffroad.kz /index.php?id=16&L=0 (448 words)

	Burana. Kyrgyzstan.
		The Karakhanid kaganate in the 10-12th centuries was a great feudal state in Central Asia.
		It was founded by the Karakhanids, "fl khans", who conquered a vast territory that stretched from the Ili river in the east to the Amudarya river in the west.
		One of the capital cities of the state was the city of Balasagun, founded by the Karakhanids in the middle of the l0th century in the eastern part of the Chu valley.
	www.svetlanasbrides.com /kyrgyzstan/burana/burana.htm (849 words)

	Embassy of Uzbekistan to the United Kingdom Of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Karakhanidsâ state consisted of a number of dependencies whose rulers were essentially independent monarchs and even coined their own money; this was the principal weakness of the dynasty.
		In 1141 the Kara-Kitai destroyed the allied armies of the Seljukids and Karakhanids in a battle in the Katvan steppe.
		The Karakhanid state was no longer a whole: in Samarkand, Chach, Fergana, Chaganian and Termez the descendants of the Karakhanids established their own royal houses.
	www.uzbekembassy.org /index.cfm/act/uzbekistan/get/history (5337 words)

	The Kazakhs
		In 960 the Karakhanid ruler, called the tamgach khan, embraced Islam and then succeeded in extending this rule over the Muslim populations of the Amu Darya and the lower course of the Syr Darya.
		The steppe economy flourished under Karakhanid rule; the number of sedentary farmers increased since the system of irrigation was sufficiently advanced to allow for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables as well as grains.
		The Seljuk conquest of Transoxiana (also known as Mawarannahr) early in the twelfth century left the Karakhanids vulnerable, and in 1130 the Karakhanids were overthrown by the Karakitae, a Mongol people who invaded from the west.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Hall/5188/links/kazakhs.html (3012 words)

	On the Fusion of Nationalities in the Tarim Basin and the Formation of the Modern Uighur Nationality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		In addition, in the tenth century the Kharlukh Turkic tribe was the nucleus of the famous Karakhanid Dynasty (tenth to early thirteenth century) centred on Kashgar in the south.
		In the initial period of the Karakhanids, the great khan's residence was Balasagun (equivalent to the Peiluo Jiangjun city of the Chinese records).
		In the early thirteenth century, the eastern Karakhanids were finally destroyed by the Naiman Guclug and the western Karakhanids were destroyed by Khuaresm Shah.
	www.eurasianhistoryf.com /en/en_lunwen/20050119190111.htm (5004 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The minaret and three mausoleum of burn brick raised in the 11-12th centuries are the outstanding memorials of Uzgen town’s architecture.
		These structures were built during the karakhanid era (from 10-12th century).
		Karakhanids introduced Islam to the region, which is a predominant religion of nowadays.
	eng.gateway.kg /data/eng/381.shtml (1641 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Manichaean Uigurs who settled in the southern part of Khan Tengri, established the Karakhanid Kingdom in 840 AD with the support of other Türks, the Karluks, Turgishes and Basmils, with Kashgar as their capital.
		In 934, during the rule of Satuk Bughra Khan, the Karakhanids embraced Islam.
		Thus, in the territory of Eastern Turkestan were two Uigur kingdoms: the Moslem Karakhanids, and Buddhist Karakhoja Uigurs.
	www.angelfire.com /vt/OkarResearch/uighur.html (3315 words)

	Burana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		In the 10th to 12th centuries, Karakhanids khanate was a great feudal state of Central Asia and Kazakstan.
		The founders, "karakhans", chigil tribes by birth, lived in the Tian Shans and for a short time of the second half of the 10th century they conquered a large territory from the river Ili in the east till the river Amu-Daria in the west.
		One of the capitals of this state was Balasagun east of the Chu valley and which was founded by Karakhanids in the middle of the 10th century.
	burana.freenet.kg /index-eng.html (903 words)

	History of the town of Yassy-Turkestan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		After the fall of the state of Samanids, their possessions were shared between Karakhanids and Gaznevids with a frontier on the Amu Darya river.
		The state of Karakhanids (942-1212) included areas located in the basin of Syr Darya, the areas Shavgar, Otrar, Isphidzhab, Semirechie, East Turkestan.
		After the armed forces of Karakhanids and Seldjuqs were crashed (1137 and 1141 respectively), Kara-kitays conquered the lands of the Karakhanid state.
	www.natcom.unesco.kz /turkestan/e06_yasy_city.htm (1378 words)

	Origins of the han (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Iranian and Central Asian (Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) hans of the 11-12th centuries are the earliest large body of han constructions.
		The Karakhanids, very active builders, were developers of caravansaray architecture in polished and colossal dimensions.
		Like the ribats of the Karakhanids and the Ghaznevids, they were built with 4-iwan courtyards, including special small chambers arranged around the courtyard.
	www.turkishhan.org /origins.htm (414 words)

	Uyghur - LanguageServer - University of Graz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Uyghur people fled southwards and founded three major states: the Gansu Uyghur Kingdom in the present-day Gansu province of China, the Karahoja Uyghur Kingdom near the City of Turfan in the present-day Xinjiang Uigur region of China and the Karakhanid Uyghur Kingdom south of the Karakhoja.
		In 934 the Karakhanids converted from Buddhism to Islam.
		In 1397 the kingdoms of Karakhoja and Karakhanid were united.
	languageserver.uni-graz.at /ls/desc?id=75&type=r (429 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Samanids) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		In an attempt to keep in power, he had put Sebüktigin, a former Turkish slave, as the ruler of Ghazna and appointed his son Mahmud as governor of Khorasan.
		However the Turkish Karakhanids, already in control of most of Transoxania, joined with Mahmud and moved to depose the Samanids.
		The Samanids extracted silver from the mines of the Hindu Kush, until these were captured by the Karakhanids in circa 983.
	members.aol.com /mokosh/Samanids.html (386 words)

	Travel & Tours in Kazakhstan - History of Kazakhstan
		It occupied a region known as Transoxania (the territory of present-day Uzbekistan), the area to the north and to the east of the Oxus River (the Syr Darya), extending up to what is now China.
		century, the Karakhanids had been fighting constantly among themselves and with the Seljuk Turks in the south.
		The Karakhanids, who accepted Islam, were conquered in the 1130s by the Karakitais, a Turkic confederation from northern China.
	www.sitara.com /kazak/history.html (1299 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The events of this period broadly involve struggles to control Transoxiana, with the Ghaznavids in the middle, Seljuks to the West and the Karakhanids to the East.
		Moreover, Balasagunlu Yusuf dedicated the Kutadgu Bilig to Karakhanid Bugra Khan.14 What is inconsistent with his demonstrated knowledge of history, is the fact that Ibadin cast the Bugra of "SUN IS ALSO FIRE" in a rather dim light.
		Possibly, Ibadin points to Tabgach Bugra Khan, to which Kutadgu Bilig was dedicated, to suggest he did not follow the admonitions in that manual of statecraft, and thus caused the decline of the Karakhanids.
	www.aihgs.com /kuyas.htm (11017 words)

	Fine fabrics and carpet
		The carpets and carpet products of the nomadic Turkic tribes in the steppes north of Transoxania, such as the Oghuz and the Karluk, were particularly prized in the pre-Mongol period.
		Under the Karakhanids and the Seljuqs, there was a mingling of the artistic traditions of agricultural peoples and the content and the structuring of the ornamental patterns found in the carpets of the Turkic tribes.
		Thus the tribal symbolism employed in the carpets of the nomadic tribes and the Irano-Sogdian heraldic compositions with pairs of animals and birds were combined in the carpet products of the pre-Mongol period.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Arts/decoart/handcraft/TansoxKhuras/Finefabrics.htm (905 words)

	Republican newspaper "Kazakhstanskaya pravda" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Stratigraphic exploring shaft fixed lower cultural layers at depth of 4 m, dated by 1-2 centuries of the Common Era.
		Cultural layers lie according to the chronological succession, characteristic for many settlements of Kazakhstan's south - there we can see traces of Kangyui age, Otrar-Karatau culture, age of Karakhanids of 11-12 centuries.
		As at the before researched settlements on the left bank of Burgulyuk, there were found, besides numerous fragments of cookware, remains of ceramics of Karakhanids period of the 11-12 centuries and few fragments of hardware.
	www.kazpravda.kz /archive/09_08_2002/k_e.html (695 words)

	The Turkish Period in Uzbekistan, Turks
		The dominance of Ghazna was curtailed, however, when large-scale Turkic migrations brought in two new groups of Turks who undermined the Ghaznavids.
		In the east, these Turks were led by the Karakhanids, who conquered the Samanids.
		Then the Seljuk family led Turks into the western part of the region, conquering the Ghaznavid territory of Khorezm.
	www.eastlinetour.com /uzbekistan/turks_turkish_period_uzbekistan.html (389 words)

	Kyrgyzstan - Burana Tower (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Today the tower is 24.6 meters high, the remaining part came down during an earthquake in the 15th century.
		In the 10th to 12th centuries, Karakhanids khanate was a great feudal state of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
		In Karakhanids time new towns and settlements were developing the centers of big cities were improved and Moslem religious buildings were built in the town of Balasagun.
	www.odyssei.com /travel-tips/2762.html (206 words)

	GÜLNİSA AYNAKULOVA : Muslim Writers on the City of Osh (Kazakstan) in the Medieval Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		In terms of its geography, economy, and trade, its location in a favorable and strategic region opened the way to its playing a leading role as a commercial center and tratsit point in the Middle Ages.
		The most brilliant period of the city of Osh’s economy and culture coincided with the rule of the Karakhanids.
		This study brings together all the information on the city of Osh drawn from Muslim writers as well as from archeological records for an evaluation of the city's economic power, trade relations, and place in the history of Turkish culture.
	www.ttk.gov.tr /ingilizce/yayinlar/belleten244c.htm (199 words)

	History
		The Kanchou (Ganzhou) Uyghur Kingdom is one of the three kingdoms and would be the place where the Yellow Uyghurs stay.
		The Uyghurs living in the southern part of Khan Tengri, established the Karakhanid Uyghur Kingdom in 840 with the support of other Turkic clans like the Karluks, Turgish and the Basmils, with Kashgar as its capital.
		In mid-10th cent, the Qarakhanids and Uyghurs converted from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955): In 934, during the rule of Satuk Bughra Khan, the Karakhanids embraced Islam.
	www.oqya.5u.com /about.html (1483 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Attila and the Nomad Hordes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Even the oath on the sword taken by European knights was apparently borrowed from the nomad Turks.
		Nicolle's general discussion is followed by profiles of the nomad groups between the Huns and Genghis Khan (Kipchaks, Bulgars, Seljuks, Karakhanids), including cultural details (they were no mere barbarians).
		The color drawings were beautiful and intricate, right down to the tiny brass bells decorating the Turkic warrior's spear.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0850459966 (477 words)

	Interesting \| About history of Uzbekistan \| Asia Raft tour company (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		In the 10-th century in the territory of Eastern Turkestan was established the state of Karakhanids, which started to expand the influence to the adjacent regions.
		And already in 999 years Karakhanids subordinated vast territory from China up to Amu-Darya river
		In the 2-nd half of the 10-th century the Khorezm State running successful business with Iran, Khazariya and Russia continued to consolidate.
	www.asiaraft.netfirms.com /interesting/uzbekistan2.shtml (673 words)

	Kazakhstan and Central Asia in the XII-XIV centuries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		On his way back the Khwarazm Shah Mukhammed ibn Tekesh took possession of Utrar and other towns near Syr Darya.
		The ruler of the Utrar town, Khasan ibn Abd al-Khalyk was killed, and this event signified the end of the Karakhanid dynasty in Utrar.
		After the death of Khasan ibn Abd al-Khalyk Kayr-khan (Gaiyr-khan) became the ruler of Utrar.
	www.unesco.kz /natcom/turkestan/e04_kz_ca.htm (865 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Bukhara, whose history goes back 2500 years, stands on the edge of the Kizilkum desert beside the Zerefshan River.
		It was ruled in turn by the Arabs, Samanids, Karakhanids and Karahitays, and in 1220 conquered by the Mongol ruler Ghengiz Khan, whose army largely reduced it to ruins.
		In 1370 it came under the rule of Timur (Tamerlane), and in the mid-16th century became capital of the Bukhara Khanate ruled by the Uzbek Sheybani dynasty.
	www.turkradio.us /1/s2003_8_8.txt (957 words)

	Travel & Tours in Uzbekistan - A Brief History of Uzbekistan
		The Turkic Karakhanids overthrew the Samanids, erasing the last major Persian state in Central Asia
		The Seljuks and Karakhanids upset the reign of the Ghaznavid Empire in the south of Central Asia, dominating west and east, respectively
		Turkic Karakitais conquered Karakhanids and dominated the region for 100 years
	www.sitara.com /Uzbek/history.html (1030 words)

	History / About Uyghurs / UAA - Uyghur American Association (UAA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Uyghur is our designation for the peoples of East Turkistan, and we are aware that only a part of the contemporary Uyghur population can be regarded as "pure" descendants of the people who once ruled Mongolia.
		Tocharians, Ärya, Saka, Basmil, Karakhanids and many other peoples, who all became part of the modern Uyghur Nation, are -theoretically- legal designations for the Uyghur people.
		No matter what we call them, Uyghurs must be regarded as the indigenous people of East Turkistan.
	www.uyghuramerican.org /index.php/uaa/about_uyghurs/history (978 words)

	Chor Minor symbolising World unity --- Tourist Gems of Uzbekistan
		Secondly, the architectural forms of the madrassah should show his contemporaries throughout the world and future generations that all people are equal, with one sky overhead and one earth underfoot.
		This idea was a great success and the architectural complex, located on the Silk Road, was built - Chartak (darvozakhona) includes four beautiful minarets symbolising the Samanids, Sheibanids, Karakhanids and Mangits.
		The large dome between the minarets stands between the sky and a single God.
	www.sairamtour.com /news/gems/10.html (606 words)

	Bicycle Touring in Central Asia
		After breakfast start drive on bicycle from Issyk Kul Lake- Kemin village, lunch en route dinner and overnite at hotel (90 km).
		Morning departure from Kemin village- Bishkek city through Burana Tower(XII AD), built by Karakhanids dynasty as one of the important fortress.
		Early morning start drive on bicycle from Bishkek city- Kordoy village through Korday pass (2200m), en route stop for a look of rock carvings.
	www.asiatours.20m.com /Html/Bicycle.html (319 words)

	"Turkish History, Leavening of Cultures, Civilization"
		One of the earliest known manuals of statecraft anywhere is Balasagun'lu Yusuf's Kutadgu Bilig.
		It was completed in 1070/1 C.E. in the heart of Asia, four centuries prior to the voyage of Columbus, and dedicated to Tavgach Han, the ruler of the Karakhanids.
		An English translation by Robert Dankoff is available, under the title Wisdom of Royal Glory: Kutadgu Bilig (Chicago, 1983).
	www.turkiye.net /konuk/paksoy1.htm (2450 words)

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