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Topic: Karl Lashley

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	Karl S Lashley
		Lashley, Karl Spencer (1890-1958), was an American psychologist known for his research on the function of the brain in relation to behaviour.
		Lashley was born in Davis, West Virginia, U.S.A. He received a Ph.D. in zoology from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland in 1914.
		Lashley taught at the universities of Minnesota and Chicago and at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
	www.a2zpsychology.com /great_psychologists/karl_s_lashley.htm (138 words)

	Lashley, Karl (1890-1958) \| Learning & Memory
		Lashley, on the other hand, became interested in the physiology of the reaction and the attempt to trace conditioned reflex paths through the central nervous system.
		In 1935 Lashley accepted a professorship at Harvard University, and in 1937 he was appointed research professor of neuropsychology with nominal teaching duties, which made it possible for him to accept the directorship of the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology in Orange Park, Florida, in 1942.
		The results profoundly altered Lashley's view of brain organization and had an extraordinary impact on the young field of physiological psychology: the locus of the lesion was unimportant; the size was critically important, particularly for the difficult mazes.
	www.bookrags.com /research/lashley-karl-1890-1958-lmem-01 (1132 words)

	Karl Lashley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Karl S. Lashley (1890-1958) was an American behaviorist well-remembered for his influential contributions to the study of learning and memory.
		His failure to find a single biological locus of memory (or "engram", as he called it) suggested to him that memories were not localized to one part of the brain, but were widely distributed throughout the cortex.
		Lashley began his studies in the 1920s, and centered on experiments with animals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karl_Lashley (164 words)

	Canadian Psychology: Lashley, Hebb, connections and criticisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Lashley saw this component as providing preliminary organization to a sequence of behavior by keeping it within certain bounds, as in, say, a controlled association experiment in which one must respond to a stimulus word by giving its opposite.
		Lashley's concern was to explain the integrative functioning of the visual cortex, especially the phenomena of perceptual generalization or stimulus equivalence.
		Lashley intended the hypothesis as a statement about cerebral organization in general, and as we shall see, it was an idea that he entertained for more than a decade.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3711/is_199608/ai_n8749487 (1272 words)

	Karl Spencer Lashley Papers - UF Special and Area Studies Collections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Karl Spencer Lashley was a pioneer in the field of physiological psychology.
		Lashley is best known for his work on learning ability and brain function, visual pattern-perception in rats, and his critique of behavioral theories.
		In 1957, Lashley married Claire Imredy Schiller, widow of the Hungarian psychologist Paul Harkai Schiller.
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /spec/manuscript/guides/karllashley.htm (810 words)

	Summary of topic Lashley Hebb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Lashley's and Hebb's theories are reviewed and reevaluated fifty years after publication of Hebb's monograph, and a systematic effort is made to compare and contrast the views of teacher and student.
		Lashley was on the right track when he used the properties of serial order in behavior to make inferences about the nervous system, but too often both Lashley and Hebb speculated about the nervous system without firm grounding in what was even then known about learning and behavior.
		Lashley is given the nod, though Hebb's conception of an empirically assembled nerve net (the cell assembly, 1949) became a seminal idea in theoretical neuropsychology.
	www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk /cgi/psyc/ptopic?topic=lashley-hebb (2004 words)

	Karl Lashley Summary
		Karl Spencer Lashley was born at Davis, W. Va., on June 7, 1890.
		Lashley's experiments denied the simple similarity and correspondence, previously assumed, between associationistic connectionism and the neuronal theory of the brain as a mass of neurons connected by synapses.
		Karl S. Lashley (1890–1958), born in Davis, West Virginia, was an American psychologist and behaviorist well-remembered for his influential contributions to the study of learning and memory.
	www.bookrags.com /Karl_Lashley (1900 words)

	Chapter 4
		Talbot tells us that an early American psychologist, Karl Spencer Lashley (1890-1958), whom Talbot claims was a neurophysiologist, discovered back in the 1920s that damage to any one specific portion of the brain interfered with the functioning of the sense that that one part of the brain specifically controlled.
		Lashley is the originator of the school of thought known as antilocalisationism.
		Lashley's name is also associated with phrenology, the semi-occult practice of "reading" bumps on one's scalp or skull much as a practitioner of palmistry "reads" lines on one's palms.
	www.magicalmiracles.com /Chapter4.htm (1287 words)

	Psychology 312: Brain Mechanisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Karl Lashley was a prominent physiological psychologist whose research extended from the 1920's to the early 50's.
		At the end of this research program Lashley was forced to conclude that memories were stored throughout the cortex of the brain (The law of equipotentiality) and that memory loss after brain damage was proportional to the amount of tissue removed (law of mass action).
		Lashley's concusions were forced upon him by his results and do not hold up well in the light of newer findings obtained with methods that were not available to Lashley.
	psycho.psy.ohio-state.edu /dept/psy312/brain.html (1304 words)

	Psycoloquy 10(053): Cell Assemblies: Whose Idea? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It is true that Lashley appreciated the reverberatory possibilities of Lorente de N's recurrent circuits before Hebb did, but he saw the circuits as innate resonators capable of spreading the effect of a stimulus across the cortex, not as structures established by learning to represent a stimulus.
		Lashley has managed to convey the impression to Orbach, and perhaps others, that he had been thinking along those lines for years, but the evidence is to the contrary.
		Lashley, not having the benefit of subsequent findings on the dire effect of hippocampal lesions on maze learning, chose to ignore this damage (along with damage to the thalamus, striatum, and other subcortical structures).
	www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk /cgi/psyc/newpsy?10.53 (1978 words)

	Lashley's Search for the Engram
		Lashley's studies involved training an animal to perform some specific task (such as brightness discrimination or maze orientation) and lesioning a specific area of the cortex either before or after training.
		Lashley then recorded the behavioural effects of cortical lesions on retention and acquisition of knowledge.
		In other words, Lashley believed that learning was a distributed process that could not be isolated within any particular area of the brain.
	neuron-ai.tuke.sk /NCS/VOL1/P3_html/node13.html (257 words)

	Famous People in the Study of Memory and Their Contributions
		In 1929, Karl Lashley wrote his famous monograph, "Brain mechanisms and intelligence." This work consisted of studies with rats and mazes.
		Lashley removed portions of the cerebral cortex, varying from 10-50% in an effort to study the role the cerebral cortex played in learning.
		However, Lashley was never able to find the existence of an engram and concluded therefore that "the necessary conclusion is that learning just is not possible." The engram has still never been found, but groundbreaking research has been conducted that has begun to substantiate the theories of Lashley.
	penta.ufrgs.br /edu/telelab/1/famous.htm (684 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - history of connectionism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Lashley supposed that lesions would selectively remove the neurons dedicated to specific tasks, hence destroy an animal's ability to perform those tasks.
		During the 1930's, Nicolas Rashevsky proposed to use differential equations and physical concepts, such as energy minimization, to describe how the behavior of nerves and networks of nerves that might be related to psychological processes, such as Pavlovian conditioning.
		Lashley, K. Brain mechanisms and intelligence: A quantitative study of injuries to the brain.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/connectionismhistory.html (1067 words)

	Scientology --- $cientology: Exploitive Body Memory Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Lashley taught rats to run mazes and systematically removed sections of their cortexes.
		Lashley was disappointed repeatedly as the rats became increasingly impaired according to how much brain tissue they lost, but they were still able to navigate the mazes.
		By 1956 Lashley was forced to conclude that memory traces or "engrams" did not have localized sites of storage but were diffused throughout the brain (Hooper and Teresi, 1986).
	www.holysmoke.org /cos/engrams-not-exist.htm (291 words)

	Parallel Models of Serial Behaviour: Lashley Revisited
		From consideration of a variety of qualitative data, particularly regarding speech errors, Lashley came to the conclusion that such theories are untenable.
		Error data from such sources were central to Lashley's (1951) original argument for the need for a new model of serial behaviour, and have continued to play a central role in constraining theories (MacNeilage, 1964; Mackay, 1970, 1972; Dell, 1986; Henson, Norris, Page and Baddeley, in press).
		But, as Lashley emphasized, many individual action sequences appear to be exemplars of a more general "schema for action".
	psyche.cs.monash.edu.au /v2/psyche-2-25-houghton.html (13636 words)

	"The Holograpic Universe" by Michael Talbot
		For over thirty years Lashley had been involved in his own ongoing search for the elusive mechanisms responsible for memory, and there Pribram was able to witness the fruits of Lashley's labors firsthand.
		What was startling was that not only had Lashley failed to produce any evidence of the engram, but his research actually seemed to pull the rug out from under all of Penfield's findings.
		Lashley was even less certain and later wrote, "I sometimes feel, in reviewing the evidence on the localization of the memory trace, that the necessary conclusion is that learning just is not possible at all.
	www.angelfire.com /electronic/planetarycom/hologram.html (2288 words)

	BrainConnection - 10 Percent and Counting: How Much of the Brain Do We Use - Page 2
		Lashley believed that memory was not dependent on any specific portion of the cerebral cortex and that the loss of memory was proportional to the amount of cerebral cortex that was removed.
		For example, although Lashley's rats may have been able to perform the simple tasks, they were not tested on other more complicated paradigms.
		Moreover, Lashley was interested primarily in the cerebral cortex, not in other areas of the brain.
	www.brainconnection.com /topics?main=fa/brain-myth2 (862 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Karl Lashley was a student of John Watson (1878-1958), the founder of behaviorism.
		Lashley and Watson collaborated on the first classical conditioning studies done in the US.
		Lashley believed that eventually behaviorist psychology would be reduced to physiology making the concept of 'search for the engram' a futile one.
	www.holisticeducator.com /hebb.htm (474 words)

	Edward Evarts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evarts received his undergraduate degree at Harvard College and an M.D. degree from Harvard Medical School in 1948.
		Evarts undertook an internship at Boston's Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, worked with Karl Lashley at Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology in Orange Park, Florida, and at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases in London.
		After a residency in psychiatry at the Payne Whitney Institute in New York, Evarts joinded NIMH in Bethesda, Maryland where he was appointed as head of the Section on Physiology at the Laboratory of Clinical Science and became chief of the Laboratory of Neurophysiology in 1970.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edward_Evarts (379 words)

	SyberVision Holographic Memory
		While he is more popularly known for theories like the holographic model of memory, he still spends most of his time on laboratory research, where his abilities as a surgeon have been essential.
		Karl Pribram, the Stanford neuropsychologist, argues that it does, and his theory may have staggering implications for our perception of reality.
		A leading theorist in the movement is Karl Pribram, a 59 year old neurosurgeon psychologist whose research on the brain at Stanford University sometimes makes him as comfortable with the thinking of mystics as with the concepts of behaviorists, among whom he once counted himself.
	www.sybervision.com /Golf/hologram.htm (6548 words)

	Constructing Scientific Psychology - Cambridge University Press
		This book sets Lashley’s research at the heart of two controversies that polarized the American life and human sciences in the first half of the twentieth century.
		The book explodes the myth of Lashley’s neuropsychology as a fact-driven, ‘pure’ science by arguing that a belief in the power of heredity and a nativist and deeply conservative racial ideology informed every aspect of his theory and practice.
		Lashley and Jennings: the origins of a hereditarian; 2.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521621623&print=y (219 words)

	Heinrich Klüver, May 25, 1897—February 8, 1979 \| By Frederick K. D. Nahm \| Biographical Memoirs
		HEINRICH KLÜVER was an influential figure in the field of animal behavior and is said to have brought the Gestalt psychology movement to the continental United States.
		Eventually, this apparatus was further developed and provided Klüver the means by which to test monkeys on a wide battery of stimuli in various conditions (1935, 1-3).
		Lashley doubted that Bucy's temporal lobe lesions accounted for the changes in aggressive and sexual behavior.
	bob.nap.edu /html/biomems/hkluver.html (3479 words)

	Darryl Bruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		First, Hebb was a student with Lashley from 1934 to 1937.
		Second, he was a research associate of Lashley's at Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology from 1942 to 1947.
		Finally, The Organization of Behavior (1949) proposed a theory of cerebral functioning that appeared to resolve many scientific problems that concerned Lashley, and I examine some aspects of the Hebb-Lashley relationship that were related to Hebb's book.
	www.science.mcmaster.ca /~BBCS/2004/viewabstract.php?id=219&symposium=0 (76 words)

	Enchanted Mind - Creative Memory
		The best research done to date on this has been by Karl Pribram who believes that the brain acts as a holographic instrument able to take bits of information and construct the whole from these fragments of memory.
		Karl Pribram hunted for years for the particular engrams or physical spaces in the brain where memories are housed.
		Working with Karl Lashley they discovered working with rats that no matter how much of the rat’s brain was removed the animal could still perform a variety of tasks.
	enchantedmind.com /html/science/creative_memory.html (1790 words)

	Holographic Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the 1920s, Karl Lashley was trying to locate the exact area for memory storage.
		In 1960s, Karl Pribram, who worked with Karl Lashley in the 1940s, proposed that the memory was stored as a hologram.
		The hologram was invented in 1947 by Dennis Gabor to record images in a medium (e.g., a crystal).
	www.web-books.com /MoBio/Free/Learning/Memory.htm (352 words)

	HEINRICH KLÜVER
		Upon arrival at the University of Chicago as an associate professor of experimental psychology, he joined the "Neurology Club," a collection of outstanding neuroscientists that included among others Karl Lashley, Percival Bailey, A. Earl Walker, Ralph Gerard, Stephen Polyak, Charles Judson Herrick, and Roy Grinker.
		Klüver's first attempt to apply the ablation method was conducted with the aid of Karl Lashley.
		As Bucy's first resident and Lashley's associate, K.H.P. was admitted to the Klüver sanctuary to attempt to persuade Klüver to "do the anatomy," which he finally did some years later.
	www.nap.edu /html/bio73h/kluver.html (3498 words)

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