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	Karl Polanyi
		Although Karl Polanyi's life was one of virtual nomadism - he never achieved a comfortable academic appointment - this maverick economic historian nonetheless exerted a powerful influence on his ivory tower contemporaries.
		Polanyi was born in Vienna and raised in Budapest, joining, in his student days, the circle of such luminary radicals such as Georg Lukacs and Karl Mannheim.
		Polanyi's central thesis is well known among sociologists and economic historians: namely, that capitalism is a historical anomaly because while previous economic arrangments were "embedded" in social relations, in capitalism, the situations was reversed - social relations were defined by economic relations.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/profiles/polanyi.htm (615 words)

	Karl Polanyi Summary
		Polanyi was general secretary of the Radical Citizens party of Hungary for a short time and served in the army during World War I. The close of the war found him gravely ill, and he was taken to Vienna to convalesce.
		Karl Polanyi (1886–1964) was born in Vienna on October 25 of Hungarian parents and became a leading economic historian of the twentieth century.
		Karl Polanyi, brother of chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi, was born and raised in Vienna, at the time the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
	www.bookrags.com /Karl_Polanyi (2041 words)

	Anne MacKaye Chapman - Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) for the Student
		Polanyi challenged the current and apparently reasonable and useful approach to economy sanctioned by honored and respected scholars: the majority of economists and not a few eminent anthropologists and sociologists.
		Polanyi welcomed the communal staring point of cultural anthropology because he was striving for a more precise understanding of how the institutions incorporate the economy in primitive or tribal societies and in the classical regimes of the Near East.
		Polanyi’s commitment to socialism and pacifism gave him the strength and courage to persist in his research as an exile, to seek academic allies and to teach working students (in England) and university students (in the United States).
	www.rism.org /chapman/polanyi2.htm (6783 words)

	The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
		Polanyi's story of the tensions in and collapse of the self-regulating economies that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century differs sharply from the story that Marx anticipated and from the story that Marxian economists have told.
		Polanyi was optimistic but uncertain about what the longer term results of the reaction to the nineteenth century utopian experiment in economic organization would be, and if he were alive today his answer might remain uncertain for, to a remarkable extent, the conflicting sides of Polanyi's double movement still dominate debates in public policy.
		Polanyi is in fact careful to note that the range of human motives varies little across systems, with the specific form of action that any motive such as self-interest, generosity, anger, or jealousy may take dependent upon the system.
	eh.net /bookreviews/library/polanyi.shtml (2410 words)

	Présentation
		The Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy was established in the spring of 1987 with the help of a seed grant from the Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation (Toronto), and is located at The School of Community and Public Affairs, Concordia University, Montreal.
		Polanyi's far-reaching critique of the philosophical and historical foundations of liberalism and economic determinism opens important avenues of academic research based on a cross disciplinary approach.
		The proposal for an Institute dedicated to the memory of Karl Polanyi is made in the spirit of continuing his search for economic and political institutions which reconcile the need for freedom to develop one's own moral sense with the requirements of our complex technological civilization.
	www.karlpolanyi.org /04_presentation/presentation_eng.htm (448 words)

	Karl Polanyi / Biography
		Although Karl Polanyi's life was one of virtual nomadism -- he never achieved a comfortable academic appointment -- this maverick economic historian nonetheless exerted a powerful influence on his ivory tower contemporaries.
		Polanyi's central thesis is well known among sociologists and economic historians: namely, that capitalism is a historical anomaly because while previous economic arrangements were "embedded" in social relations, in capitalism, the situations was reversed -- social relations were defined by economic relations.
		Unlike his better-established brother, the chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi, Karl Polanyi was never able to set down roots and thus remained in perpetual exile - from Hungary, from Austria, from America and finally, from academia as a whole.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /polanyibio.html (551 words)

	stroshane.polanyi
		Polanyi contends that 19th century market society (a form of capitalism with a self-regulating system of market exchanges) was civilization’s first attempt to address the problem of machines in society, and society’s collapse into World War I and, eventually fascism, were the results.
		Polanyi’s major [anthropological] works were written in the U.S. in the late 1940s and early 1950s in a milieu in which the maintenance of an academic appointment almost demanded that he shroud his Marxism in non-Marxist terminology, in short, that he mask his Marxism.
		Polanyi sees three stages in "the subordination of the surface of the planet to the needs of an industrial society." First in England was the commercialization of the soil through liquidation of feudal lands (including enclosures and conversions to monoculture).
	www.centerforpoliticalecology.org /Cyberbooks/part9.html (6169 words)

	Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Karl Polanyi was born in Vienna on October 21, 1886.
		Polanyi remained a member of the Galilei Circle until 1910, when he was employed as a clerk in his uncle's law office.
		Karl Polanyi and Ilona Duczynska were laid to rest in a Budapest cemetery, on the occasion of a centenary celebration of the life and work of Karl Polanyi, organized by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1986.
	artsandscience.concordia.ca /polanyi/pubs/about.html (1025 words)

	Karl Polanyi on Ethics and Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Karl and Ilona had one child, Karl Polanyi Levitt, who became a leading Canadian economist and author of the influential Silent Surrender: The Multinational Corporation in Canada (1970).
		Karl Polanyi on Ethics and Economics constitutes McGill's Sproule lectures for 1993.
		Polanyi persisted in `the day-to-day task of ethical living, the Lebensweg as he called it,' seeking the freedom required to live responsibly and self-critically.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/utq/671/economics118.html (707 words)

	Karl Polanyi: Some Observations - history seminar
		Karl Polanyi was born in 1886 and died at the age of 77 in 1964.
		Polanyi recognised that market places existed in ancient times, and were present in primitive economies, but he argues their existence away by saying they were not important, and existed within a context of reciprocity.
		Polanyi's claim is that the empirical observations of the substantivists reveal economic life in archaic and primitive economies to be entirely different from that assumed by the formalists.
	www.history.ac.uk /eseminars/sem3.html (4356 words)

	[A-List] Fw: Karl Polanyi
		In her introduction, Polanyi¹s daughter, Kari Levitt, explains that his socialist politics inspired him to seek an alternative to capitalism, which he identified with the cruel price-making markets that drove Britain¹s poor into factory towns and led the world into the Great Depression of the 1930s.
		Polanyi¹s focus on how markets were embedded in deeper social structures provided a perspective that recognized the role of temples, palaces and legal institutions.
		Polanyi¹s student Anne Chapman describes how Polanyi intended his tripartite sequence of exchange systems reciprocity (gift exchange), redistribution and market exchange to replace Marx¹s three stages of how labor was exploited, from ancient slavery and usury to feudal serfdom, and then to wage labor under capitalism.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/a-list/2006-July/061556.html (4417 words)

	Karl Polanyi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Polanyi’s view on the detrimental consequences of economism – the formal conception of the economy as prescribing the separation of markets from society – was not only informed by his studies of primitive societies.
		Thus, Polanyi’s analysis of the agricultural roots of the conservative and protectionist response in Europe, as it was amplified by the long economic depression of the 1870s and the 1880s, appears to be gain historical support.
		Polanyi sees a close relationship between the British financial hegemony and the establishment of the gold standard; foreign trade could be expanded only if there were stable and convertible monetary instruments by which it could be financed.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/vayrynen.html (10580 words)

	Karl Polanyi
		Karl Polanyi was an economist who studied various economies that existed in history.
		Polanyi believed that early humans never hunted or gathered food for just themselves or their immediate family but rather for the whole group in which they live.
		Polanyi did not believe that bartering lead to the development of market economies; rather bartering was just a part of the systems of reciprocity and redistribution.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/history/trade/karlpolanyi.htm (803 words)

	Karl Polanyi: Freedom in a complex society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Indeed, Polanyi's analysis of the non-spontaneous construction of market institutions was informed by his equally profound critique of the formalism of the then-ascendant Neoclassical economic theory.
		In contrast, Polanyi believed that this framework is specific to market societies and it is an "economistic fallacy" to apply the axioms and assumptions of Neoclassical economics to social formations where land, labor, and money are not bought and sold.
		Polanyi was mainly concerned about the social consequences of economic theory: In The Great Transformation and elsewhere, he carefully studied the role that the economic theories play in the design, implementation, and further entrenchment of the rule of markets.
	www.fguide.org /Bulletin/polanyi.htm (717 words)

	Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation
		Polanyi notes that since land cannot be created, that labor is a power inherent in persons, and money is merely a token of exchange, the treatment of those resources as commodities is not only fictional, but destructive (Polanyi 72-73).
		Polanyi plays his part in passing along the "Big Lie," despite numerous journalistic stories and examples of communist repression in the 1930’s and on, a period Polanyi was experiencing.
		Polanyi, when all factors are laid bare, is not only guilty of the sin of utopianism, but is part of the Left-wing fascism light, which must recreate society according to its own image or an idealized socialist past.
	www.msu.edu /user/kunzfran/Polanyi.htm (4068 words)

	Amazon.com: The Great Transformation: Books: Karl Polanyi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Polanyi's book gives meat to the question of whether one would prefer a society where a very large amount of profit were concentrated in the hands of a very small number of people (essentially the situation in the United States today) or a somewhat smaller overall amount distributed more equitably among al the people.
		Polanyi is difficult and complex and subtle and pricks a hole in the fantasy.
		Polanyi deftly uses his extensive knowledge of economic history, anthropology, and political theory to demonstrate the failure of "market society" and the myopia of those who believe that the "free" market is the answer to all social ills.
	www.amazon.com /Great-Transformation-Karl-Polanyi/dp/080705643X (3409 words)

	Karl Polanyi and Ethiopia, II
		Polanyi declared that when the English refused to admit that they had made partition agreements in relation to Ethiopia, this should be taken as no more than "shadow fencing".
		England, Polanyi believed, was acting on the basis of its military, naval, and economico-financial interests, but Italy, the other part to the 1925 agreement, was aiming, with all its power, at undoubtable political gain.
		Such in essence was Karl Polanyi’s analysis of the Italo-Ethiopian conflict in August 1935.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2000/11/03-11-00/Hist.htm (1008 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Karl Polanyi - The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our ...
		Polanyi claims that the world wars and the rise of the fascist movement result from market breakdown – the inability of the self-regulating market to perform as hoped by laissez-faire philosophers.
		Polanyi thinks of the world as a system, of which we are just little cogs.
		Polanyi is a little dense in his writing, but not bad compared to most.
	www.epinions.com /content_101905436292 (1761 words)

	KARL POLANYI ON THE LIBERAL UTOPIA
		Polanyi's central insight is that governments have been pro-active in both initiating and seeking to perpetuate the pure market system.
		Polanyi found the Marxist class-based critique to be unsatisfactory, in that it misunderstood the essential social role of protectionism:
		While, for Polanyi, the emergence of socialism was a natural reaction to the rise of the economically liberal bourgeoisie, his analysis was quite different to that of Marx.
	keithrankin.co.nz /nzpr1998_4Polanyi.html (2540 words)

	Polanyi, Karl - AnthroBase - Dictionary of Anthropology: A searchable database of anthropological texts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1940, Polanyi emigrated to the United States, where he received a professorship at Columbia University.
		Polanyi became an important influence on Steward's many, later highly influential, students (the influence is most visible in Sahlins's early work).
		Polanyi's most famous work is The Great Transformation (1944), where he, in an analysis of the evolution of the market in 19th century Europe, introduces substantivist economic theory, according to which economic processes are embedded in wider social institutions, upon which their dynamics are dependent.
	www.anthrobase.com /Dic/eng/pers/polanyi_karl.htm (216 words)

	Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy
		The Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy was founded in 1987 in response to the growing recognition of the relevance of Karl Polanyi's work to contemporary society.
		Karl Polanyi's far-reaching critique of the philosophical and historical foundations of economics liberalism and technological determinism opens important avenues of investigation in scholarly and policy research.
		The Institute is dedicated to the memory of Karl Polanyi and its principal mission is to encourage dialogue and new intellectual work inspired by his legacy.
	artsandscience.concordia.ca /polanyi (299 words)

	Burma - Yunnan - Bay of Bengal (c. 1350-1600): Karl Polanyi: ...
		Karl Polanyi: Reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange in economic history
		In this essay a student of Karl Polanyi,the anthropologist Anne MacKaye Chapman, provides a penetrating overview of his life and work.
		He proposes that it is achieved through a combination of three patterns, that he calls 'forms of integration:' reciprocity, redistribution and exchange.
	slipperybannanapeel.blogspot.com /2005/12/karl-polanyi-reciprocity.html (488 words)

	Karl Polanyi and the "Embedded Economy"
		I have been following the discussion of Karl Polanyi, and I have been worried because it seems to me that of readers are missing the point.
		Now I am not sure that Polanyi is right: it is not clear to me that the shift has been as large as he thinks it has.
		And when "embeddedness" was used in the past to enforce transactions at a "just price", it usually seems to me to have been cover for thugs-with-spears (or thugs-with-idols) getting things on favorable terms from merchants, artisans, and peasants: it is far from clear that a decline in "embeddedness" is a bad thing.
	www.j-bradford-delong.net /Comments/polanyi.html (1648 words)

	[A-List] Fw: Karl Polanyi
		Tony ----- Original Message ----- From: Brendan Stone To: tal at interlynx.net Sent: Thursday, June 29, 2006 1:29 PM Subject: Karl Polanyi Hi Tony, I have been reading Karl Polanyi because I figure we will have to read him next year.
		I notice he had some views such as "the market was embedded in society in past societies and subordinated to the needs of social relations but was changed in modern times so that the market artificially rules everything." He believed that the market is unnatural, as humans have no natural inclination to barter or trade.
		I wonder how Polanyi stacks up to Marx and where the two can be reconciled.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/a-list/2006-July/061498.html (301 words)

	Karl Polanyi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He would not start writing this work until 1940, however, when he moved to Vermont to take up a position at Bennington College.
		However, his wife's (Ilona Duczynska) background as a former communist made gaining an entrance visa in the United States impossible.
		This page was last modified 18:55, 24 November 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karl_Polanyi (732 words)

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