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	Karl Schwarzschild - Wikipedia
		Karl Schwarzschild wurde in Frankfurt als ältestes Kind einer wohlhabenden Familie geboren.
		Karl Schwarzschild ist der Vater des Astrophysikers Martin Schwarzschild.
		Schwarzschild leistete einige grundlegende Arbeiten über klassische Schwarze Löcher.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild (355 words)

	Karl Schwarzschild - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Karl Schwarzschild (October 9, 1873 - May 11, 1916) was a noted German Jewish physicist and astronomer, father of astrophysicist Martin Schwarzschild.
		Schwarzschild became the director of the observatory in Göttingen.
		At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 he joined the German army despite being over 40 years old and served on both the western and eastern fronts, rising to the rank of lieutenant in the artillery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild (394 words)

	Schwarzschild radius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was found in 1916 by Karl Schwarzschild and results from his discovery of an exact solution for the gravitational field outside a static, spherically symmetric star (see Schwarzschild metric, which is a solution of the Einstein field equations).
		The Schwarzschild radius is proportional to the mass.
		The Schwarzschild radius is proportional to the mass, with a proportionality constant involving the gravitational constant and the speed of light.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Schwarzschild_radius (592 words)

	Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Eine wesentliche Verbesserung der Darstellung der photographischen Schwärzung gelang Schwarzschild durch Einführung eines später nach ihm benannten Exponenten bei der Belichtungszeit bzw.
		In Potsdam wandte sich Schwarzschild stärker der Stellarstatistik zu und versuchte, aus Objektivprismen-Aufnahmen Radialgeschwindigkeiten zu messen.
		Karl Schwarzschild, dessen Vielseitigkeit bemerkenswert war und der auch in der theorethischen Physik beachtliches leistete, wird heute zu Recht als einer der Väter der Astrophysik bezeichnet.
	www.astro.univie.ac.at /%7Ewuchterl/Kuffner/2001/schwarzschild.html (796 words)

	Schwarzschild, Karl (1873-1916)
		Schwarzschild, who became director of the Potsdam Observatory in 1909, did important practical work, establishing a method for determining stars' brightnesses from photographs by comparing their visual and photographic magnitudes to obtain their color index.
		In 1916, while serving on the Russian front, he wrote two papers on the recently published general theory of relativity, one of which develops the idea that the gravitational field of a collapsing star could become so intense as to prevent the escape of light.
		Karl was the father of another famous astronomer, Martin Schwarzschild.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/Schwarzschild_Karl.html (208 words)

	Cazoo.org: German-American Cultural Center
		His father, Karl Schwarzschild (born in Frankfurt/Main on October 9, 1873; died in Potsdam on May 11, 1916) conducted pioneering experiments in photographic photometry of the stars while director of the Astrophysical Observatory in Potsdam.
		Schwarzschild is considered "a driving force in the development of theoretical astronomics in America which until then received less attention than astronomical observations", as Laura Fermi states in her book, "Illustrious Immigrants".
		Schwarzschild has made a special study of the high temperature gases which form the solar corona, computing the strength of the waves emanating from the solar surface.
	www.cazoo.org /library/MartinSchwarz.html (313 words)

	Schwarzschild (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Karl was the oldest of his parents six children, having five younger brothers and one sister.
		Karl's father was friendly with Professor J Epstein, who was professor at the Philanthropin Academy and had his own private observatory.
		Schwarzschild's relativity papers give the first exact solution of Einstein's general gravitational equations, giving an understanding of the geometry of space near a point mass.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /history/Mathematicians/Schwarzschild.html (1603 words)

	Schwarzschild geometry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Karl Schwarzschild derived this geometry at the close of 1915, within a few weeks of Albert Einstein publishing his fundamental paper on the Theory of General Relativity.
		Curiously, the Schwarzschild radius had already been derived (with the correct result, but an incorrect theory) by John Michell in 1783 (this reference is from Erk's Relativity Pages) in the context of Newtonian gravity and the corpuscular theory of light.
		The Schwarzschild geometry is illustrated in the embedding diagram at the top of the page, which shows a 2-dimensional representation of the 3-dimensional spatial geometry at a particular instant of universal time t.
	www.mitwalli.com /schwarzschild_geometry.htm (1137 words)

	Karl Schwarzschild - Wikipédia
		Karl Schwarzschild (9 octobre 1873, Francfort-sur-le-Main — 11 mai 1916, Potsdam) était un astrophysicien allemand.
		Avec la métrique de Schwarzschild, il démontra que dans les équations décrivant la gravitation d'une quantité de matière concentrée en un point, il apparaît une singularité, qui n'est en fait qu'apparente, comme le montre la métrique de Kruskal-Szekeres.
		Le calcul était élégant, et la géométrie courbe qu'il prédisait, la géométrie de Schwarzschild, devait avoir un immense impact sur notre compréhension de l'Univers.
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild (652 words)

	Schwarzschild Note
		relativity in 1915, Karl Schwarzschild, then in the Russian front serving as artillery lieutenant in the German army, studied Einstein's paper and soon discovered the first exact solutions of the Einstein's equations.
		The former, the paper on the exterior space of a star, is most famous, and his result is known as "Schwarzschild Geometry" which is applicable to the sun, the earth, and many other stars as well as a fl hole, with no spin or negligible spin.
		Schwarzschild Geometry was able to treat fl holes, as it turned out, but many people, including Einstein, Eddington, and Wheeler, resisted the idea of a fl hole.
	www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp /phisci/Gallery/schwarzschild_note.html (333 words)

	General Relativity.
		The so-called "Schwarzschild" solution is due to David Hilbert, itself a corruption of a solution first derived by Johannes Droste in May 1916, whose paper has also been buried or ignored at the convenience of the experts.
		Schwarzschild's paper is a piece of flawless mathematical physics, but Hilbert's is a poor show.
		On the Ramifications of the Schwarzschild Space-Time Metric.
	www.geocities.com /theometria (2297 words)

	Extended Definitions: Schwarzschild radius
		The term Schwarzschild Radius honors the mathematician Karl Schwarzschild, who was the first to calculate the necessary density of matter which would be required to boost the escape velocity from that same mass to the speed of light.
		The Schwarzschild radius is defined as the radius at which the outer boundaries of the Black-Hole would start.
		The Schwarzschild radius is also the radius (from the center ofthe Black-Hole's mass) at which the escape velocity first and exactly equals the speed of light.
	www.geocities.com /recycling_universe/ed_schwarzschildradius.htm (804 words)

	Black Holes
		The Schwarzschild radius is the radius at which the escape velocity from the star is equal to the speed of light.
		Therefore, any material that approaches nearer than the Schwarzschild radius, of a collapsed object, would be trapped forever because to escape the material would have to travel at a speed greater than that of light, which, according to relativity theory, is impossible.
		The Schwarzschild radius defines a one-way boundary (a membrane) that separates the inside of the fl hole from the rest of the universe.
	www.physics.fsu.edu /courses/spring99/ast1002h/blackholes/black.htm (1185 words)

	Karl Schwarzschild
		Karl Schwarzschild (October 9, 1873 - May 11, 1916) was a noted German physicist and astronomer.
		The papers were sent to Einstein and were later published in the Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ka/Karl_Schwarzschild.html (280 words)

	Schwarzschild published his famous formula that describes reciprocity failure in 1900 (ApJ, 11, 89) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Reciprocity failure is caused by the emulsion becoming progressively less efficient in recording the light as the intensity of that light decreases…” As Robert cautioned, the key is intensity I, not exposure time t.
		This violates Schwarzschild’s “constant density” criterion and therefore equation (3) and equations in page 180 of Michael’s book are not valid any more.
		Schwarzschild’s formula describes how intensity and exposure time are related, under constant density (and thus constant effective exposure).
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /~wang/gallery/random_notes/reciprocity.htm (1341 words)

	Martin Schwarzschild
		Schwarzschild made seminal contributions to the study of stellar structure and stellar evolution.
		Martin Schwarzschild received his PhD from the University of Goettingen in 1935 and was a research fellow at Oslo University until 1937 when he became a research fellow at the Harvard College Observatory.
		Schwarzschild was appointed to the Eugene Higgins Chair in 1950.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/schwarz.html (599 words)

	Karl Schwarzschild
		Karl Schwarzschild was a German astronomer whose contributions, both practical and theoretical, were of primary importance in the development of 20th century astronomy.
		Schwarzschild’s exceptional ability in science became evident at the age of sixteen, when his paper on the theory of celestial orbits was published.
		“Schwarzschild enunciated the principle of radiative equilibrium and was the first to recognize clearly the role of radiative processes in the transport of heat in stellar atmospheres,” (World Book 10, 548).
	www.radessays.com /viewpaper/23371/Karl_Schwarzschild.html (258 words)

	MSN Encarta - Black Hole
		The fl-hole concept was developed by the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild in 1916 on the basis of physicist Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
		The radius of the horizon of a Schwarzschild fl hole depends only on the mass of the body, being 2.95 km (1.83 mi) times the mass of the body in solar units (the mass of the body divided by the mass of the Sun).
		Once a body has contracted within its Schwarzschild radius, it would theoretically collapse to a singularity—that is, a dimensionless object of infinite density.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558067/Black_Hole.html (707 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Martin Schwarzschild is an American astronomer born in Potsdam, Germany, on May 31,1912, the son of the astronomer and mathematician, Karl Schwarzschild.
		In 1951 Schwarzschild obtained the position of Huggins Professor of Astronomy at Princeton University.
		In 1938 Schwarzschild suggested that the star’s deepest interior pulsate, but that in the outermost regions the elements of gas do not all vibrate in unison, causing a lag in the light curve by the observed amount.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/schwartz.htm (462 words)

	Karl Schwarzschild (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Karl Schwarzschild werd geboren op 9 oktober 1873 in Frankfurt.
		Karl Schwarzschild leerde omgaan met een telescoop en studeerde wiskunde op een hoger niveau dan op school.
		gepubliceerd had in 1916, was Karl Schwarzschild de eerste die de stituatie van de zwarte gaten beschreef.
	anw.hml.nl /Werkstukken/Saskia_van_de_Velden/schwarzschild (1098 words)

	FAQ to SCI.PHYSICS on Black Holes by Matt McIrvin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Schwarzschild expressed his metric in terms of coordinates which, at large distances from the object, resembled spherical coordinates with an extra coordinate t for time.
		Therefore the fatal r goes as the cube root of the mass, whereas the Schwarzschild radius of the fl hole is proportional to the mass.
		If you start timing from the moment the you see the object half a Schwarzschild radius away from the event horizon, the light will dim exponentially from that point on with a characteristic time of about 0.2 milliseconds, and the time of the last photon is about a hundredth of a second later.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /htmltest/gifcity/bh_pub_faq.html (3321 words)

	Schwarzschild Geometry
		Schwarzschild's geometry is described by the metric (in units where the speed of light is one, c = 1)
		The quantity ds denotes the invariant spacetime interval, an absolute measure of the distance between two events in space and time, t is a `universal' time coordinate, r is the circumferential radius, defined so that the circumference of a sphere at radius r is 2 pi r, and do is an interval of spherical solid angle.
		Spacetime itself is well-behaved at the Schwarzschild radius, as can be ascertained by computing the components of the Riemann curvature tensor, all of whose components remain finite at the Schwarzschild radius.
	casa.colorado.edu /~ajsh/schwp.html (2303 words)

	Schwarzschild, Karl -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Schwarzschild's exceptional ability in science became evident at the age of 16, when his paper on the theory of celestial orbits was published.
		Immediately on publication of Einstein's paper on general relativity, the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild found a mathematical solution to the new field equations, which corresponds to the gravitational field of a compact massive body, such as a star or planet, and which is now referred to as Schwarzschild's field.
		Known during his lifetime only to a small group of socialists and revolutionaries, Karl Marx wrote books now considered by Communists all over the world to be the source of absolute truth on matters of economics, philosophy, and politics.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9066265 (736 words)

	Astronomy Answers: From the Astronomical Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Karl Schwarzschild (1873 - 1916) discovered in 1916 that the then new General Theory of Relativity of Albert Einstein predicted that there could be places where the force of gravity becomes infinitely great and the curvature of space-time infinitely large.
		Such places are called Schwarzschild singularities after him.
		The diameter of a fl hole is called the Schwarzschild diameter.
	www.astro.uu.nl /~strous/cgi-bin/glossary.cgi?l=en&o=Karl_Schwarzschild (96 words)

	Astro-Fact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916) was a German astronomer and the creator of the famous term the "Schwarzschild Radius" of fl holes.
		The radius at whitch a star of given mass must contract to reach this stage is his famous Schwarzschild Radius.
		He has also worked on the range of mass shown by stars--that is now thought to be from one-100th of the sun to about 65 solar masses.
	www.ottawa.rasc.ca /astronomy/astro_facts/k_schwarzschild.html (220 words)

	Karl Schwarzschild
		Schwarzschild developed the general rules quantization, gave the complete theory of the Stark effect, and initiated the quantum theory of molecular spectra.
		Schwarzschild gave the first exact solution of Einstein’s general gravitational equations, which led to a description of geometry of space in the neighborhood of a mass point.
		He also laid the foundation of the theory of fl holes by using the general equations to demonstrate that bodies of sufficient mass would have an escape velocity exceeding the speed of light and would not be directly observable.
	www.essaysworld.com /viewpaper/23372.html (236 words)

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