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Topic: Karplus-Strong algorithm

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Karplus-Strong string synthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Julius O. Smith III and others realized that the Karplus-Strong algorithm was physically analogous to a sampling of the transversal wave on a string instrument, with the filter in the feedback loop representing the total string losses over one period. A demonstration of the Karplus-Strong algorithm can be heard by downloading the following Vorbis file. Generalization of the algorithm lead to digital waveguide synthesis, which could also be used to model acoustic waves in tubes and on drum membranes. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karplus-Strong_algorithm

The Karplus-Strong Algorithm The Karplus-Strong algorithm, per se, is obtained when the delay-line initial conditions used to ``pluck'' the string consist of random numbers, or ``white noise.'' We know the initial shape of the string is obtained by adding the upper and lower delay lines of Fig. Thus, in the Karplus-Strong algorithm, the string is ``plucked'' by a random initial displacement and initial velocity distribution. The simulation diagram for the ideal string with the simplest frequency-dependent loss filter is shown in Fig. www-ccrma.stanford.edu /~jos/waveguide/Karplus_Strong_Algorithm.html

Physical modelling synthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Karplus and A. Strong, "Digital synthesis of plucked string and drum timbres," Computer Music Journal, 1983. Physical modelling synthesis is the synthesis of sound by using a set of equations and algorithms to simulate a physical source of sound. Sound is then generated using parameters that describe the physical materials used in the instrument and the user's interaction with it, for example, by plucking a string, or covering toneholes, and so on. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Physical_modelling_synthesis

digital waveguide synthesis Digital waveguide synthesis was developed by Julius O. Smith III and represent an extension of the Karplus-Strong algorithm. Membranes, as used in drums, may be modelled using two-dimensional waveguide meshes, and reverberation in three dimensional spaces may be modelled using three-dimensional meshes. Stanford University owns the patent for digital waveguide synthesis and signed an agreement in 1989 to develop the technology with Yamaha. www.yourencyclopedia.net /Digital_waveguide_synthesis.html

Harmony Central: Synthesis Techniques: Physical Modeling (This is similar to the original Karplus-Strong algorithm, which may be considered as an early physical model.) Sound Set 1 presents a series of sounds produced with this simple model. But a single physical modeling algorithm can be capable of producing a full range of sounds simply by adjusting the input parameters. It can be very difficult to create filters or algorithms detailed capture the crucial aspects of the instruments action and remain simple enough for real-time operation. www.harmony-central.com /Synth/Articles/Physical_Modeling

CS4117: Synthesis Overview There are many different ways to do what is called physical modelling, including waveguides, filterbanks, the finite element method, Karplus-Strong type algorithms, and then some. However, since the algorithm has little parameters (aside from the input waveform and lookup table contents, which are difficult to modify systematically on the fly), it allows little in the way of modulation effects and long-term development in the sound. That is why most commercial implementations of the different algorithms are hybrids: most samplers have filters, most subtractive synths have multiple waveforms and often some kind of waveform playback, many physical modelling synthesizers include a sample-based drum kit, at the very least and greatly modified FM algorithms are favored over pure FM. www.csis.ul.ie /ccmcm/cs4117/synth0.htm

readme.txt All the processor and codec initialization details have been hidden away in two include-files, begin.dsp and end.dsp, simplifying the structure of the programs and allowing the students to concentrate on the translation of their sample processing algorithm to assembly code. Our aim in these experiments is not to necessarily write the most efficient assembly code, but rather to show beginning DSP students how straightforward and fun it is to program a DSP chip and hear the algorithms in action. (This course and lab are followed in the senior year by more advanced project- and lab-based DSP courses.) A number of hardware experiments have been developed for this lab illustrating the concrete implementation on the ADSP-2181 chip of various DSP algorithms from the above text. www.ece.rutgers.edu /ftp/sjo/ezkitl/readme.txt

SYNTH SCHOOL The original version of the Karplus-Strong algorithm would produce two or three 'moderately realistic plucked string sounds' (to quote the humble Kevin Karplus) simultaneously in real time on an 8080A processor (imagine what it could do on a modern processor) and gained several US patents. It is now often identified as one of the first physical modelling algorithms, as this technique anticipates modelling by defining the required stages using terms coined by physicists analysing components of a vibrating string. A description of this algorithm was first published by its developers in the Computer Music Journal Vol 7 Part 2 in 1983. www.soundonsound.com /sos/sep98/articles/synthschool.html

Karplus-Strong Plucked-String Synthesis Algorithm or How To Create String Instruments Out Of Noise The Karplus-Strong algorithm differs from those techniques by the fact that it directly modifies the wavetable at each of its iteration. The original Karplus-Strong algorithm is based on wavetable synthesis. The wavetable in the Karplus-Strong algorithm can therefore be seen as a delay-line. www.music.mcgill.ca /~amburns/physique/original.html

Flight Systems Research Center - Publications All Karplus, W.J., Harreld, M.R. and Valentino, D.J. "Simulation and Visualization of the Fluid Flow Field in Aneurysms: A Virtual Environments Methodology." In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science. Kogan, B.Y., Karplus, W.J. and Karpoukhin, M.G. "The Effect of Boundary Conditions and Geometry of 2D Excitable Media on Properties of Wave Propagation." In: 4th NIMC Forum: International Workshop on Dynamism and Regulation in Non-Linear Chemical Systems, Tsukuba, NIMC-AIST, Japan, March 22-25, 1994. Karplus, W.J. "The Third-Order Action Potential Model for Computer Simulation of Electrical Wave Propagation in Cardiac Tissue." In: Proceedings of Biomed '95, Milan, Italy, June 21-27, 1995. fsrc.ee.ucla.edu /FSRC%20Publications.htm

CS285 -- Lab 3: Guitar Simulator Information on the Jaffe-Smith algorithm (which is based on the Karplus-Strong algorithm) is available here. Chris Taylor and is based on the Jaffe-Smith algorithm. Specifies the sequence of notes to be generated by the Jaffe-Smith algorithm. people.msoe.edu /~taylor/cs285/lab3.htm

Synthesis of Research on Problem Solving Algorithms are important in mathematics and our instruction must develop them but the process of carrying out an algorithm, even a complicated one, is not problem solving. An algorithm is a procedure, applicable to a particular type of exercise, which, if followed correctly, is guaranteed to give you the answer to the exercise. The creation of an algorithm, and its refinement, is also a complex problem solving task which can be accomplished through the problem approach to teaching. jwilson.coe.uga.edu /emt725/PSsyn/PSsyn.html

Basic Electroacoustics (G6601, Fall 2004) 10/19 Julius O. Smith, a DSP researcher at Stanford, was so impressed by the sonic qualities of the Karplus-Strong algorithm, that he reformulated the operation of the algorithm as the action of a bi-directional digital waveguide, effectively re-creating the physics of a real string in a digital simulation. This means that the few parameters that are set in a physical model algorithm all interact in non-linear ways, and producing a desired result can be dependent upon a range of interacting factors. This very simple algorithm, then, is a very powerful and fairly sophisticated synthesis technique. www.music.columbia.edu /cmc/courses/g6601/week7a

Hubert Howe, Music 733.2 lab 10 An interesting aspect of the Karplus-Strong Algorithm is that a physical implementation of it was sold to and patented by the Atari Corporation, a manufacturer of video games, which they intended to use in their machines. The original Karplus-Strong algorithm used a fixed number of samples per cycle, which caused serious quantization of the pitches available and their intonation. This method, which has become known as the Karplus-Strong Algorithm, has proven particularly effective for synthesizing plucked-string sounds, and it has been incorporated into csound as the pluck unit generator. qcpages.qc.cuny.edu /~howe/music733.2/lab10.html

KVR :: View topic - new free VST instruments available In a true implementation of Karplus Strongs algorithm, there are no filters as such, just a calculation at the end of each pass that reduces all the values passing through that cycle by an arbitrary amount. There are very few genuine implementations of the Karplus Strong algorithm, not because of the patent but because, while it may be very accurate, it is computationally inefficient and in the case of synthedit would be virtually impossible to create even using a feedback delay module - I know, I have tried. Using delays to model these characteristics actually predates Karplus Strong by some years as an application of analog synthesis, but the Karplus Strong model can be used as a formal description when creating a delay based model, but the delay based model could be completely different. www.kvr-vst.com /forum/printview.php?t=49652&start=30

MadTracker - VST Plugins String Thing is a plucked string based on 'Karplus Strong' algorithm with advanced controls and filtering to create a more natural tone. www.madtracker.org /plugins.php?category=Instrument&subcategory=String

nm_physical.html The Karplus-Strong algorithm was developed as a simple model of the oscillation of a plucked string. An implementation of the Karplus-Strong algorithm (J. Clark). Implementing the Karplus-Strong algorithm on the Nord Modular is simple. www.cim.mcgill.ca /~clark/nordmodularbook/nm_physical.html

daniel bartos (c) Karplus-Strong algorithm in addition dynamicaly changes the content of the memory while it plays back. In comparison to Karplus-Strong algorithm, waveguide synthesis is more sofisticated way how to model music instrument. The whole result of this algorithm is a string like sounding instrument where the higher frequencies dies out fast while the bass frequencies continue to sound longer. www.virtualmusic.mysteria.cz /sounds.html

Citations Music J. The authors explore and extend the Karplus-Strong algorithm, an extremely efficient approximate model of the physics of plucked strings. "Extensions of the Karplus-Strong Plucked String Algorithm." Comp. Examples include differentiating among different sorting algorithms by their auditory characteristics as well as tracking trends in variables over time. www.icad.org /websiteV2.0/Biblio/j.html

SPMC Home The pluck-string synthesis example is based on the Karplus-Strong algorithm [1][2]. [2] Jaffe, D., and Smith, J. “Extensions of the Karplus-Strong Plucked-String Algorithm”. It is a simple idea of filling a delay line with noise and reading it via a low pass filter. www.tech.plym.ac.uk /see/dcee/research/spmc/ELEC327/ELEC327B/code/pluckstring.html

Human Genome Program Report: 1996 Informatics Abstracts For example, a reconstruction may begin with a set of established enzymes (enzymes with strong similarities in identified coding regions to existing sequences for which the enzymatic function is known) and putative enzymes (enzymes with weak similarity to sequences of known function). Our goal is to develop an algorithm that either predicts an exon assembly with accuracy sufficient for sequence annotation or warns a biologist that the accuracy of a prediction is insufficient and further experimental work is required. The first algorithm detects sequencing errors by finding changes in the statistically preferred reading frame within a possible coding region and then rectifies the frame at the transition point to make the potential exon candidate frameconsistent. www.ornl.gov /sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/97pr/pt2infor.html

Karplus-Strong Plucked-String Synthesis Algorithm or How To Create String Instruments Out Of Noise This model was presented in 1983 by Kevin Karplus and Alex Strong [5] and is now known as the Karplus-Strong Algorithm. The Karplus-Strong algorithm has been used to produce a virtual classical guitar developed in C++ with the help of the STK toolkit. Despite all its quality, the original Karplus-Strong algorithm has some limitations. www.music.mcgill.ca /~amburns/physique/introduction.html

algorithm data magic recursive square structure The Rsync Algorithm 21 July, 2000 Dr. Andrew Tridgell This paper describes the rsync algorithm... This one is an algorithm for linear programming of large... attack a tree-based algorithm is to use recursive data types, so that trying... www.listof.com /magic/algorithm-data-magic-recursive-square-structure.html

ICMC'95: Experiments with Chaotic Oscillators We have not presented here the frequency analysis of the waveforms, but they show pleasing characteristics of strong fundamental pitch, with little or no high frequency noise. Chaotic systems as simple (but complex) compositional algorithms. We commend these relations as a rich area for future synthesis engines, as although the formulae are simple the results look, and sound, attractive, with seemly infinite subtle variations. www.bath.ac.uk /~masjpf/fractal_rev.html

CMJ article by Karjalainen, Välimäki, and Tolonen Historically, the first physical approaches (Hiller and Ruiz 1971a, 1971b; McIntyre and Woodhouse 1979; McIntyre, Schumacher, and Woodhouse 1983) were followed by the Karplus-Strong (KS) algorithm (Karplus and Strong 1983). The KS algorithm was discovered as a simple computational technique that seemingly had nothing to do with physics. (Note that the historical order of the KS algorithm and digital waveguides is the reverse of their logical order, since the generalization was not developed until after the KS algorithms was designed. www.acoustics.hut.fi /~vpv/publications/cmj98.htm

Squeak Documentation - Class: PluckedSound The Karplus-Strong plucked string algorithm: start with a buffer full of random noise and repeatedly play the contents of that buffer while averaging adjacent samples. Terminate this sound this note after the given number of milliseconds. Subclasses overriding this method should include a resend to super. www.oldenbuettel.de /squeak-doku/Sound-Synthesis/PluckedSound.html

Karplus-Strong Algorithm In the Extended Karplus-Strong (EKS) algorithm, the white noise is lowpass filtered according to dynamic level ccrma-www.stanford.edu /~jos/SimpleStrings/Karplus_Strong_Algorithm.html

JSyn Example Applets Plucked String - Karplus-Strong physical model of plucked string. JLooch and JNissa, algorithmic ambient pieces by Brad Garton at the Columbia University Computer Music Center, dedicated to the pets. You can read all about the design and philosophy of Matt's genetic algorithm project here. www.softsynth.com /jsyn/examples

KSpluck.txt ;****************************** orchestra ********************************** ; Example 1: Karplus-Strong algorithm. www.sfu.ca /sca/Manuals/Csound/KellerTut/KSpluck.txt

RTcmix Documentation This class implements a sitar plucked string physical model based on the Karplus-Strong algorithm. It uses a modified Karplus-Strong ("plucked string" -- see the STRUM instrument) algorithm. It was originally adapted from Perry Cook and Gary Scavone's STK, the Synthesis ToolKit for doing amazing physical model stuff. www.music.columbia.edu /cmc/RTcmix/docs/instruments/MSITAR.html

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