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Topic: Karst

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	Karst topography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Karst topography is a landscape of distinctive dissolution patterns often marked by underground drainages.
		Karst landforms are generally the result of mildly acidic rainfall acting on soluble limestone or dolostone bedrock.
		Water supplies from wells in karst topography are inherently hazardous, as the well water may simply run from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karst (750 words)

	USGS Geology in the Parks
		Understanding caves and karst is important because ten percent of the Earth's surface is occupied by karst landscape and as much as a quarter of the world's population depends upon water supplied from karst areas.
		Although karst processes sculpt beautiful landscapes, karst systems are very vulnerable to ground water pollution due to the relatively rapid rate of water flow and the lack of a natural filtration system.
		Caves in karst areas often have stalactites (icicle-like masses of chemical limestone) that hang from cave ceilings and stout stalagmites protruding from the cave floor.
	wrgis.wr.usgs.gov /docs/parks/cave/karst.html (2879 words)

	Geobit 7: Karst Landscapes of Illinois
		In karst areas, surface runoff drains into sinkholes and flows through solution-enlarged conduits ("caves" if they are large enough for a human to crawl into) in the underlying rock until it is discharged through springs into surface streams at lower elevations.
		Groundwater in karst landscapes is susceptible to contamination because of the fractured and honeycombed bedrock and the absence of a thick soil cover.
		In karst areas, recharge to the water table is rapid (often occurring within minutes or a few hours of a rainfall) and can carry with it contaminants from the surface that may include effluent from private septic systems, agricultural chemicals, animal and livestock wastes, motor oil, industrial waste, and garbage.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /servs/pubs/geobits-pub/geobit7/geobit7.html (898 words)

	Kras and Karst
		Karst waters come out as the sources in the Quaternary deposits at the bottoms of the valleys or directly from the steep rocky slopes in the form of waterfalls (the Savica, Boka, Soca).
		It is high, wooded and scarcely populated karst plateaus at an altitude of 800 to 1700 m with intermediate lower valley-like karst depressions at an altitude between 400 and 600 m are predominant in this area.
		The karst of Dolenjsko belongs to the shallow out-flow through-flow karst of the inner Dinaric or Peripanonnian belt.
	www.uvi.si /eng/slovenia/background-information/karst (1376 words)

	A KARST PRIMER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Karst is any terrain based on a layer of soluble bedrock, usually, though not always, of carbonate rocks.
		Karst along a seaside is quite different than that inland, and tropical karst does not resemble karst in temperate or sub-Arctic zones.
		Karst is formed when rainwater picks up carbon dioxide from the air, and dead plant debris in the soil, then percolates through cracks dissolving the rock.
	www.umsl.edu /~joellaws/ozark_caving/springs/sprkarst.htm (1233 words)

	IUCN - World Commission on Protected Areas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Karst landscapes are extremely important places for human, economic and scientific reasons, but they are also extremely vulnerable environments and may suffer serious impacts simply because governments, land managers and others may not understand the dynamic processes of the karst environment.
		Karst is a phenomenon which results from the solution of rock, most commonly from being dissolved in carbon dioxide rich waters.
		Karst landscapes are characterised by such features as caves, dolines, poljes, blind valleys and other depressions; karst pinnacles or towers; gorges and pavements, and the fact that drainage is normally totally subterranean.
	www.iucn.org /themes/wcpa/theme/caveskarsts/caveskarsts.html (384 words)

	KWI Tour: What is Karst? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Karst is a special type of landscape that is formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks, including limestone and dolomite.
		Karst regions contain aquifers that are capable of providing large supplies of water.
		In the United States, 20 percent of the land surface is karst and 40 percent of the groundwater used for drinking comes from karst aquifers.
	www.karstwaters.org /kwitour/whatiskarst.htm (151 words)

	The Karst Conservancy Protects Hidden Landscapes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Karst regions hold huge stores of fresh water and contain some of the most fragile ecosystems on earth, though most people are unaware that they actually live on karst.
		Karst is a term geologists use to describe a landscape that is principally formed by the dissolving of bedrock and is characterized by caves, sinkholes, springs, and underground streams.
		Karst is a hollow terrain much like a piece of Swiss cheese coated with a thin layer of soil.
	www.karstconservancy.org /news/10-18-04.htm (564 words)

	Geoindicators: Karst activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Karst is a type of landscape found on carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, marble) or evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite, rock salt) and is typified by a wide range of closed surface depressions, a well-developed underground drainage system, and a paucity of surface streams.
		Karst can be either a sink or a source of CO, for the karst process is part of the global carbon cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, surface and underground water and carbonate minerals.
		The most vexing problem in karst today is the lack of rational regulations concerning groundwater monitoring, a situation complicated by a common misunderstanding of the great differences in flow behaviour between karst and non-karst (porous-media) aquifers.
	www.gcrio.org /geo/karst.html (1612 words)

	Karst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		KARST landscapes consist of limestone areas that have been sculpted by a combination of erosion and chemical dissolution to form dramatic topographies such as that typified by the Cockpit Country.
		In fact, the term "karst" comes from the Slav word, "krs," and is associated with the limestone country in western Slovenia.
		Cockpit karst is a special form of "Conekarst" in which the residual hills are chiefly hemispheroidal and surround closed, lobed, depressions known as dolines or "cockpits" each of which is drained to the aquifer by one or more sinkholes.
	www.cockpitcountry.com /Karst.html (320 words)

	karst
		Surface karst features are those features of the karst landscape that can be viewed by an observer on the ground up to the threshold of daylight in subsurface openings, including cave entrances.
		A karst canyon is a deep and narrow gorge or ravine, with vertical or subvertical slopes underlain by soluble rock containing a perennial or intermittent stream.
		A karst steephead is the head of a valley in a karst unit, generally short and restricted at the headward end by an escarpment.
	srmwww.gov.bc.ca /risc/pubs/earthsci/karst/karst-22.htm (1197 words)

	The Kimberley Karst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The karst landforms of the West Kimberley are developed as a result of dissection of an old (?Tertiary) planation surface..
		The planation surface at the base level of the tower karst, marginal to the limestone cliffs, and extending out onto the plain away from the limestone, is, in fact, a pediment surface.
		The cave is essentially a simple stream passage, formed by an underground stream replacing portion of the former superimposed stream occupying the shallow gorge overlying the cave; it is the relic of a longer cave extending upstream and downstream of its present extent (Jennings and Sweeting, 1963b).
	karst.planetresources.net /kimberley_karst.htm (2526 words)

	Karst
		Karst topography is a landscape created by groundwater dissolving sedimentary rock such as limestone.
		Part 1 presents an overview of water movement in the region's karst topography, and looks at the dye tracings which help locate the recharge areas for springs.
		The Water Cycle in a Karst Region: Mural produced with local artist Michael McClure and the students of West Plains Middle School.
	www.watersheds.org /earth/karst.htm (308 words)

	Outline of Romanian Karst
		Karst features are to be found as well, in many other regions of the country (Rodnei, Bucegi, Piatra Craiului, Retezat Mountains and Dobrogea).
		This karst represents a particular case, exhibiting a different genetical process involving only karstic circulation, as observed in the Baile Herculane Springs, and in the Mangalia and Geoagiu areas.
		The picturesque scenery, the wild forest covering several karst zones, gorges and particularly the caves are first class attractions.
	www.uib.no /People/nglbn/romspel.htm (711 words)

	Glossary of Cave and Karst Terms. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Karst where the bedrock is mainly concealed by soil or superficial deposits.
		Karst developed in soluble beds underlying other rock formations; the surface may or may not be affected by the karst development.
		Karst developed in eolian calcarenite when the development of karst features has taken place at the same time as the lithification of dune sand.
	werple.net.au /~gah/speleology/glossary.htm (4993 words)

	karst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The karst in Michigan lacks sufficient water pressure to flush out the overwhelming load of sand, clay and broken rocks from 100-140 feet of glacial overburden which collapsed into the system sometime after the last glacier left the area.
		Although evidence exists for an upper Devonian karst system, much of the post-Paleozoic karst appears to be oriented along the northwest-southeast linear trend, which is roughly parallel to the regional strike of the bedrock in the area.
		The work of the Michigan Karst Conservancy is carried out by volunteers, who believe in the value to the public of protecting examples of karst features in Michigan for education and scientific uses.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/NE-MIkarst.html (2854 words)

	WKPP -- Science/WKP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		First labeled a separate geomorphic unit in 1966, the Woodville Karst Plain (part of the Gulf Coastal Lowland physiographic region) stretches from the southern edge of Tallahassee, Florida, to the Gulf of Mexico.
		Dolines, springs, and karst windows are the most obvious evidence of this process.
		With these thoughts in mind, perhaps other karst scientists and students throughout the country may wish to become involved in the fascinating research potential of the Woodville Karst Plain.
	www.wkpp.org /articles/Science/Wisenbaker1.html (1588 words)

	The Karst Region lies between Trieste, Nova Gorica and Postojna
		Slovenia’s karst region is the cradle of the world’s scientific study of karst phenomena.
		The karst region was stripped bare by the Venetians to provide the foundations for their island city, and before reforestation began in the last century, the Lipica Stud Farm near Sezana was a green oasis in the middle of a grey rocky desert for many years.
		For centuries, karst households have used the bora to cure their famous karst prsut (Italian: prosciutto), the choice dried pork leg that is a unique delicacy with its special aroma and flavour.
	www.randburg.com /si/general/slo5.html (1218 words)

	Environmental Problems in Karst Lands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Karst is the result of a unique balance between two opposing geological forces: the weathering forces such as rain and ice that break down rock and the innate resistance of the rock itself to change.
		In karst areas however, the surface and subsurface are closely linked and materials that run-off the surface may appear in the groundwater within minutes of sinking beneath the surface.
		Communities built on karst geology are not built on solid bedrock, but rather on a subsurface network of conduits which are constantly being altered by the action of water in the subsurface.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/nebel2/medialib/update13.html (2268 words)

	Karst Is a Landscape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The term "karst" describes the whole landscape, not a single sinkhole or spring.
		A karst landscape most commonly develops on limestone, but can develop on several other types of rocks, such as dolostone (magnesium carbonate or the mineral dolomite), gypsum, and salt.
		A terrain, generally underlain by limestone or dolomite, in which the topography is chiefly formed by the dissolving of rock and which may be characterized by sinkholes, sinking streams, closed depressions, subterranean drainage, and caves.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/water/general/karst/karst_landscape.htm (246 words)

	Michigan Karst Conservancy - Main Home
		Karst is a term that was first applied to a plateau region of the Dinaric Alps in Yugoslavia.
		Karst terrains are characterized by caves, steep valleys, sinkholes, and a general lack of surface streams because drainage is underground.
		It was formed in 1983 by people with an appreciation for Michigan karst features, when it became apparent that no other groups were interested and able to actively protect such areas for their inherent geological interest.
	www.caves.org /conservancy/mkc/michigan_karst_conservancy.htm (790 words)

	Karst in Indiana
		Karst is a distinctive type of landscape or topography.
		Karst landscapes usually occur where carbonate rocks (limestone and dolostone) underlie the surface.
		The second karst area is located in southeastern Indiana and is known as the Muscatatuck Plateau.
	igs.indiana.edu /geology/karst/karstInIndiana/index.cfm (236 words)

	Introduction-What is Karst? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The word ”karst” refers to a type of terrain, usually formed on carbonate rock (limestone and dolomite) where groundwater has solutionally- enlarged openings to form a subsurface drainage system.
		A mild carbonic acid produced from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, particularly the soil atmosphere, is primarily responsible for the solvent power of groundwater on carbonate rocks.
		The nature of the groundwater flow system causes karst areas to be extremely vulnerable to groundwater contamination.
	www.dyetracing.com /karst/ka01001.html (243 words)

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