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Topic: Karst topography

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	USGS Geology in the Parks
		Understanding caves and karst is important because ten percent of the Earth's surface is occupied by karst landscape and as much as a quarter of the world's population depends upon water supplied from karst areas.
		Although karst processes sculpt beautiful landscapes, karst systems are very vulnerable to ground water pollution due to the relatively rapid rate of water flow and the lack of a natural filtration system.
		Caves in karst areas often have stalactites (icicle-like masses of chemical limestone) that hang from cave ceilings and stout stalagmites protruding from the cave floor.
	wrgis.wr.usgs.gov /docs/parks/cave/karst.html (2879 words)

	Karst topography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Karst topography is a three-dimensional landscape shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite.
		Karst landforms are generally the result of mildly acidic water acting on soluble bedrock such as limestone or dolostone.
		Water supplies from wells in karst topography may be unsafe, as the water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karst (1002 words)

	Geoindicators: Karst activity
		BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Karst is a type of landscape found on carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, marble) or evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite, rock salt) and is typified by a wide range of closed surface depressions, a well-developed underground drainage system, and a paucity of surface streams.
		Karst can be either a sink or a source of CO, for the karst process is part of the global carbon cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, surface and underground water and carbonate minerals.
		The most vexing problem in karst today is the lack of rational regulations concerning groundwater monitoring, a situation complicated by a common misunderstanding of the great differences in flow behaviour between karst and non-karst (porous-media) aquifers.
	www.gcrio.org /geo/karst.html (1612 words)

	Explore!Florida - KARST - Background Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Karst topography describes landscapes sculpted primarily by groundwater activity.
		A major clue to the presence of karst topography is the pattern of surface streams' drainage.
		Karst topography can influence land use patterns, but it's most important effect is on groundwater flow.
	www.exploreflorida.org /karst/karst_student_background.cfm (3066 words)

	Karst
		Karst topography is a landscape created by groundwater dissolving sedimentary rock such as limestone.
		Part 1 presents an overview of water movement in the region's karst topography, and looks at the dye tracings which help locate the recharge areas for springs.
		A Karst Primer has a wealth of information on karst topography in the Ozarks.
	www.watersheds.org /earth/karst.htm (308 words)

	Karst
		Karst is a unique landscape formed by the underground erosion of rocks such as limestone and marble that dissolve in water.
		Karst is a landscape or terrain that results from the weathering of bedrock types that are soluble in water.
		Methods are presently being developed to assess both the surface and sub-surface of the karst landscape in forested areas and to assess their likelihood for change by external development, which is termed vulnerability.
	web.mala.bc.ca /geoscape/Karst.htm (546 words)

	Nearctica - Geology - Caves and Karst Topography
		Karst is a distinctive landscape topography largely formed by the dissolving of carbonate bedrocks such as limestone, dolomite, or marble by water.
		It is an excellent introduction to the karst geology of Indiana and the forces that produce caves and other features of a karst topography.
		A great general introduction to karst topography including a description of karst, how karst is formed, the plants and animals that live in a karst topography, uses of karst regions, and more.
	www.nearctica.com /geology/gcave.htm (634 words)

	A KARST PRIMER
		Karst is any terrain based on a layer of soluble bedrock, usually, though not always, of carbonate rocks.
		Karst along a seaside is quite different than that inland, and tropical karst does not resemble karst in temperate or sub-Arctic zones.
		Karst is formed when rainwater picks up carbon dioxide from the air, and dead plant debris in the soil, then percolates through cracks dissolving the rock.
	csweb.winona.edu /semnwrb/files/general/sprkarst/sprkarst.htm (1233 words)

	What is Karst ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Karst is a distinctive topography in which the landscape is largely shaped by the dissolving action of water on carbonate bedrock (usually limestone, dolomite, or marble).
		This geological process, occurring over many thousands of years, results in unusual surface and subsurface features ranging from sinkholes, vertical shafts, disappearing streams, and springs, to complex underground drainage systems and caves.
		Openings in the bedrock increase in size and an underground drainage system begins to develop, allowing more water to pass, further accelerating the formation of karst.
	www.cancaver.ca /docs/karst.htm (177 words)

	Karst Topography
		This word is derived from the Jugoslav "kars", which means stone, and was used to refer to the solution features in limestone which occur on a plateau in Jugoslavia and in adjacent parts of Italy, both of which border on the Adriatic Sea.
		Although this is considered the classic region of karst topography, karst features are found in many different parts of the world.
		The term "karst" is a comprehensive topographic term applied to limestone areas which possess a topography peculiar to and dependent upon underground solution and the diversion of surface waters to underground routes.
	csweb.winona.edu /semnwrb/files/general/karst/karst.htm (528 words)

	The Trevey - A Unit of Lasting Forests
		Karst is a type of topography within a landscape which develops as soluble rocks such as limestone and marble dissolve.
		Karst or karst topography can create special hazards in building construction for the land is potentially unstable.
		Describing the hydrology of an area of karst topography is difficult since water runoff may (or not) contribute to the runoff of a watershed.
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /rhgiles/Trevey/Karst_andCaves.htm (2969 words)

	Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Karst is a term that was originally applied to a plateau in the Dinaric Alps of Yugoslavia and has since become a common term around the world.
		Aquifers are often associated with karst, as are sinkholes, ground subsidence, disappearing streams, large springs, caves/caverns (such as Carlsbad Caverns), subsurface drainage, shafts, pitted rock surface, groundwater contamination and inconsistent water supply.
		Karst topography constitutes 10% of the surface of the earth (20% for the U.S.), but about 25% of the world's population lives in these areas.
	www.unifiedworlds.com /karst.htm (183 words)

	Where Is Karst Located in Kentucky?
		The karst topography of Kentucky is mostly on limestone, but also some dolostone.
		The bedrock is millions of years old, and the karst terrain formed on them is hundreds of thousands of years old.
		About 38 percent of the state has at least some karst development recognizable on topographic maps, and 25 percent of the state is known to have well-developed karst features.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/water/general/karst/where_karst.htm (322 words)

	speleogenesis.net :: Thesis Abstracts
		The first one is a mixed recharge karst system (mainly autogenic), dominated by labyrinth and polygonal karst landforms, developed over limestone of the Bodoquena plateau.
		Although the Bodoquena karst system is well developed, as can be inferred based on the presence of several vauclusian springs, blind valleys in the northwest border, dolines and a deep conduit aquifer evidenced through productive water wells, the cave incidence is low as are their dimensions, considering the large carbonate rock exposure.
		This pattern is the most frequent cave type of the second unit, occurring at the dolomitic residual hills with karst plains; 2) network caves with anastomotic pattern in plan view and circular to elliptical conduits with lateral anastomosis in cross section.
	www.speleogenesis.info /thesis/show_full_thesis.php?PubID=3271 (291 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Karst topography is a type of geography that allows sinkholes, caves and caverns to develop when mountains are created and water flows through.
		It was estimated in the early nineties that there was approximately 4,000 illegal dumps where there is karst topography.
		The karst region has a few streams that come directly out of the mountain that normally hold very good quality water.
	www.vabass.com /federation/conservation/Karst_Topography.htm (417 words)

	Karst in Indiana
		Karst is a distinctive type of landscape or topography.
		Karst landscapes usually occur where carbonate rocks (limestone and dolostone) underlie the surface.
		The second karst area is located in southeastern Indiana and is known as the Muscatatuck Plateau.
	igs.indiana.edu /geology/karst/karstInIndiana/index.cfm (236 words)

	Valley and Ridge province \| The Geology of Virginia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The characteristic topography of this region is the result of differential weathering of linear belts of rocks that have been repeated by folding and faulting.
		Today these carbonates (up to 3.5 km in thickness) are exposed in the Great Valley (known as the Shenandoah Valley in central and northern Virginia), the easternmost portion of the Valley and Ridge province.
		karst topography is characteristic of the Great Valley and many caverns are located in the subsurface.
	www.wm.edu /geology/virginia/valley_ridge.html (315 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 17-5
		Karst topography encompasses a variety of landforms, such as solution valleys, sinkholes, subterranean caves, and towers, which develop largely by chemical dissolution of limestone rocks.
		The karst topography in this scene appears in the darker-toned surfaces.
		These karsts are a thick series of carbonate rocks that elsewhere in the image have their outer rock removed to expose older non-carbonates underneath.
	rst.gsfc.nasa.gov /Sect17/Sect17_5.html (3325 words)

	Civilized & Inclusive: Chapter 6 - Agriculture
		Sinkholes, a major feature of karst topography, besides appearing out of the blue, are a direct conduit to underground streams, rivers, springs and aquifers (which are one of our public sources of clean drinking water).
		The karst topography in much of the Upper Iowa River Watershed and the rest of Northeast Iowa consists of fractured bedrock overlain by a thin layer of soil.
		In karst, because of sinkholes, confinements are required to have underground tanks and earthen lagoons for manure storage are not allowed.
	www.oneota.net /~watsoncampaign/agriculture.htm (13327 words)

	Nitrate Concentrations in Karst Springs in an Extensively Grazed Area (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Nitrate concentrations were measured in several karst springs in Southeastern West Virginia in order to determine the impact of animal agriculture on nitrate pollution of the karst ground water system.
		Karst basins with 79, 51, 16, and 0 percent agriculture had mean nitrate concentrations of 15.8, 12.2, 2.7, and 0.4 mg/l, respectively.
		It was concluded that agriculture was significantly affecting nitrate concentrations in the karst aquifer.
	www.awra.org /jawra/papers/J93165.html (251 words)

	Teacher Resources \| Karst Resource Packet
		The sugar cubes represent karst topography and show increased susceptibility to contamination.
		Topography: An introduction to the study of regional land forms.
		The Karst Trunks are available to any school district or homeschooling family in MDC's Ozarks Region, which includes Douglas, Ozark, Wright, Howell, Oregon, Shannon, Texas, Carter and Ripley counties.
	www.watersheds.org /teacher/rd.htm (432 words)

	Soils & the Environment
		Residents in a Karst topography area can do a few things to help prevent the spread of disease from waste disposal.
		Karst topography is a geologic formation found in Missouri and other places that forms under unique conditions.
		As the limestone dissolves, the ground weakens and cracks, forming the sinkholes and caves typically associated with Karst geology.
	www.missouri.edu /~soilwww/soilwebsite2004/humanwaste.htm (431 words)

	Karst in Indiana - Solution Features Characteristic of Karst Terrains
		Karst sinkhole plain developed on limestone in southern Indiana.
		Sinking or disappearing streams are surface streams in karst areas that flow directly into the ground-water system at a place called a swallowhole.
		Surface streams in a karst area are generally short and lose their water during dry periods.
	igs.indiana.edu /geology/karst/karstInIndiana/karstInIndiana02.cfm (146 words)

	karst topography - limestone cave in Phang Nga Bay, Thailand
		Further south, the karst islands of Trang Province offer some enormous cliffs.
		Lengthy stalactites hang on the outsides of the karst formations.
		Most areas that have karst formations also have heavy rainfall and a thick bed of limestone with a lot of underground flowing water.
	www.paddleasia.com /karst-topography.htm (653 words)

	Karst Topography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In an area of karst topography, the ground water has been flowing through the bedrock, concentrated particularly along bedding planes and joins or faults within the rock.
		In areas of prolonged erosion of karst topography, many layers of caverns may be exposed through time.
		The term karst topography is derived from a region of it in former Yugoslavia.
	www.jsu.edu /depart/geography/mhill/phylabtwo/lab8/karst.html (432 words)

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