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Topic: Kashmir crisis

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	JURIST - Makhdoom: Historical Perspective on the Kashmir Crisis
		In the same year, Maharaja Gulab Singh, the Governor of Kashmir under the defeated Kingdom of Punjab, literally bought Kashmir from the British, by the treaties of Lahore and Amritsar, for a sum of 7.5 million rupees.
		Kashmir was given the special status of "Princely State" under the British raj - although it was formally part of British Indian Empire, its prince was given much control over its internal affairs.
		Elections were held in Kashmir in 1947, before partition of the sub-continent, in which a political party called the Muslim Conference won all the seats and decided to join Pakistan.
	www.jurist.law.pitt.edu /issues/kashmirback.htm (977 words)

	Kashmir - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kashmir is a region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.
		Kashmir is one of the world's most well-known territorial disputes, and most Western made maps use a dotted-line to indicate the territory's uncertain boundaries.
		Kashmir tourism received a boost when the world's highest and longest operating gondola lift was opened for the public in the Gulmarg region of JandK, thereby providing easier access to skiing as well as mountaineering.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kashmir (4265 words)

	Kashmir Information Network (KIN): A Paradise Turned into Hell
		Cradled in the lap of majestic mountains of the Himalayas, Kashmir is the most beautiful place on earth.
		You will understand the goals of the bigoted religious terrorists in Kashmir whose vision of Azadi (independence) is to use religious dogma to exclude women, religious minorities, and secular-minded people from every kind of freedom in social and political life.
		After centuries of decimation of our population within Kashmir valley, the 1990 pogrom by Islamic terrorists and their supporters against us was the final act that expelled almost the entire remaining 400,000 strong population of Kashmiri Pandits - something that has unfortunately gone largely unreported in the Western press.
	www.kashmir-information.com (402 words)

	Kashmir crisis at the boil
		Kashmir was the principal issue in two of the three wars India and Pakistan have fought in their 52 years as independent states.
		Pakistan is in the throes of a wrenching economic crisis.
		Kashmir is an issue which can only be settled by peaceful talks between the two countries, without any intervention.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/jun1999/kash-j07.shtml (1653 words)

	JURIST - Makhdoom: Historical Perspective on the Kashmir Crisis
		In the same year, Maharaja Gulab Singh, the Governor of Kashmir under the defeated Kingdom of Punjab, literally bought Kashmir from the British, by the treaties of Lahore and Amritsar, for a sum of 7.5 million rupees.
		Kashmir was given the special status of "Princely State" under the British raj - although it was formally part of British Indian Empire, its prince was given much control over its internal affairs.
		Elections were held in Kashmir in 1947, before partition of the sub-continent, in which a political party called the Muslim Conference won all the seats and decided to join Pakistan.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /issues/kashmirback.htm (977 words)

	Kashmir
		New Delhi regards Kashmir as an integral part of India while Islamabad insists that the dispute should be settled according to the terms of the resolution.
		Kashmir's symbolism to India is as critical a consideration as any security significance associated with this fragment of ice and rock threaded by a beautiful valley.
		In Jammu and Kashmir, the judicial system barely functions due to threats by militants against judges, witnesses, and their family members, because of judicial tolerance of the Government's heavy-handed antimilitant actions, and the frequent refusal by security forces to obey court orders.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/kashmir.htm (1525 words)

	Jammu & Kashmir: Self-Determination, Demands, Plebiscite, Secession, History, Accession, India
		The turmoil caused in Jammu and Kashmir (JandK) by this terrorist violence has given Pakistan and many of the secessionist groups in the state an excuse to demand a plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir as envisaged in the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) resolutions of August 13, 1948 and January 5, 1949.
		First, Kashmir did exercise it's right to self-determination in 1947, but since it was not in a format approved by the imperialist nations, there is a tendency to dismiss its validity.
		This unusually high increase in "Azad" Kashmir's and "Northern Areas" population is attributed to Pakistan's attempts to change the demographics of areas under its occupation, especially in "Northern Areas", with the settlement of Punjabis and NWFP Pathans in these areas.
	members.tripod.com /~india_resource/kashmir.html (4239 words)

	PlanetPapers - The Kashmir Crisis
		Kashmir, a province in the northeastern corner India, which is predominantly Muslim, yet is ruled by a Hindu government, has been the primary cause of tension between India and Pakistan.
		Kashmir should unite with Pakistan for the reason that the greater part of its inhabitants are Muslim.
		“A quarter of a century later, Kashmir’s disputed possession would remain the principle subject of discord between India and Pakistan, the one seemingly insurmountable barrier to their reconciliation (Collins 358).” The history of Kashmir is one of conflict and strife, since the partition in 1947.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/5432.php (1127 words)

	Kashmir Crisis [1948] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kashmir, the last of the defiant states, was the reverse of Hyderabad.
		He asked his Hindu paratroopers to open fire, and within a matter of seconds, several hundred Muslims were killed.
		Rising up against this brutal action, a local barrister called Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim immediately set up the Azad Kashmir government and began to wage guerrilla warfare against the Maharaja.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /articletext.asp?artid=A052 (194 words)

	JURIST - Kashmir Crisis Discussion
		Kashmir has a population of 80% Muslims and are the followers of the region which is based on peace.
		If Muslims in Kashmir or elsewhere are able to grasp the basic elements for material as well as spiritual success in today’s globalised world, and yet in accordance with their faith, they need not aspire for the route of an Islamic state.
		Kashmir conflict is a mere extrapolation of religious intolerance.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /boards/discuss_kashmir.php (19454 words)

	CNN.com - Kashmir 'a crisis the world cannot ignore' - May 22, 2002
		Kashmir is India's only Muslim-majority state and over the past 12 years more than 33,000 people have been killed as nearly a dozen rebel groups have fought rule from the central government in New Delhi.
		While Vajpayee travels to Kashmir, Indian Defence Minister George Fernandes is due to visit front-line soldiers in the northwestern state of Rajasthan.
		India and Pakistan routinely fire at each other across the frontier, but Indian analysts say the current crisis is the worst since an 11-week border conflict in Kashmir in 1999, which nearly developed into war.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/22/india.pakistan.kashmir.0450 (1242 words)

	2002 - Kashmir Crisis
		It commenced in October 2001, with troops from the strike corps, Mangla-based 1 corps, Karachi-based 5 corps and Bahawalpur-based 31 corps, an armoured brigade and infantry divisions, in the sensitive Jhelum-Chenab and Chenab-Ravi corridors close to the LoC.
		The buildup was not just in Kashmir, but also along the International Bborder [IB] dividing the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Punjab from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sind.
		The three Corps in Kashmir were augmented with additional armoured and infantry brigades to enable the Indian troops in the region to move forward from a defensive posture to major offensive.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/kashmir-2002.htm (2812 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Death in Kashmir
		Then, as the years passed, the news from Kashmir took its place with the other news—equally bad, of murders and destruction—from Punjab and the Northeast: the distant struggles that were, ultimately, marginal to one's own life in a very large and deprived country where almost everyone is struggling.
		In Kashmir, Islam escaped the taint it acquired elsewhere in the subcontinent from forced conversions and temple-destroying during the several centuries of invasions and conquests by Muslims from Arabia and Central Asia.
		The Kashmir Times, which is edited and owned by non-Kashmiri Hindus, and is possibly the most reliable source of information about the valley, reported on March 26 that some of the villagers initially claimed that the killers were clean-shaven, diminutive, and dark-complexioned, which makes them seem very unlike the guerrillas.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/13813 (7107 words)

	India: Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir
		The 163-page report, The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir: A Pattern of Impunity, focuses on the sharp escalation in human rights abuses, particularly custodial deaths, reprisal killings, rape, torture and assaults on the medical community by Indian paramilitary and military forces during the twelve month period ending June 1993.
		It is based on a research mission to Kashmir by the two organizations in October 1992, and a second mission by Asia Watch and PHR-Denmark in April and May 1993.
		This report concludes with recommendations for action to be taken by the government of Prime Minister Rao, the militant forces in Kashmir, the government of Pakistan and the international community to address this crisis.
	www.phrusa.org /research/torture/torink.html (1541 words)

	Series of EmergencyNet News Reports of Escalating Conflict Between India and Pakistan in the Kashmir Region - 23 May, ...
		The pro-independence Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front was one of the most active militant groups at the start of the Kashmir insurgency, but today this group appears to have a dwindling membership and far less military power.
		The current escalation in tensions in the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir is leading to fears of a widening conflict between India and Pakistan.
		The events in Kashmir come at a time when the BJP party in India is trying to stress its commitment to national security ahead of September's general election.
	www.emergency.com /1999/kasmir99.htm (6069 words)

	Kashmir Home Page - Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kashmir, often called paradise, is a rich green mountain region North of Pakistan.
		Kashmir, an 80% Muslim majority region did not become part of Pakistan.
		India is responding with brutal force to crush the civil unrest demanding end of Indian rule.
	alumnus.caltech.edu /~mughal/kashmir/kashmir.html (241 words)

	'Kashmir Crisis A Labyrinth Of Confused Identities': Seminar
		Jammu: Kashmir crisis is a labyrinth of confused identities, emotional incongruity, contradictory political stances and saga of betrayal by the leadership for vested interests.
		He portrayed Kashmir as a failed democracy and economy with no leader who enjoys credibility among the masses.
		However, what is the main weakness of Kashmir culture which has emerged with the passage of time that there is no room for dissent.
	www.jammu-kashmir.com /archives/archives2004/kashmir20040314c.html (545 words)

	The Japan Times Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Despite what India had to say about the barbaric attack in Kashmir, it is illogical to believe Musharraf would have given his approval for such attacks to take place just as Rocca was flying in.
		This, however, is not to say that Pakistan is not behind the violence in Kashmir, whose territory it claims.
		There is little doubt that the killings in Kashmir were meant to provoke an escalation in communal strife.
	www.japantimes.co.jp /cgi-bin/geted.pl5?eo20020527a1.htm (588 words)

	AllRefer.com - India - Political Issues - Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir \| Indian Information Resource
		The roots of the Kashmir conflict extend at least as far back as 1947 when Maharaja Hari Singh, the princely state's Hindu ruler, decided to cede his domain with its predominantly Muslim population to the Indian Union at a time when Kashmir was under attack by a Muslim paramilitary force supported by Pakistan.
		The Kashmir crisis of the 1990s is reflective of trends occurring throughout the Indian polity: the increasing intervention of the central government in local affairs, the resort to coercion to resolve social conflict and maintain social order, and the increasing political assertiveness of the Indian public.
		Earlier, in November 1993, the government had successfully negotiated the settlement of a crisis at the Hazratbal--a Srinagar mosque, which is one of the holiest Muslim shrines in India because it is believed to house a hair of the Prophet Muhammad.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/india/india163.html (1770 words)

	PolitInfo.com Specials: Kashmir Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Authorities in Indian Kashmir say suspected Islamic militants have attacked a remote police station, triggering a gunbattle that left two militants, one policeman and one civilian dead.
		Authorities in Indian Kashmir say three policemen have been killed and at least 11 people were wounded in two separate incidents Thursday.
		Separatist leaders from Indian-ruled portions of the Kashmir region say there are strong indications India and Pakistan are moving toward a negotiated settlement of the long-running dispute over the divided Himalayan territory.
	www.specials.politinfo.com /Latest_Specials/Kashmir_Crisis/kashmir_crisis.html (617 words)

	California Patriot Online - Crisis in Kashmir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Many Pakistanis argue that Kashmir should no longer belong to India because Muslims are the majority in the region, and Islamic militants have engaged in a jihad against the Indian government to achieve this end, killing scores of innocent civilians not only in Kashmir but also in India.
		It is imperative that the international community become involved to solve this conflict; a solution regarding Kashmir would bring long-standing peace and stability to the region and would be a major victory in the war against terrorism.
		Kashmir has been a hotly-contested territory ever since India and Pakistan won their independence from Britain in 1947.
	www.calpatriot.org /article.php?articleID=213 (703 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| US sees hope in Kashmir crisis
		Sources in Islamabad say that the militants fighting in Kashmir, under pressure from the Pakistani government, are considering offering a ceasefire if it will bring India to the negotiating table.
		At least eight civilians and a number of soldiers from the two sides were killed in Kashmir yesterday.
		It was the first time shells have landed so close to the town since 1948, when the two countries fought their first war.
	www.guardian.co.uk /pakistan/Story/0,2763,729621,00.html (677 words)

	Nuclear War Threat Over Kashmir Crisis
		Jack Straw is to fly to the capitals next week to try to avert “the most serious conflict in the world in terms of potential casualties and the use of nuclear weapons”.
		In a chilling assessment of the escalating tensions in the sub-continent, the Foreign Secretary told journalists: “The international community is watching events with mounting concern.
		In the Kashmir capital of Srinagar, gunmen killed Abdul Ghani Lone, a Muslim leader who wanted to achieve independence through peaceful means.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines02/0522-01.htm (950 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ethnic conflict in India
		Over the last decades, the focal point of the communal tension has been the site of the disputed Babri Mosque in Ayodhya, Kashmir, and conflicts related to Pakistan.
		Jammu and Kashmir has been the target of a campaign of terrorism and militancy propagated against India by all sides of the conflict.
		Ram Janmabhoomi is a location in the Indian city of Ayodhya which is believed by Hindus to be the birthplace of the Hindu deity Rama.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ethnic-conflict-in-India (1875 words)

	CRISIS IN KASHMIR / Diplomats face 'tall order' in bid to defuse Kashmir / America emerges as best hope to lessen ...
		What gives their efforts a particular urgency is the desire to avoid the world's first full-scale nuclear war between two neighbors who have massed a million troops along their border in the western Himalayas.
		In terms of an ultimate settlement, one idea raised is for the two governments simply to partition Kashmir by accepting the current Line of Control.
		Without Kashmir, Pakistan's national mission and identity would be based entirely on its evolving status as a bastion of extreme jihad-based Islam," he said.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/06/07/MN138912.DTL (1151 words)

	CRISIS IN KASHMIR / At the front lines of India and Pakistan's conflict
		The crisis is a long-term consequence of the collapse of British imperial power in the region after World War II.
		The most festering problem has been the status of Kashmir, which has a Muslim majority but was left under Indian domination.
		They envision nuclear exchanges that could kill millions, that could destroy cities that are home to tens of millions of people, and that could rain radioactive fallout across South Asia, threatening crops and risking medical disasters across the crowded continent.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/06/07/MN42143.DTL (1115 words)

	iafrica.com \| news \| sa news Mandela 'can resolve Kashmir crisis'
		Farooq Abdullah told state-run Doordarshan television the Nobel Peace laureate was "roundly acceptable" and could resolve the dispute, which has led India and Pakistan to war twice since 1947.
		The comments from Abdullah, now a MP in national parliament's nominated upper house, are a reversal of his earlier stand that there was no scope for mediators on the issue of Kashmir.
		India administers the southern third of Kashmir while the northern tip of the divided Himalayan territory is under Pakistani control.
	iafrica.com /news/sa/250947.htm (251 words)

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