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Topic: Kashmiri language

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	Kashmiri language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kashmiri has remained a spoken language up to the present times, though some manuscripts were written in the past in the Sharada script, and then in Perso-Arabic script.
		The earliest literary composition in Kashmiri that has survived is the poetry of Lalleshvari, a 14th century mystic poetess.
		Literacy in Kashmiri is continuously neglected due to various political reasons and lack of formal education in it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kashmiri_language (333 words)

	Kashmiri - LoveToKnow 1911
		KASHMIRI (properly Kasmiri), the name of the vernacular language spoken in the valley of Kashmir (properly Kahmir) and in the hills adjoining.
		The other members of the group are Shina, spoken to its north in the country round Gilgit, and Kohistani, spoken in the hill country on both sides of the river Indus before it debouches on to the plains of India.
		The Pisaca languages also include Khowar, the vernacular of Chitral, and the Kafir group of speeches, of which the most important is the Bashgali of Kafiristan.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Kashmiri (4489 words)

	Language and Politics in Jammu and Kashmir
		Language and culture are interrelated because the language regions possess certain homogeneity of culture and are characterized by common traits in history, folklore and literature.
		Kashmiri is the main language spoken in the State, its spatial distribution being limited to the central valley of Kashmir and some parts of Doda.
		It is mainly because the Kashmiri Muslims have been swayed by their intellectual elite and political leaders of all hues (whether in power or out of it), most of whom have been educated at the Aligarh Muslim University, thereby imbibing the spirit of Aligarh movement which regards Urdu as the symbol of Muslim cultural identity.
	www.kashmir-information.com /Miscellaneous/Warikoo1.html (6407 words)

	Kashmiri Language: Roots, Evolution and Affinity
		"Kashmiri", he concludes, "is a mixed language, having as its basis a language of the Dard group of the Pishacha family allied to Shina", explaining that by basis he means "its phonetic system, its accidence, its syntax, its prosody"9.
		The postpositions used are hund or sund with masculine singular and hinz or sinz with feminine singular nouns and pronouns in case of animate objects the plural forms being, hindy or sindy and hinzi or sinzi respectively Punjabi uses handa or hunda and sanda and Sindhi sanda.
		Being a record of the Kashmiri language as it was spoken in the 15th century, the last two works shed useful light on its medieval development and are greatly helpful in tracing earlier forms of a good number of Kashmiri words.
	www.koausa.org /Languages/Shashi.html (6841 words)

	Kashmiri literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kashmiri literature has a history of at least 2,500 years, going back to its glory days of Sanskrit.
		The use of the Kashmiri language began with the poet Lalleshvari or Lal Ded (14th century), who wrote mystical verses.
		Contemporary Kashmiri literature appears in Sheeraza published by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, Anhar published by the Kashmirri Department of the Kashmir University, and an independent magazine Neab International Kashmiri Magazine -- http://www.neabinternational.org published from Boston,Vaakh an independent publication and Koshur Samachar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kashmiri_literature (319 words)

	Kashmiri Language,Regional Languages of Jammu and Kashmir,Mother Tongue of Kashmir,Kashmiri Literature
		Kashmiri Language,Regional Languages of Jammu and Kashmir,Mother Tongue of Kashmir,Kashmiri Literature
		Although spoken by 50% of the population in Jammu and Kashmir, it is not the official language of the state.
		The Kashmiris are a singing people; songs and ghazals have always been a part of their literary culture.
	www.indiasite.com /language/kashmiri.html (602 words)

	KASHMIR OBSERVER ONLINE [ KO COLUMNIST]
		The problem with the idea that language and race are inseparable is that huge numbers of populations have migrated from their original places from time to time.
		Kashmiri language has been classified along with a number of languages grouped under the title “Dardic” spoken in the extreme north of India, Pakistan and spreading into neighboring Afghanistan, an area called Dardistan ‘place of the Dards’.
		In fact, Kashmiri women are not supposed to wear any kind of dress which is not a norm in the valley, whether it is a traditional Indian skirt and top, a sari, or a non-traditional, western jean and T-shirts outfit.
	www.kashmirobserver.com /opinion5.htm (1995 words)

	Kashmir Sentinel
		Kashmiri, he insists is "a mixed language, having as its basis a language of the Dard group of the Pishacha family allied to "Shina’.
		Born in the early decades of the 14th century when Kashmir was in the throes of an unprecedented political upheaval with a collision between two cultures, the indigenous and Islamic, thretaening to tear the entire social fabric apart, Lal Ded played the dual role of a poet and spiritual leader to ensure continuity and stability.
		In fact she shaped and enriched the Kashmiri language in a manner that it formed the basis on which a new Kashmiri identity was forged.
	www.kashmirsentinel.com /june2003/2.html (2680 words)

	Introduce Kashmiri in Schools Petition
		When the Kashmiri people were suffering under tyrannical rule before 1947, it was the Kashmiri language that provided the channel through which the voices of progress and communal harmony found expression.
		For a language to survive and flourish, it is essential that it be taught in schools.
		Although languages like Kashmiri and Dogri are still firmly fixed, many languages, such as Pahari, Gojri, and Shina, are threatened with extinction because the speakers of these languages are abandoning their mother tongues in favour of other spoken languages.
	www.petitiononline.com /koshur/petition.html (2157 words)

	IRICS 2005 / Section: Postcolonial innovations and transformations: Putting language in the forefront
		This paper examines discourses and representations surrounding the Kashmiri language (Koshur) today, which overwhelmingly declare the language to be ‘endangered’, ‘threatened’, ‘dying’ or ‘backward.’ However, it does so by returning Koshur to the arena from which it is routinely elided by contemporary sociolinguistic examinations of the language: the political conflict in which it is embedded.
		Poets and writers in Kashmiri and the other languages of the Kashmiri elite (Urdu, Hindi, English) also routinely turn to tropes of the dying and neglected mother tongue to express their responses to the long-drawn political conflict in which they are enmeshed.
		In this paper, therefore, I propose to extend my own work on the representation of Kashmiri as a dying language to suggest that the language survives, but in ways that may escape our radar, which is still attuned to colonialist binaries between the written and oral domains.
	www.inst.at /irics/speakers_g_m/klabir.htm (452 words)

	Mailbag
		The Kashmiri Pandit scholars who were intimately connected with Dr. Grierson were not at all in agreement with his formulations about the genesis of Kashmiri language.
		The fundamental word-hoard of Kashmiri Language, its syntax, its noun and verb forms and more than most words related to the agricultural operations and names of tools and implements used during such operations owe their origin to the Sanskritic word-hoard.
		Chitrali, Kafri, Shina, Kashmiri and Kohistani are the Dardic group of languages which in terms of linguistics are directly related to Paishachi, which is a recognised prakrita having a sufficient quanta of literature.
	www.dailyexcelsior.com /01apr30/mail.htm (1145 words)

	Kashmiri Poets
		Razdan Sahib is proud of Kashmiri language which is the principal medium of his poetic expression.
		He is convinced that salvation for Kashmiris is attainable only by singing praises of the Mother Goddess in Kashmiri language.
		He always used a very simple language in his Urdu compositions and used to describe the complexities of life in the shortest possible sentence in plain words.
	ikashmir.net /poets (1659 words)

	Milchar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Though Sharada remained the script for writing Kashmiri for many years after the rise of the Sultans, yet Sanskrit continued to be the mainstay of Kashmirian literary and historical scholarship.
		In this way, the path of progress of language and literature was stonewalled, and the people of Kashmir were put on a wrong track that would lead them nowhere.
		Kashmiri language is least qualified to address these imperatives.
	www.milchar.com /Feb2004/7.html (1765 words)

	Indian Institute of Language Studies (IILS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography (co-author with Madhu Bala).
		Kashmiri aur Hindi bhaashaao: kaa tulnaatmak adhyayan (Acomparative study of Kashmiri and Hindi languages).
		The Kashmiri language (co-author with Ruth Laila Schmidt).
	iils.org /publications.html (2021 words)

	outlookindia.com \| wired
		Regarded as the bedrock of identity of three lakh displaced Kashmiri pandits, use of the mother tongue as a means of communication by the community's Gen Next has fallen to 32 per cent in just 12 years of exile outside Kashmir valley, according to a survey.
		It is becoming very difficult to retain the spoken Kashmiri language at homes at least," he said quoting a recent report by J and K Centre for Minority Studies (JKCMS).
		Only 32 per cent of the community's children and grand children were found communicating in spoken Kashmiri language inside and outside their homes in 2002 as compared to 92 per cent in 1990, when the community had migrated from Kashmir valley following eruption of militancy, the report said.
	www.outlookindia.com /pti_news.asp?id=380502 (935 words)

	MavicaNET - Kashmiri (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Kashmiri is the principal language of the state of Kashmir, long disputed between India and Pakistan.
		In India it is one of the official languages recognized by the constitution.
		Kashmiri is a unique language in the Indian linguistic context.
	www.mavicanet.com /lite/hun/1170.html (358 words)

	Kashmiri alphabet
		Kashmiri or Koshur is an Indo-Aryan language with about 4.5 million speakers in India, Pakistan and the UK.
		The Kashmiri alphabet was adopted from the Urdu version of the Arabic script.
		Kashmiri first appeared in writing during the 8th century AD in the Sharda alphabet.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/kashmiri.htm (91 words)

	Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri
		Kashmiri, popularly known as Koshur, is an Indo-Aryan language.
		Even the opponents of this linguistic classification of this language, grouped it with Dardi, Shrinya, Khowar dialects, which are spoken in the areas adjacent to the valley in its north and north-west.
		Language historians and linguists have often, however, concurred on the theory that the above-mentioned dialects fall in the category of languages that bear resemblance to the Indo-Aryan as well as to the Indo-Iranian languages.
	www.koshur.org (252 words)

	Kashmiri Short Stories
		The short story emerged in the Kashmiri language in 1950 as a literary form distinct from the centuries, old folk tale, fable and parable.
		The three distinguishable phases in Kashmiri short story faithfully reflect the changing life patterns of the Kashmiris and the related cultural framework.
		Harikrishna Kaul is one of the major Kashmiri playwrights of the modern era.
	www.ikashmir.net /stories (489 words)

	Language in India
		These three authors also explain the significance of topic in a V2 language with sufficient examples from kashmiri language and concludes that it is the topic that draws the finite verb to the second position.
		Geetha, discusses language and linguistic determinants of stuttering and states that "Various concomitant languages related and linguistic factors play a crucial role in the onset, development and recovery of stuttering in majority of individuals.
		She wrote that this was a collection of articles on the role of attitudes and motivation in language learning, use, and evaluation, and rather a preponderance of Indian linguists amongst the contributors was felt throughout the book; the data was well chosen and presented in a way that reflected a unique understanding of these languages.
	www.languageinindia.com /jan2003/indicarticles.html (8054 words)

	Kashmiri Writing Today
		The main purpose was to provide yet another opportunity for the lovers of the Kashmiri language to increase their literacy in it.
		Kashmiris generally fear reading their own language; however, I've always maintained that if you know the persio-arabic script and can read Urdu, nothing can stop you from reading Kashmiri too.
		Rafiq Raaz's articles basically shows that repertoire words in the Kashmiri language matches the minimal prosodic elements of the Arabic meter and thus there should be no reason why the Arabic meters cannot be successfuly used in Kashmiri.
	muneeburrahman.blogspot.com (1425 words)

	Multilingual Books June Newsletter
		Sixty million people currently reside in Kashmir, and the dominant language is Kashmiri, which is spoken by 28.5 million people.
		Language is the most powerful means of communication, vehicle of expression of cultural values and aspirations and instrument of conserving culture.
		The oldest spoken language was little more than a few grunts and groans of pre-historic man. It's a little easier to guess with written languages.
	www.multilingualbooks.com /news-8.html (1338 words)

	Kashmiri Language
		nderstanding the complex dynamics of language development in a multi-lingual State like Jammu and Kashmir, is not only a challenging task but also important for creating informed opinion about the status of languages and their role in identity formation.
		Devnagari Script for Kashmiri: A Study in its Necessity, Feasibility and Practicality - Dr. R.
		Language and Politics in Jammu and Kashmir - K. Warikoo
	www.koausa.org /Languages (252 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Kashmiri
		The spoken language of Kashmiri can be heard in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, as well as immediately nearby areas in both India and Pakistan.
		One fact so typical of this politically charged area is that the Kashmiri language is spoken by both Hindus and Muslims, but each group would write the language with a different script.
		The use of the Kashmiri script to write the Kashmiri language is mostly confined to Hindus, while Muslims would write the Kashmiri language with an Arabic-derived alphabet (such as the one for Urdu).
	www.ancientscripts.com /kashmiri.html (134 words)

	[No title]
		If the Indo-Aryan language Kashmiri is known at all to members of the general linguistics community, it is known for its word order: Unlike nearly every other South Asian language, of whatever language family, and independently of West European languages like German, Dutch, and Old French, Kashmiri is a V-2 language(fn 1).
		As we have seen one of the general restrictions on word order in Kashmiri is that the finite element of the verb must come after the first phrasal constituent of a matrix clause.
		Since the V-2 word order in Kashmiri (and a small number of nearby languages: Shina of Gurez, Upper Poguli, Watali...) is geographically isolated, and since surrounding languages are verb-final and have the order of elements shown in (9); let us assume the V-2 order of Kashmiri to be an innovation.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~pehook/kash.verb.html (2106 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:kas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		83% prefer use of Kashmiri as medium in primary school, 48% in middle school (Koul and Schmidt).
		Literacy rate in first language: 88% male 12% female over 35 years of age (Koul and Schmidt).
		Literacy rate in second language: Men 36.3%, women 15.9%; rural 21.6%, urban 45.5% (1981 census).
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=kas (171 words)

	Kashmiri Language and Literature - Kashmiri Magazine of Kashmiri Poetry, Kashmiri Fiction, Kashmiri Criticism -- Neab ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Kashmiri Language and Literature - Kashmiri Magazine of Kashmiri Poetry, Kashmiri Fiction, Kashmiri Criticism -- Neab International
		Ghulam Nabi Khyal is a senior Kashmiri poet, journalist, essayist, and a translator.
		He has edited many journals and newspapers including is own Kashmiri newspaper akhbar-i watan which was launched in 1965.
	www.neabinternational.org (276 words)

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