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	Katorga -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Katorga (ка́торга, from (A native or inhabitant of Greece) Greek: katergon (galley)) was a system of penal servitude in (Click link for more info and facts about Imperial Russia) Imperial Russia.
		Katorgas were established in underpopulated areas of (A vast Asian region of Russia; famous for long cold winters) Siberia and the (Click link for more info and facts about Russian Far East) Russian Far East that had few towns or food sources.
		The most common occupations in katorga camps were (The act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth) mining and (A beam made of wood) timber works.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/k/ka/katorga.htm (471 words)

	Encyclopedia: Katorga
		Katorga began in the (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700.
		Katorgas were established in underpopulated areas of Siberian Russia is a federation which consists of 89 subjects (Russian: субъект(ы); English transliteration: subyekty, sing.
		Anton Chekhov, the famous Russian writer and playwright, in 1891 visited the katorga settlements in the Sakhalin (Russian: Сахалин), also Saghalien, 库页岛 (Ku Ye Dao, Chinese), or Karafuto (Japanese: 樺太) is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45Â° 50 and 54Â° 24 N, in East Siberia, Russia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Katorga (1758 words)

	Katorga - TheBestLinks.com - Anarchist, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Anton Chekhov, Bolshevik, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Katorga - TheBestLinks.com - Anarchist, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Anton Chekhov, Bolshevik,...
		Prisoners were sent to extremely remote camps in vast uninhabited areas of Siberia and forced to perform hard labor.
		Though life in a katorga camp was by no means pleasant, conditions were relatively mild compared to those of the later Gulags.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Katorga.html (425 words)

	Labor camp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Imperial Russia operated a system of remote Siberian forced labor camps as part of its regular judicial system, called katorga.
		The Soviet government took over the already extensive katorga system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the Gulag to run the camps.
		These camps were notorious for their extremely rough conditions; new prisoner death rate was as high as 80% at some camps.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Labor_camps (365 words)

	Fanya Kaplan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1906, Kaplan participated in an attempted assassination of a government official.
		The plot failed and Kaplan was arrested and sentenced to life of katorga works in Akatui, Siberia.
		She was released when the February Revolution overthrew the imperial government.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/f/fa/fanya_kaplan.html (531 words)

	Labor camp :: Web Articles ::
		Though conditions were difficult, they were mild compared to some of the later Stalinist camps.
		For much of the history of the Soviet Union and other Communist states, political opponents, enemies of these governments were often sentenced to forced labour camps.
		The Soviet Gulag camps were the continuation of the punitive labour system of Imperial Russia known as katorga.
	www.webarticles.com /Society/People/Labor-camp (864 words)

	Fyodor Dostoevsky - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On November 16 that year he was sentenced to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group, the Petrashevsky Circle.
		After a mock execution in which he faced a staged firing squad, Dostoevsky's sentence was commuted to a number of years of exile performing hard labor at a katorga prison camp in Omsk, Siberia.
		The incidence of epileptic seizures, to which he was predisposed, increased during this period.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky (1066 words)

	Anne Applebaum -- Gulag: A History Intro
		In 1906, only about 6,000 katorga convicts were serving sentences; in 1916, on the eve of the Revolution, there were only 28,600.
		Of far greater economic importance was another category of prisoner: the forced settlers, who were sentenced to live in exile, but not in prison, in underpopulated regions of the country, chosen for their economic potential.
		Their sentences were not necessarily easy ones, and some of the settlers thought their fate worse than that of the katorga prisoners.
	www.anneapplebaum.com /gulag/intro.html (9506 words)

	Articles - Yelizaveta Kovalskaya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1880, together with Nikolai Schedrin, she took part in organizing the Worker's Union of Southern Russia in Kiev, for which she would be sentenced to an open-ended katorga in 1881.
		In 1882, Kovalskaya was transferred to the Kara katorga.
		In 1903-1917, she was in exile in Switzerland and France, where she would join the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.
	gaple.com /articles/Yelizaveta_Kovalskaya?mySession=1d651fbb194ca710... (274 words)

	Chapter 5
		T is not in vain that the word katorga (hard labour) has received so horrible a meaning in the Russian language, and has become synonymous with the most awful pains and sufferings.
		It is not in vain that the word katorga has received this meaning, and all those who have seriously inquired into the aspects of hard labour in Siberia have come to the conclusion that it really corresponds to the popular conception.
		The places of torture, the proceedings were slowly modified, but the very essence of hard labour has remained the same, and the word katorga has still maintained its horrible meaning.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/prisons/chap5.html (6427 words)

	Dr Andrew A Gentes - The School of History, Philosophy, Religion and Classics at The University of Queensland
		Tsarism's administration of penal labor; the Sakhalin penal colony; women and children in the exile system; a translation of Doroshevich's Sakhalin (Katorga); a comparison between the Romanov and Qing exilic systems.
		"Katorga: Penal Labor and Tsarist Siberia," in The Siberian Saga: A History of Russia's Wild East, ed.
		"Katorga: Penal Labor and Tsarist Siberia," Australian Slavonic and East European Studies 18, nn.
	www.uq.edu.au /hprc?page=19794 (378 words)

	Camel Cigarettes : Buy USA made Camel cigarettes
		The use of exile for political purposes can sometimes be useful for the government because it prevents the exilee from organizing in their native land or from becoming a martyr.
		performing hard labor at a katorga Katorga (ка́торга) was a system of penal servitude in Imperial Russia.
		All but the extreme southwestern area of Siberia lies in Russia, and it makes up about 75% of that country's territory.
	www.cheapcigarettes.dostweb.com /camel_cigarettes.html (992 words)

	The Gulag -- Communism's Penal Colonies Revisited
		In 1943, with the "Great Patriotic War" raging, the Communists introduced an even severer category of labor camp, the "katorga" (hard labor camp), within the ITL system.
		Prisoners assigned to a katorga were assigned the hardest work and received the lowest rations and the least medical attention.
		Within a year these compounds numbered thirteen out of Vorkuta's thirty: their purpose was to kill their inmates.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v21/v21n1p39_michaels.html (3590 words)

	The Sakhalin Times online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Sakhalin Region Administration announced plans to reopen penal labour camps known as ‘katorga’, in order to attract tourists.
		The administration plans to establish a ‘katorga’ tour to increase the flow of tourists, create new work places for the local residents and to increase the local budget, according to the administration’s International, External Economic and Interregional Committee.
		The administration is to hold a round-table discussion on the project’s financing, the land for the project and other important issues.
	www.sakhalintimes.ru /weblog.php?id=C20_8_1 (2155 words)

	Russia’s Far East Region to Reopen Czarist Penal Labor Camps as Tourist Attraction - NEWS - MOSNEWS.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The administration of Sakhalin Region in the Russian Far East intends to reopen penal labor camps known as “katorga”, in order to attract tourists.
		It is planned to establish tours including “katorga” to increase the flow of tourists, create new work places for the local residents and to increase the local budget, the agency quoted the administration’s committee of international, external economic and interregional contacts as saying.
		The restoration of Sakhalin penal labor camps is considered to be in line with cultural and historical tourism, the committee officials told the agency.
	www.mosnews.com /news/2004/10/13/sakhalin.shtml (648 words)

	Moviefone: Katorga Movie
		Synopsis: The Russian historical drama Katorga was distributed in the United States under the title In Old Siberia.
		The NY Times review of Katorga, a Yuli Raizman film starring A. Zhilinsky and P. Tamm.
		Katorga movie trailer, showtimes, tickets and reader reviews are also...
	movies.aol.com /movie/main.adp?mid=1063892 (300 words)

	My Disillusionment in Russia
		He was a member of the military staff of the revolutionary povstantsi of the Ukraina and the close friend and counsellor of Makhno.
		He had already known him intimately when they were together in katorga in the days of the Tsar.
		He had shared all the hardships and danger of the povstantsi life and participated in their campaigns against the enemies of the Revolution.
	www.ditext.com /goldman/russia/ch32.html (1551 words)

	Document 142
		Finally one of them said: Katorga i ssylka.
		KAGANOVICH: He didn't answer because he was afraid, because adventure literature is forbidden.
		KRUPSKAIA: But who knows, if you say any book, you could get into trouble, but if you say Katorga i ssylka, that's all right.
	www.yale.edu /annals/siegelbaum/English_docs/Siegelbaum_doc_142.htm (824 words)

	Raznotravie and Mitya Kuznetsov. Ethno-Kuznya - russian folk music and instruments. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In January 2000 "Raznotravie" invited multiinstrumentalist and performer of folk music Mitya Kuznetsov (known by group "Sedmaya Voda") to be producer and arranger of the new studio album.
		Close collaboration made it possible to find conceptually new sounding for the group "Raznotravie" and record album "Katorga".
		After recording the album Mitya Kuznetsov offered to combine songs of "Raznotravie" and his own solo programm.
	kuznya.ru /raznotravie_e.html (321 words)

	Information about the Cities of Barnaul and Irkutsk in the Siberian Region of Russia
		This company explored new lands in Alaska, Fort-Ross in California, and islands along America coast.
		In the beginning of the nineteenth century, Irkutsk became the center of Siberian exile and many that opposed the Csar were exiled to the "Katorga" (the Csar's Gulag).
		These exiles definitely formed a positive cultural spirit in the city and the famous Russian writer Anton Chekhov referred to Irkutsk as a European City.
	www.raftsiberia.com /trips/info/barnaul-irkutsk.html (375 words)

	The Gulag Archipelago: Volume III: Katorga, Exile, Stalin is No More (Unabridged) - Audio book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In this final volume of a towering work that is both literary masterpiece and living memorial to the untold millions of Soviet martyrs, Solzhenitsyn's epic narrative moves to its astounding and unforseen climax.
		Become a member for as little as $14.95 and save each month.
		And in this work, we hear a people speaking through the impassioned, intrepid, ironic, furious, lyrical, brutal, and often tender voice of the narrator.".
	www.downloadbookshop.co.uk /history/world/the-gulag-archipelago-5.html (465 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Apple rumor community should just admit it: Jobs has them stumped.
		katorga: Apple's already had it done with the developer hardware.
		The reason Apple hasn't shipped anything yet is because they want the new not yet shipping hardware Intel has promised everyone.
	arstechnica.com /journals/apple.ars/2005/10/7/1450 (2540 words)

	Scraps of Moscow: On official hypocrisy and how quickly times change
		Browsing in the basement antiquarian section of my favorite neighborhood bookstore the other day, I noticed on the periodicals shelf a journal with a samizdat-looking cover:
		The typewritten title reads "Katorga i Ssylka" ("Penal Labor and Exile"), 1927, book 36.
		Thinking this was some sort of underground chronicle of Soviet prisons (not that there are any secrets about them any more), I looked for publishing data in the usual places, half expecting to see inside that the whole thing was typed in the manner of the cover label.
	scrapsofmoscow.blogspot.com /2005/01/on-official-hypocrisy-and-how-quickly.html (301 words)

	H-Net Review: Andrew Gentes on Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is a large body of literature, though a demonstrative publication would be L.M. Goriushkin, et al., eds.,
		Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri (XVIII-nachalo XX v.)
		It concerns the number executed by military courts from 1875 to 1908.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=32567996087055 (3606 words)

	Find in a Library: Kreisera ; Katorga : romany
		Find in a Library: Kreisera ; Katorga : romany
		To find a library, type in a postal code, state, province, or country.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/1638baa896a1c254a19afeb4da09e526.html (38 words)

	Discount The Gulag Archipelago: Volume III: Katorga, Exile, Stalin is No More (Unabridged),History,Cheap World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Discount The Gulag Archipelago: Volume III: Katorga, Exile, Stalin is No More (Unabridged),History,Cheap World
		The Gulag Archipelago: Volume III: Katorga, Exile, Stalin is No More (Unabridged) - History
		Copyright 2005© Freeaudioebookscom All Rights Reserved and Terms of Use.
	www.freeaudioebooks.com /World-BK_BLAK_000449.htm (159 words)

	Axis History Forum :: View topic - Finnish related nations fighting in Finland
		Gosh Harri, you are a walking talking history book
		One wonders how many of those ('most?) that got 'tenners' or 'twentyfivers' of Katorga (=Gulag Hard Labour) really DID survive to being released?
		As far as i know there's no book about HeimoP 3.There's Pro Gradu study "heimopataljoona 2" by Veli Ojala made in 1974.
	forum.axishistory.com /viewtopic.php?t=52981&highlight (1382 words)

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