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	Kautilya Arthasastra
		Kautilya, being an Acharya or a revered teacher of King Chandragupta was directly involved in statecraft as the king always sought his advice.
		For example, Kautilya declared that 'mines were the very source from which springs all temporal power for the strength of government and the earth, whose ornament is the treasury, which is acquired by means of the treasury and the army'.
		Kautilya holds that wealth and wealth alone is important, inasmuch as charity and desire depend upon wealth for their realisation.
	www.hinduism.co.za /kautilya.htm (14477 words)

	Public enterprise in Kautilya's Arthashastra: some insights (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kautilya advanced the concept of responsibility accounting' which entailed preparation of budget and activity planning, reporting on the revenue and expenditure, responsibility for both the revenues and expenditures, as well as the profit, personal responsibility for exceeding budget limits and proper delegation of authority.
		Kautilya recommended in addition to responsibility accounting for profits, a detailed information and control system, the purpose of which was to monitor the progress on a periodic basis.
		Kautilya's Arthashastra explains at length as to how the stores have to be managed and the punishment which the different functionaries were required to undergo incase of mismanagement of stores.
	www.hvk.org /articles/0203/223.html (2715 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Kautilya
		However, Kautilya ruefully admits that it is just as difficult to detect an official's dishonesty as it is to discover how much water is drunk by the swimming fish.
		Kautilya's counsel is particularly remarkable because the young Maurya's supporters were not as well armed as the Nandas.
		Kautilya continued to help Chandragupta Maurya in his campaigns and his influence was crucial in consolidating the great Mauryan empire.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Ancient/Kautilya.html (515 words)

	Comparison of Economic Ideas in Arthasastra and Thirukkural
		Kautilya holds that a blind king is better than an erring king, because “a blind king can be made by his supporters to adhere to whatever line of policy he ought to.
		Kautilya describes in detail the plan of how a fort should be built and a blueprint of a city within the fort.
		Kautilya advocated that ‘ on all four quarters of the boundaries of the kingdom, defensive fortifications against enemies shall be constructed: a water fortification, a mountainous fortification, a desert fortification and a forest fortification (A II: III).
	www.geocities.com /tamiltribune/03/1001.html (7908 words)

	KAUTILYA SOCIETY
		The Kautilya Society is a non-profit organization founded in 1998 by professionals working in the fields of philosophical anthropology, religious sciences, education, and communications.
		Kautilya was a court advisor who lived in India during the 4th century B.C. He had sought to persuade the King to exercise knowledge and wisdom to rule his subjects instead of depending solely on military might.
		The headquarters of the Kautilya Society is Ram Bhavan, a house built in a traditional architectural style and situated in the heart of the ancient city along the banks of the Ganga.
	www.kautilyasociety.org /kautilya.htm (456 words)

	[No title]
		The Kautilya Society is a non-profit organization founded in 1998 by professionals working in the fields of philosophical anthropology, religious sciences, education, and communications.
		Kautilya was a court advisor who lived in India during the 4th century B.C. He had sought to persuade the King to exercise knowledge and wisdom to rule his subjects instead of depending solely on military might.
		The headquarters of the Kautilya Society is Ram Bhavan, a house built in a traditional architectural style and situated in the heart of the ancient city along the banks of the Ganga.
	web.tiscali.it /kautilya/kautilya.htm (456 words)

	Opinion
		Kautilya’s Arthasastra is thus a book of political realism, a book analyzing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work, a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good.
		Kautilya is most famous for outlining the so-called Mandala theory of foreign policy, in which immediate neighbours are considered as enemies, but any state on the other side of a neighbouring state is regarded as an ally, or, the enemy of my enemy is my friend.
		Kautilya advised the king that “When he is superior in troops, when secret instigations are made (in the enemy’s camp), when precautions are taken about the season, (and) when he is on land suitable to himself, he should engage in an open fight.
	www.defencejournal.com /2003/mar/kautilya.htm (5840 words)

	KAUTILYA ON THE SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OF ACCOUNTING, ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND THE ROLE OF ETHICS IN ANCIENT INDIA ...
		Kautilya developed bookkeeping rules to record and classify economic data, emphasized the critical role of independent periodic audits and proposed the establishment of two important but separate offices - the Treasurer and Comptroller-Auditor, to increase accountability, specialization, and above all to reduce the scope for conflicts of interest.
		Kautilya wrote The Arthashastra, the science of wealth and welfare, during the latter half of the 4th century B.C.E..
		Kautilya's ideas on the importance of the financial health of the Treasury to achieve the various objectives of the state are also included in this section.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3657/is_200412/ai_n9466070 (950 words)

	Strategic Thingking in Ancient India and China: Kautilya and Sunzi - Giri Deshingkar (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kautilya on the other hand is said to have single-handedly engineered the victory of the Mauryas by destroying the Nanda power and to have put Chandragupta Maurya on the Magadha Ihrone.
		Kautilya assumes that except for the neutral and “indifferent” kings/states, all others in the mandala are of equal strength So, in a concrete situation, the mandala gets divided into two more or less equal blocs, with one blocs-leader seeking to establish hegemony over all the others.
		Kautilya wrote a practical handbook and therefore does not indulge in any theory of a good society, good actions etc. This is why to the modern mind he comes across as a totally amoral and cynical practitioner of strategies of war.
	ignca.nic.in /ks_41041.htm (5549 words)

	indiansaga.info - Who's Who of India
		Actually, Kautilya was the name of his father but Chanakya became more famous with this name.
		According to tradition, Kautilya was born a member of the Brahmin caste and was educated at Taxila (now in Pakistan).
		Kautilya used this moment of unrest to awaken the masses about the need for a strong Indian nation.
	www.indiansaga.com /whoswho/kautilya.html (334 words)

	Political and Social Ethics of India by Sanderson Beck
		Although Kautilya declared that the prince should be taught only justice (dharma) and wealth (artha) and that he should do what pleases his subjects, to his rational mind this may mean warfare and treachery against their enemies.
		For Kautilya the elements of sovereignty were the king, the minister, the country, the fort, the treasury, the army and its ally, and the enemy.
		Kautilya thought that he and those who know the interdependence of the six forms of policy can play at pleasure with kings bound round with chains skillfully devised by himself; but I would submit that those chains based on human violence and suffering bind such an advisor as well and cause untold misery.
	www.san.beck.org /EC10-Social.html (8673 words)

	Kautilya: Still Going Strong
		No political party is. But Kautilya's estimate is that no more than seven out of the 275 who attended the Pachmarhi conclave had fundamental objections to the very idea of liberalisation.
		Kautilya also suspects that the use of the word "socialism" dealt a body blow to the Congress's pro-reform image.
		At Pachmarhi, socialism was defined in terms of a commitment to egalitarianism, full equality of opportunity, greater redistributive justice in an expanding economy and increased access of the poor to the basics of education, health and nutrition.
	www.india-today.com /itoday/21091998/jairam.html (826 words)

	Kautilya Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Kautilya (4th century BC), also known as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, is traditionally known as the author of the Arthashastra, the celebrated ancient Indian work on polity, and as the counselor of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya empire.
		Whatever the nature of accounts of Kautilya's life, it is certain that Kautilya was a historical figure and that he was responsible for the compilation of a work on polity, a work that has exerted a profound influence on the development of political ideas in traditional India.
		Kautilya is a thoroughgoing political realist and often gives the impression of being amoral.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/kautilya (480 words)

	Kautilya's Arthashastra - Spiritual Linkage To Tradition
		Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on economics and politics written by "king maker" Chanakya (also known as Kautilya) in the 4th century BC during the rule of the Mauryan dynasty.
		Kautilya's Arthashastra has described certain behaviors of people who can be controlled and overcome over in case of need.
		The body acts either at the command of the mind (which is full of thoughts, emotions and feelings) or the intellectuality (which is nothing but the understanding, mental power and the intelligence).
	www.atmadarshan.com /kautilyas-arthashastra.htm (254 words)

	Traditional Treatments of Some Incurable Diseases
		Kautilya was also highly conscious about the benefits man gets from different species of animals.
		Kautilya categorized several kinds of elephants and their physical characteristics: war elephants, riding elephants, and untrainable elephants.
		Kautilya mentioned that livestock were also one of the main sources of income of the government.
	www.indianscience.org /essays/t_es_arthasastra_husbandry.shtml (2501 words)

	SiliconIndia Books
		Legend has it that he was either a Brahmin from Kerala or from north India; however, it is certain that Kautilya was the man who destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya as the King of Magadha.
		A master strategist who was well-versed in the Vedas and adept at creating intrigues and devising political stratagems, Kautilya's genius is reflected in his Arthashastra which is the most comprehensive treatise of statecraft of classical times.
		In accordance with this, Kautilya's Arthashastra maintains that the state or government of a country has a vital role to play in maintaining the material status of both the nation and its people.
	www.siliconindia.com /books/newbooks/booksdetails/750 (266 words)

	An Examination of Kautilya's Arthaśāstra, Part One
		Kautilya’s advice is seen by many modern-day scholars as radical and without morality, however, many more argue that the extreme measures advocated by Kautilya (some of which surely must have been used by Chandragupta) were necessary to the times in which he lived.
		Kautilya’s policy was one of action, and by urging his king to rely on science and not religion, he became one of the first to separate church from state.
		Kautilya appears to have had little use for brahmins, since he wrote “by prostration, an enemy may win over Brahmana troops.” But he was taken by the energy, strength, and numbers of the shūdras.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Article/455057 (3028 words)

	Kautilya (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chanakya (c.350 - c.275 BC), also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta, was a professor (acharya) of political science at the TakshasilÃ¢ University and the Prime Minister of Chandragupta Maurya.
		He is regarded as one of the earliest known political thinkers, economists and king-makers.
		He is often referred as most the most crooked of diplomates (Kautilya in Sanskrit means "one who is very cunning").
	www.abcworld.net /Kautilya.html (1504 words)

	Kautilya's Maxims \| The Judge (#16a)
		One difficulty with applying that rule in the present case is that in his comments on administrative and judicial precedents, Kautilya often dispenses with minute and rigid rules of just this sort, and prefers to judge according to circumstances.
		We also note that Kautilya's pronouncements do not normally consider caste differences, which are the main burden of the Usanas rule.
		The low value of the mixed-color animals is perhaps due to their unsuitability for sacrificial purposes; compare LY 6:6, which uses the metaphor of a parti-colored sacrificial animal precisely to protest against intrinsic social distinctions.
	www.umass.edu /wsp/kautilya/maxims/judge/m16a.html (259 words)

	When was Income-Tax introduced?
		Kautilya's Arthasastra was the first authoritative text on public finance, administration and the fiscal laws in this country.
		According to Kautilya, the power of the government depended upon the strength of its treasury.
		Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, was a shrewd political strategist of third century BC.
	www.rediff.com /money/2004/aug/12quiz.htm (885 words)

	Biographies: Chandragupta Maurya :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games
		Kautilya was interested in the boy and his Khastriya origns for the purpose of getting revenge on the reigning Nanda kings of Magadha (in modern Bihar, India).
		Kautilya then bought Chandragupta from the hunter and took him to Taxila (modern Pakistan) where he gave the boy a royal education, in preparation for the purpose he had for Chandragupta.
		Kautilya then took Chandragupta in as his adopted son and took him to Taxila to complete his royal training.
	wildfiregames.com /0ad/page.php?p=8542 (1376 words)

	Welcome to {::} Atma Darshan {::}
		Kautilya’s Arthashastra is the oldest book on Management available to the world.
		No wonder scholars down the centuries have time and again described Kautilya as a rare mastermind who could be an expert in so many varied and specialized fields.
		Kautilya’s Arthashastra is a must for every intelligent person irrespective of which profession he follows.
	www.atmadarshan.com /events/arthashastra.htm (508 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kautilya and Vishnugupta, the names by which the political treatise ArthaÅhÄstra identifies its author, are traditionally identified with ChÄnakya.
		came to be identified with the Mauryan minister it was altered to Kautilya (as it appears in ÄryaÅÅ«ra, ViÅhÄkhadatta and BÄna) for the sake of the pun.
		The new states (in present-day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh) by the northern high road of commerce along the base of the Himalayas maintained contact with TakshasilÃ¢ and at the eastern end of the northern high road (uttarapatha) was the kingdom of Magadha with its capital city, Pataliputra, now known as Patna.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Chanakya (1717 words)

	Learning @ Stanford: Kautilyan Society
		Physical punishment shall be [limited to] slapping her on her behind three times with the hand, a rope or a bamboo cane.
		Kautilya was evidently not a champion of equal rights.
		Kautilya said men who were cruel to women would recieve the same treatment that they meted out.
	www.stanford.edu /~somik/2005/02/kautilyan-society.html (1459 words)

	The Association of Indians in America (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is considered by many scholars to be one of the earliest books devoted to the science of statecraft and the art of acquiring wealth and power.
		This work defies classification: it is a blueprint for aspiring kings, a manual to the achievement of success, a repository of wise quotations and masterpiece of strategic thinking and planning.
		Kautilya, even though Brahmin, was daringly original in upsetting the hierarchy of values.
	www.aiausa.org /awards/kautilya.html (202 words)

	Kautilya’s Arthasastra in the Light of Modern Science and Technology
		A Sanskrit treatise of the fourth century BC, Arthasastra is, ostensibly, the world’s oldest surviving document of its genre.
		Written by Kautilya: the astute Brahmin preceptor and prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya, it is now widely recognized as a classic on statecraft, including a discussion of contemporary Indian polity, political theories, administrative mechanisms, war and peace, and a variety of other subjects.
		Though a lot has already been written on Kautilya’s world view of statecraft, polity and kindred themes, this book is veritably the first ever effort to examine Arthasastra from the standpoint of modern science and technology.
	www.exoticindiaart.com /book/details/IDD112 (315 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As such, when Sun Tzu says, “supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemies resistance without fighting”; Kautilya goes one step ahead by saying, “the arrow shot by an archer may or may not kill a single person; but skilful intrigue, devised by wise men, may kill even those who are in the womb”.
		Kautilya stated very frankly that the only way a king can survive in the world is the rule of the fish, the big one eating up the smaller; only an empire of considerable size and power and free from all internal instability could deter big fishes or alien invasions.
		On the other hand, Kautilya had filled much of his thick book with dirty tricks of statecraft (which are paying their negative dividends even today in South Asia).
	www.bangladesh-web.com /view.php?hidDate=2005-05-19&hidType=OPT&hidRecord=0000000000000000045321 (1160 words)

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