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	Kazakh language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kazakh, also Kazak, Qazaq, Khazakh, Kosach, and Kaisak (Қазақ тілі in Cyrillic, Qazaq tili in the Latin alphabet, and قازاق تءىلءي in the Arabic alphabet) is a Western Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak.
		Kazakh is an agglutinative language, and it employs vowel harmony.
		Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, along with Russian, the official language of commerce.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kazakh_language (493 words)

	Kazakh
		Although Kazakh has a well developed tradition of oral poetry, it was not written until the middle of the 19th century when Russians, who ruled the Kazakhs since the 18th century, started to settle the nomadic Kazakhs and to russify their culture and language.
		Until 1929, Kazakh was written with the Arabic script; from 1929 to 1940 it was written with the Roman script; and from 1940 on with a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet that consists of the standard Russian letters plus additional symbols to represent Kazakh sounds.
		Kazakh is considered to be a Category II language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/Kazakh.html (614 words)

	Kazakhstan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kazakhs emerged from a mixture of tribes living in the region in about the 15th century and by the middle of the 16th century had developed a common language, culture, and economy.
		Kazakhstan is a bilingual country: the Kazakh language, spoken by 64.4% of the population, has the status of the "state" language, while Russian is declared the "official" language, and is used routinely in business.
		The name Kazakh, both for the people and for the nation itself, is derived from the ancient Turkic words "ka" which means "great" and "sak" which means the name of ancient tribe and the Avestan/Old Persian(See Indo-European languages) word "stan" which means "land" or "place of".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kazakhstan (4305 words)

	Ancient History
		The Kazakh khanate existed until 1718 when Taukekhan, the last khan of all the Kazaks, died and numerous steppe khans, who governed small groups of Kazakhs on small areas, took over the power, this was the beginning of disintegration and recession which resulted in joining of the khanate to the Russian Empire.
		Kazakhs originally nomads and farmers who loved freedom and owned tremendous herds, succulent pastures and rich lands in the foothills and in river valleys.
		However, when speaking about Kazakhs and their first state, the Kazakh khanate, it should be mentioned that the origin of the people as well as the origin of their statehood are rooted in a very distant time.
	expat.nursat.kz /?3299 (2016 words)

	Wikinfo \| Kazakh
		Native speakers of Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uighur can easily communicate without the need for a translator; Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen can easily be picked up - due to the close similarity - for example: "al" means "take" in Kazakh, but it means the same thing in almost any Turkic language.
		Kazakhs were not allowed to marry if they had a common predecessor within 7 generations.
		There is one Kazakh autonomous prefecture in the People's Republic of China: the Illi Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Kazakh (412 words)

	History of Kazakhstan:Turkestan
		The word “Kazakh” in the old Turkic language meant “free” or “independent” which perfectly fit the character of the people who had been long yearning for their own independent state.
		However, thanks to the courage of the “batyrs” (knights), the decisiveness of the Kazakh leader Ablai Khan, the diplomatic skills of the Kazakh ‘biys’ (sages) Tole Bi, Kazdausty Kazybek Bi, Aiteke Bi, and self sacrifice of the people, the Kazakhs escaped total capture and physical annihilation.
		The Kazakh khans were forced to seek the military protection of the Russian Empire, which eventually led to Kazakhstan’s loss of sovereignty in 1871.
	www.homestead.com /prosites-kazakhembus/History.html (887 words)

	CULTURAL HERITAGE AND CONTEMPORARY CHANGE
		Hegel and Marx in the steppes of Kazakhstan – that was the philosophical paradox of the history of philosophy during the Soviet period.
		Kazakh philosophy, being very close to a world, has the concepts of a traditional culture which, while avoiding the loss of its existential character, at the same time is not identified completely with a field of culture.
		This is because Kazakh philosophy is internally closer to the universal trends of culture, to its smells of the mountains and steppes and the winds of a nomadic civilization.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series03/IIIC-2/chap-3.htm (8341 words)

	inform.kz \| 119067
		As soon as nomadic tribes by the name of ‘Kazakh’ emerged on a political arena, with Kerei Khan and Zhanibek Khan and their children in a head, the name ‘Uzbek’ was spread over tribes edged out to the south and settled in Maverannakhr.
		The word ‘Kazakh’, ‘Kazar’ and ‘Kazakhiya’ are terms derived from one root, and appeared on a definite stage of human activity.
		As an ethnic name the word ‘Kazakh’ could have appeared due to its carriers who lived in the steppe and followed their own form of management until the name was finally fixed.
	www.inform.kz /showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=119067 (1638 words)

	HUNMAGYAR.ORG - TURAN - KAZAKHSTAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Kazakhs converted at a relatively late date and were never very strong practitioners of their faith, that also came to preserve elements of their traditional religion.
		The Kazakhs had been obliged to accept Russian apportionment of their hunting grounds, and were soon prohibited from using the fertile land, known as the "Inner Side", between the Ural and Volga rivers.
		Between 1926 and 1939, the Kazakh population declined by 22%, due to starvation, violence and out-migration to Afghanistan, to Chinese-occupied East Turkestan and to Uzbekistan.
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/kazakh/kazakh.html (1679 words)

	KAZAKH TRADITIONAL COSTUMES - OUTERGARMENTS, DRESSES, HEADGEAR, FOOTWEAR
		Kazakh traditional costumes were made from well-chosen materials and fashioned to suit the conditions of nomadic life and the ever-fluctuating weather conditions.
		The kupi is an indispensable outer-garment during the mild frosts in spring and autumn.
		Kazakh traditional costumes are a treasury of folk art that fades into antiquity and is strongly linked with nomadic traditions.
	www.bukhara-carpets.com /kazakh_traditional_costumes.html (1825 words)

	ACLS: Collaborative Research Network
		The continued salience of "nomadic nostalgia" to contemporary Kazakh identity in Kazakhstan is clearly demonstrated by their recently selected national stigmata: the flag of Kazakhstan, which has the famous flying horses beneath the interior dome of the yurt on a field of blue sky.
		While this may not be the rule for all Kazakh auyls of the Altai, it represents a new form of household economy and social organization that is perhaps due to the collectivized experience of the 1960s and 1970s.
		Kazakh notions of transhumance based on the auyl that trace to the roots of nomadic descent lines also extend far beyond any contemporary configurations of the nation-state.
	www.acls.org /crn/network/meetings_nyc_gladney.htm (6207 words)

	History - Kazakhstan - Asia
		Most of present-day Kazakhstan became part of the territory ruled by his son Chagadai, but the western and most of the northern parts were included in the far-reaching empire of the Golden Horde established by Batu Khan, Genghis’ grandson.
		The khan Haq Nazar succeeded in uniting the Kazakh hordes between 1538 and 1580, but by the 17th century the Kazakhs were again fragmented.
		In the 1680s the Kazakhs began to fight a series of wars against invaders from the east called Oirots, a group of four Mongol tribes, including Dzungars, that sought to conquer Kazakh lands.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/kazakhstan/history.htm (294 words)

	[No title]
		Biography of the poet, the writer and pedagogue Magzhan Zhumabaev (1893 -1937), co-founder of modern Kazakh literature and victim of the reprisals.
		Interweaving of Kazakh poetry with oriental literature at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th Century.
		History of Kazakh literature of the 8th till the 19th Century.
	www.buchversand-krieger.de /liter.htm (2605 words)

	[No title]
		Hardback In Kyrgyz, history of Kyrgyzstan, EUR 18,92
		History of the Tajiik from the antiquity to the beginning of the 20th Century.
		History of the republic Altai (formerly one autonomous territory in the region Altai) from the beginnings to the middle of the 18th Century.
	www.buchversand-krieger.de /his.htm (9430 words)

	New Page 0
		The population history of the highly dispersed Kazakh and genetic relationship of these people with their neighbors and other Turkic speaking groups have remained considerably unexplored, which led us to convey an initiative genetic survey of the Kazakhs in Altayan Republic.
		We analyzed the mtDNAs from two Kazakh villages (Chan and Kosh) in Altayan Republic using RFLP analysis to determine the possible genetic prehistory of the Kazakhs of the region.
		The villages appeared to have a considerable difference in overall genetic composition, particularly in frequencies of H and C. Another important observation is that the ethnographic clusters within the village of Chan show significant amount of genetic difference.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~gokcumen/reserach.htm (1036 words)

	WWW : Cooking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ilaving lived side by side with Kazakhs many tens of years, sharing bread, grief and joy with them the fratemal peoples exerted influence on the art of cookery, everyday life and culture of the Kazakh people adopting simultaneously its best cultural and life traditions.
		If during its century-old history the Kazakh people has accumulated much experience in processing and cooking meat and milk dishes, the present-day life has replenished this set by dishes made of vegetables, fruits, fish, sea products, as well as baked and meal makings and sweets.
		In this book the most popular dishes of the Kazakh national cuisine are presented, the technology of their making under home conditions is described, the recipes are intended mainly for 4 persons.
	www.kz /eng/cooking/cooking.html (695 words)

	Books from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		History of ancient societies and states on the territory of Kazakhstan, world historical processes and struggle of the Kazakh people for freedom and independence.
		This period was characterized by aggressive attacks of the Turks, their blind belief to seize and to control Kazakh territories, their obsession to settle the culture, religion and social system of the Turks there.
		Major objectives of social and economic reforms, establishment of independent public institutions, the history of political pluralism development, as well as the foreign policy of the state are depicted.
	www.thorntonsbooks.co.uk /RusMIPP-1.html (5240 words)

	CULTURAL HERITAGE AND CONTEMPORARY CHANGE
		Having expanded into the Kazakh steppe, Islam has not become the leading principle of state life and policy, but is a strong part of the global orientation of the society, and an important part of the religious-cult and the public practice of religion.
		However, not everyone shares this viewpoint of the medieval history of the eastern and European Aristotleism, pointing out that the great importance of Ibn Sina for the European historio-philosophical process does not mean a defining role in the cultural and philosophical interaction of the ancient and the Arab-Moslem traditions.
		In modern literature on Kazakh philosophy we hear many disputable opinions on Tengryanism as a religious system, which divide according as Tengryanism is understood as a polytheistic or a monotheistic religion.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series03/IIIC-2/chap-1.htm (12642 words)

	Open Directory - Society: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		History Explained - Examines the background history that is needed to understand the major economic and political problems in the world today.
		History Guide - Internet-based subject gateway to scholarly relevant information in history, maintained at the State and University Library at Göttingen, Germany.
		History News Network - Aspires to put news in historical context by publishing articles written by historians on current events topics.
	dmoz.org /Society/History (759 words)

	Olcott testimony
		Kazakh values could certainly be construed as supportive of democratic ideals.
		history to explain why their country is the most democratic of the
		Unlike history, geography is not subject to reinterpretation.
	www.eurasianet.org /resource/kazakhstan/links/olcott.html (1546 words)

	Kazakh Adoptive Families: Resources for learning the Kazakh language
		The biggest problem I had with this one is that the quality of the type isn't great, so it's hard to tell the difference between q and k in print and the n and ng (the Kazak k and n with and without a tail).
		Introduction to Kazakh: Grammatical Outline, Kazakh Reader, Kazakh-English Phrasebook, and Kazakh-English Glossary by John R. Krueger, published in 1980 by the Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies at Indiana University.
		This page is in Kazakh, and the link opens in a new window so that you can follow the direction to get to the broadcast [thanks, Suzanne] April 2006 this appears to be no longer active.
	kazakhadoptivefamilies.com /language.html (3250 words)

	Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Some republics had common history and geographical regions, and were referred by group names.
		Conceding the weaknesses of their past approaches in solving new problems, the leaders of the late 1980s were seeking to mold a program of economic reform to galvanize the economy.
		The leadership, headed by Mikhail Gorbachev, was experimenting with solutions to economic problems with an openness (''glasnost'') never before seen in the history of the economy.
	soviet-union.ask.dyndns.dk (4275 words)

	Kazakhstan, Kazakh People & Traditions, Kazakh Shop-Store, Kazakhstan Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakstan, Kazak Nomads, ...
		Kazakhs believe that the name of a person foretells and determines his/her future.
		Families that had no boys gave the name to a girl with a certain wishful meaning: Ultuar, Ulbolsyn (may she be followed by a boy)...
		Catch The Girl is a traditional horseracing game played in a large open field by a young girl and a young man. A landmark is set up at the racing distance as a finishing post.
	www.kazakhcrafts.com (495 words)

	Kazakh Adoptive Families: Turkestan/Turkistan
		"A beautiful site of the ancient Kazakh history in the south of the country, Turkestan (Yasi city) was on the crossroads of an old caravan route - Great Silk Route branch - trade road between Desht-and Kypshak steppe and farming oasis of Central Asia - Horezm, Tashkent, Buhara and Samarkand.
		In XV - X cenuries Turkestan was the residence of Kazakh Khans.
		A particular source of local pride is a two-ton sacred vessel, made of seven metals and used for storing holy water, that was returned to the mausoleum in 1989 after being on display at the Hermitage (in St. Petersburg, Russia) for 50 years." Previously on the Gateway to Kazakhstan.
	www.kazakhadoptivefamilies.com /cities/turkistan.html (1554 words)

	Makhambet Utemisov History Summary
		Makhambet Utemisov (Maxambet Otemisuly) was a distinguished Kazakh poet and political activist.
		He is remembered for his leading part in the insurrection of the Kazakhs against the oppressive rule of the khan of the Inner Horde, Zhangir, as well as against Russian colonialism, in 1836–1837.
		Makhambet also composed meditative poems (termed tolghau in Kazakh), on themes such as the decay of morals or the transience of human life.
	www.bookrags.com /history/worldhistory/makhambet-utemisov-ema-03 (264 words)

	Kazakh Photo Books: General
		The other half is a photo album with numerous pictures of the beautiful land.
		Documenting his life is documenting a century of Kazakh history.
		When you are ready, please send your order to KZorder@yahoo.comPlease provide you e-mail, full name and mailing address and references along with the details of your order (item, quantity, special instructions).
	kazakh-books-and-music.netfirms.com (133 words)

	REENIC: Bosnia and Herzegovina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		History of Kazakstan (sic!) (a collection of facts from the Kazakh history; includes a chronological timeline)
		History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (an essay on Kazakh history; part of www.countryreports.org Bosnia and Herzegovina site)
		UCLA Language Materials: Kazakh Language Profile (information on the languages of the country; a list of academic institutions with the Uzbek studies program and a reference list of printed publications included)
	menic.utexas.edu /reenic/bosnianew.html (1369 words)

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