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	Kazimierz Twardowski on Ideas and their Intentions
		Twardowski's merit was to advocate effectively the classical (correspondence) concept of truth, the extensive discussion of which accelerated the emergence of semantics in the narrower sense as contrasted with syntax.
		Kazimierz Twardowski and the rise of the analytical movement in Poland pp.
		The rationalistic paradigm of Franz Brentano and Kazimierz Twardowski.
	www.formalontology.it /twardowskik.htm (1178 words)

	CHAPTER VI
		Twardowski maintains that the task of ethics as a science is to define an ethical criterion and justify it.
		Twardowski comes to the conclusion that relativism in relation to ethical norms is possible, only when we speak about certain rules operating at a given time, in a given society, at a certain stage of the historical development of mankind.
		Twardowski as a supporter of scientific ethics claims that it occupies the area between two extremes – a state of sanctity where it becomes useless, and a state of war with everybody where it is necessary.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series04/IVA-25/chapter_vi.htm (10176 words)

	Kazimierz Twardowski - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski, Ritter von Ogończyk (October 20, 1866, Vienna, Austria – February 11, 1938, Lwów, Poland) was a Polish philosopher and logician.
		Twardowski studied philosophy in Vienna with Franz Brentano and Robert Zimmermann.
		There Twardowski established the Lwów-Warsaw School of logic and became the "father of Polish logic", beginning the tradition of scientific philosophy in Poland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kazimierz_Twardowski (259 words)

	Anna Drabarek
		Their activities varied; Twardowski’s disciples carried their research within the domain of psychology as well as logic, arriving at different ontological viewpoints (nominalists and realists), many of them concentrated on ethics, aesthetics, history of art and philosophy.
		Twardowski and his circle were aware that the strength of a new Polish nation was inherent in the knowledge and wisdom of its individuals, that thanks to education people were able to feel an inner need of self-perfection.
		Twardowski and his disciples were successful as philosophers, especially as teachers, exerting a considerable influence on the personalities of their students.
	www.phil.muni.cz /fil/etika/zpravy/drabarek.html (3962 words)

	Lvov-Warsaw School (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2004 Edition)
		Twardowski appeared in Lvov with the ambitious plan of creating a scientific philosophy (in Brentano's spirit) in Poland (at that time, Poland was partitioned between Austro-Hungary, Germany and Russia; Lvov belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.) In fact, he subordinated all his activities to achieving this task and considerably limited his own scientific work.
		Although Twardowski was not a logician and did not consider himself as such, his program formed a friendly environment for logic in all its subdomains: formal logic, semantics and methodology of science.
		Twardowski himself favoured descriptive psychology as basic, but many of his students found logic to be the most important source of methodological criteria for philosophy.
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/fall2004/entries/lvov-warsaw (7424 words)

	CHAPTER V
		Twardowski writes "If we encounter a case that a particular hypothesis or theory was – as the relativists say – true only for a certain scope of experience, the fact is that the hypothesis or theory was not true at all, but was false from the very beginning.
		As is easily seen, Twardowski’s observation just quoted disagrees with those relativists who try to show the rightness of their thesis on the existence of relative truths by deducing the thesis from the assumptions of epistemological subjectivism, which would have to mean the primaeval logical status of the latter.
		Twardowski does not endeavour to analyse the circumstances in which truth and fallacy appear as non-logical values: once as an instrumental value that is only relative, and at another time as an autotelic and absolute value ("in itself and for itself").
	www.crvp.org /book/Series04/IVA-25/chapter_v.htm (7700 words)

	Twardowski
		The role of Twardowski in Polish philosophy can be compared to that of G.E. Moore in 20th-century English philosophy by virtue of his having been the founder of a national tradition of thought endowed with originality and accorded international recognition - the so-called Lvov-Warsaw School.
		Inspired by Aristotle, the Scholastics and in particular Brentano, Twardowski clarified the distinction the latter made between the act and the content of a psychological phenomenon, stating that the term representation was at times taken to mean the act of representation, i.e.
		In Vienna Twardowski took a doctorate in philosophy in 1891 with a dissertation on Descartes (under the supervision of R. Zimmerman) and also pursued studies in classical philology, mathematics and physics, in a richly stimulating intellectual environment that was later to give birth to the Vienna Circle.
	www.fmag.unict.it /~polphil/PolPhil/Tward/TwardEngl.html (1388 words)

	Lvov-Warsaw School (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, Stanisław Leśniewski, Jan Łukasiewicz and Alfred Tarski are its most famous members.
		Twardowski and Ajdukiewicz (appointed professor in 1928) remained in Lvov.
		All members of the LWS inherited from Twardowski his main metaphilosophical claims concerning clarity, justification and the separation of philosophy from world-views.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/lvov-warsaw (7409 words)

	Stanislaw Lesniewski
		His dissertation was approved by Kazimierz Twardowski, who, for his wide-ranging influence on Polish intellectual life, is known as the father of contemporary Polish philosophy.
		Twardowski, like Edmund Husserl (the founder of Phenomenology), was a student in Vienna of Franz Brentano, an Aristotelian and Scholastic philosopher who, although not himself interested in formal logic, was noted for his precise and thorough analysis of philosophical problems.
		Already learned in the history of logic, to which he was to make outstanding contributions, Lukasiewicz was at the time studying the work of the German logicians Gottlob Frege and Ernst Schröder, the importance of which he was mainly responsible for making known in Poland, and teaching his first course in mathematical logic.
	www.cs.ualberta.ca /~piotr/Mizar/mirror/http/sum/lesniewski.html (1218 words)

	Amazon.com: Kazimierz Twardowski On Actions, Products And Other Topics In Philosophy: Books: Kazimierz ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kazimierz Twardowski (20.10.1866, Vienna - 11.02.1938, Lvov) is most commonly known as the teacher of great philosophers and the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School.
		As a philosopher however, he is primarily remembered for his famous comparison of the contents and objects of various kinds of representations, a comparison that remains enshrined in European thought.
		Kazimierz Twardowski's work, formulated in plain, precise language, are instructive and inspiring for contemporary students of philosophy.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/9042007885 (642 words)

	Warsaw Univ. PL * MATHESIS UNIVERSALIS: No.1, Winter 1996 * J.J.Jadacki: "Polish Analytic Philosophy"
		The close predecessor of Kazimierz Twardowski in the Lvov University, Aleksander Raciborski, the minute inquirer of John Stuart Mill's A system of logic.
		Twardowski, e.g., states directly that "Greek philosophers dowered almost the whole posterior European philosophy with the mental matter" (cf.
		Professor Simons is right in his opinion that Twardowski was "the most influential of all Polish philosophers" [202], but it is true only in relation to the first half of XXth century.
	www.calculemus.org /MathUniversalis/1/MU1_4-2.html (1507 words)

	PS 40: Synopsis
		Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz was born in 1890, the son of a civil servant.
		Among his university teachers in Lvov were, in philosophy 3/4 Kazimierz Twardowski himself a disciple of Franz Brentano, in logic 3/4 Jan Lukasiewicz and, in mathematics 3/4 Waclaw Sierpinski.
		Until the outbreak of World War II he was, at first, docent and then professor of philosophy in the universities of Lvov and Warsaw (in Warsaw from 1926 to 1928).
	www.cs.okstate.edu /~poznan/vols/ps40sum.html (1085 words)

	Kasimierz Twardowski
		Der polnische Philosoph und Logiker Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski, Ritter von Ogonczyk (eingedeutscht auch: Kasimir Twardowski, * 20.
		Twardowski betonte den Unterschied von Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellung.
		Kazimierz Twardowski on Ideas and their Intentions (engl.)
	www.philosophenlexikon.de /twardow.htm (251 words)

	[No title]
		In the summer semester of 1910, wanting to write his doctorate under Kazimierz Twardowski's supervision, he finally arrived at the University of Lwow (now Lviv, Ukraine), which was then, as Lemberg, the capital of Galicia (Austro-Hungarian Empire).
		Philosopher and logician, Lesniewski belonged to the first generation of the Lwow-Warsaw School founded by Kazimierz Twardowski, and is one of the most remarkable scientific personalities in the history of logic.
		Together with Jan Lukasiewicz and Alfred Tarski, his sole doctoral pupil, he formed the troika which in the 20s-30s of this century made the University of Warsaw perhaps the most important research center in the world for formal logic.
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/rsolecki/stanislaw_lesniewski.html (695 words)

	Mathematics
		At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries they founded the Lwów and Warsaw School of Logic, led by Kazimierz Twardowski.
		Kazimierz Twardowski introduced a fundamental differentiation between the content and the subject of presentations.
		Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz demonstrated the existence of certain categories of concepts which are mutually untranslatable and was the creator of what is known as the "Categorical Grammar"; this was later applied in the development of machines to translate texts from one language to another.
	www.poland.gov.pl /Mathematics,498.html (669 words)

	Thomistic Institute 1999:
		I will then present a critique of the general project of this group, although I will be unable to enter into much detail.
		The Lvov-Warsaw School was initiated by the Polish philosopher Kazimierz Twardowski at the end of the nineteenth century.
		Twardowski was strongly influenced by, and was in fact a former student of, Brentano.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/ti99/pouivet.htm (2058 words)

	Roman Ingarden
		Husserl considered Ingarden one of his best students, and the two remained in close touch until Husserl's death in 1938 (their philosophical correspondence was eventually published as Husserl's Briefe an Roman Ingarden).
		Ingarden also studied philosophy in Lvóv with Kazimierz Twardowski (who, like Husserl, was a student of Franz Brentano).
		When Husserl accepted the chair at Freiburg, Ingarden followed him, submitting his dissertation “Intuition und Intellekt bei Henri Bergson” in 1917, for which he received his Ph.D. in 1918, with Husserl as director.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /archives/fall2004/entries/ingarden (4735 words)

	Kazimierz VTA: vta, village, villages, town, towns, area, areas locations - 1000s of Famous Locations of movies, film ...
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		Kazimierz Pu±aski w polskiej i amerykanskiej swiadomosci: Materia±y z polsko-amerykanskiej konferencji naukowej w Warce-Winiarach, 8-10 pazdziernika 1997 r
	www.famouslocations.com /vta/kazimierz.php (410 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Philosophy in a Cold Climate
		In his extensive study of its vicissitudes during the Stalinist period Zbigniew Jordan observes that its beginning can be exactly dated.
		In 1895, when he was thirty-one, Kazimierz Twardowski returned from working with Franz Brentano in Vienna to take up a chair at the University of Lwow.
		While in Vienna he had written an important monograph on philosophical psychology and he could well have gone on to a successful career in the highly professional surroundings from which Husserl, Meinong, and the phenomenological movement in general were emerging.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/article-preview?article_id=11718 (360 words)

	The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Kazimierz Twardowski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Click here to see the students listed in chronological order.
		According to our current on-line database, Kazimierz Twardowski has 3 students and 472 descendants.
		If you have additional information or corrections regarding this mathematician, please use the update form.
	genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu /html/id.phtml?id=13344 (66 words)

	Lesniewski (print-only)
		In Lwów he studied mainly philosophy and also took mathematics courses, attending mathematics lectures by Jozef Puzyna and Waclaw Sierpinski.
		Lesniewski, whose doctoral supervisor was Kazimierz Twardowski, published the two papers A contribution to the analysis of existential propositions and An attempt at a proof of the ontological principle of contradiction while still undertaking his doctoral research.
		These papers were published in Lesniewski's mother tongue of Polish but in 1913 a Russian translation of the two papers was published under the single title Logical Studies.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Printonly/Lesniewski.html (1071 words)

	Kazimierz Twardowski Books - Signed, used, new, out-of-print
		Kazimierz Twardowski Books - Signed, used, new, out-of-print
		by Kazimierz Twardowski, Kasimir Twardowski, R. Grossmann (Introduction by)
		We guarantee the condition of every book, new or used.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/author/Kazimierz_Twardowski (107 words)

	Amazon.ca: Sur les objets intentionnels, 1893-1901: Books: Kazimierz Twardowski,Edmund Husserl,Jacques English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Amazon.ca: Sur les objets intentionnels, 1893-1901: Books: Kazimierz Twardowski,Edmund Husserl,Jacques English
		by Kazimierz Twardowski (Author), Edmund Husserl (Author), Jacques English (Author)
		Publisher: learn how customers can search inside this book.
	www.amazon.ca /objets-intentionnels-1893-1901-Kazimierz-Twardowski/dp/2711611736 (136 words)

	Internetowa Galeria Sztuki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kazimierz Twardowski was born in 1952 in Olszanka near Nowy S±cz.
		After finishing the Secondary School of Art in Tarnów he completed his studies in Fine Arts an the Nicholaus Copernicus University in Toruñ.
		1983 - Exhibition of Paintings of K. Twardowski's Painting and W³.
	www.galeria.mnet.pl /ktwardowski/index2.html (678 words)

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