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Topic: Keck Interferometer

	Keck Interferometer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It will combine the light from the twin Keck telescopes to measure the emission from dust orbiting nearby stars, directly detect the hottest gas giant planets, image disks around young stars and other objects of astrophysical interest, and survey hundreds of stars for the presence of planets the size of Uranus or larger.
		The summit site, where the Keck telescopes are located, are surrounded by thousands of miles of relatively thermally-stable ocean, the 13,800 foot (4,206 m) Mauna Kea summit has no nearby mountain ranges to roil the upper atmosphere or throw light reflecting dust into the air.
		Made possible through grants totaling nearly $200 million from the W.M. Keck Foundation and NASA, the observatory is operated by CARA for the California Institute of Technology, and the University of California, with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which joined the partnership in October, 1996.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Keck_Interferometer (428 words)

	Interferometry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In astronomy (such as with the Keck telescopes), this is used to combine light from two or more telescopes to obtain measurements with higher resolution than could be obtained with either telescope individually.
		The VLT Interferometer is expected to produce its first images soon, followed by other interferometers such as the Keck Interferometer and the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer which may consist of up to 10 optical telescopes.
		However, interferometers are perhaps even more widely used in integrated optical circuits, in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, in which light interferes between two branches of a waveguide that are (typically) externally modulated to vary their relative phase.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Interferometry (719 words)

	Interferometry biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In astronomy (such as with the Keck telescopes), this is used to "combine" two telescopes.
		The proposed Keck interferometer will have 6 optical telescopes working in such an array for astronomy research, while the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer may have an array of up to 10 optical telescopes.
		The basic building blocks of a laboratory Michelson interferometer are a monochromatic light source, usually a laser, a detector, two mirrors and one semitransparent mirror.
	interferometer.biography.ms (519 words)

	CERN Courier - Keck heralds a new era for o - IOP Publishing - article
		On the night of 12 March, the Keck interferometer in Hawaii began operations.
		It is currently the largest optical telescope in the world, with a resolution equivalent to that of a single telescope with a diameter of 85 m.
		The Keck interferometer consists of two 10 m telescopes made up of 1.8 m mirror segments.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/41/4/13/1 (336 words)

	NAI News Article: An Astronomy First: Telescopes Double-team Hawaiian Night Sky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Keck Interferometer will be able to detect planets farther from their parent stars, which means their reflected light would be dimmer and harder to detect.The unique pairing process will help pave the way for future interferometers in space, such as the Terrestrial Planet Finder, which will look for Earthlike planets.
		The development of the Keck Interferometer is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.
		The W.M. Keck Observatory is funded by Caltech, the University of California, and NASA, and is managed by the California Association for Research in Astronomy, Kamuela, HI.
	nai.arc.nasa.gov /news_stories/news_print.cfm?ID=182 (766 words)

	[No title]
		These observations will be used to (1) test and validate the performance of the Keck Interferometer; (2) develop a set of useful tools and procedures to enable a broad range of astronomers to successfully use the Keck Interferometer; (3) provide exciting new science with a minimum of risk and maximum payoff.
		The commissioning of the Keck Interferometer represents a radical advance in the scientific capabilities of infrared interferometry, the first step toward an expected 500-fold increase in sensitivity over the best current facilities.
		When combined with detailed radiative transfer modeling, the near-IR sizes measured by the Keck Interferometer will reveal the geometry and physical conditions of the inner regions of accretion disks for T Tauri and nearby Herbig Ae/Be systems with unprecedented clarity.
	research.hq.nasa.gov /code_s/nra/current/NRA-01-OSS-03/winners.html (645 words)

	The Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP): Computation of the Cost of a Night of Keck Telescope Observing
		The cost of one night of observing with one of the Keck 10-meter telescopes is derived from two numbers; total annual cost of the Keck facility divided by the number of nights the telescopes are used for observations by the Keck Observatory partners.
		The earliest that the Keck Observatory can provide observing nights to the TSIP is in calendar year 2003, so the computation of cost per night is computed for FY03 (the Keck fiscal year matches the federal fiscal year).
		The total development cost for the Keck telescopes was $183.1 million, which is a combination of two phases: Phase I ($101.4 million) and Phase II ($81.7 million).
	www.noao.edu /system/tsip/keck_cost.html (422 words)

	newscast: oemagazine.com: Powered by oe magazine. The Monthly Publication of SPIE—The International Society for ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		These observations marked the first time an optical/infrared interferometer detected any object outside our galaxy and were followed a few weeks later by observations of a second galaxy with the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope Interferometer.
		The Keck Interferometer gathers light waves with two telescopes, then combines the waves so they interact, or "interfere" with each other.
		In this respect, the Keck Interferometer is equivalent to an 85-m telescope.
	oemagazine.com /newscast/100703_newscast01.html (516 words)

	AppendixA
		The Keck Interferometer, which is funded by NASA as a joint development between JPL and CARA, will combine the two 10-meter (m) Keck telescopes with four 1.8-m "outrigger" telescopes as an interferometer array capable of addressing a broad range of astronomical science.
		The Keck Interferometer is designated as a ground-based component of the NASA Office of Space Science (OSS) theme called the Astronomical Search for Origins and Planetary Systems that addresses fundamental questions about the formation of galaxies, stars, and planetary systems, the prevalence of planetary systems around other stars, and the formation of life on Earth.
		The Keck Interferometer is designed to extend our knowledge into the formation of stars and planets, take an inventory of planets in the solar neighborhood, and provide NASA with data on the prevalence of zodiacal dust in nearby stars.
	research.hq.nasa.gov /code_s/nra/current/NRA-01-OSS-03/AppendixA.html (1826 words)

	Interferometry : Interferometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The proposed Keck interferometer[?] will have 6 radio telescopes working in tandem for astronomy research.
		The basic building blocks of a Michelson interferometer are a monochromatic light source, usually a laser, a detector, two mirrors and one semitransparent mirror.
		The interferometer setup shown above was used in the famous Michelson-Morley experiment that provides evidence for special relativity.
	www.eurofreehost.com /in/Interferometer.html (411 words)

	Keck Telescope Control System
		However, the original Keck 1 control system was not based on EPICS; the EPICS control system was written for Keck 2 and then retrofitted to Keck 1 in March 1997.
		The full-up interferometer system consists of the interferometer itself (delay lines, fringe tracker etc.), two 10m Kecks (each with an NGS AO system), and four 1.8m Outrigger telescopes (each with a fast tip/tilt mirror).
		The W. Keck Observatories are operated as a scientific partnership between the California Institute of Technology and the University of California.
	adass.org /adass/proceedings/adass99/O8-02 (2886 words)

	Tim Williams - University of Arizona - Astronomy
		Using the Keck Telescopes, the group surveying quasars as old as twelve billion years to reach the startling conclusions.
		The Keck Interferometer obtained Keck-Keck fringes on the night of March 12, 2001.
		Keck Observatory for the international rate of sixty cents as part of this series.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~trw/astro (530 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
		Keck Interferometer Project manager Paul Swanson said the achievement will eventually lead to a whole new class of telescopes.
		The interferometry used by Keck is expected to allow astronomers to find smaller, dimmer planets, more like Earth, which might have life on them.
		The Keck Observatory is funded by Caltech, the University of California and NASA, and is managed by the California Association for Research in Astronomy.
	starbulletin.com /2001/03/15/news/story18.html (504 words)

	Keck twins open new paths to universe - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper
		The two Keck telescopes, each with a mirror 33 feet across, were trained on a galaxy called NGC 4151.
		When astronomers studied the data from the Keck interferometer, they found that infrared light came from a much more defined area than they expected.
		The Keck interferometer is part of NASA's Origins Program, which seeks to discover the source of life on Earth and elsewhere.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /article/2003/Oct/03/ln/ln02a.html (515 words)

	Keck Telescope, and other Keck Telescope information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Keck Telescope in Hawaii, a joint project of Caltech and the University of...
		The Keck Observatory Vision "A world in which all humankind is inspired and united by the pursuit of knowledge of the infinite variety and richness of the Universe.
		The dome for the 10-m aperture Keck Telescope is smaller than the dome which houses...
	www.maxiscopes.co.uk /directory/keck-telescope.html (437 words)

	IAU Symposium 202 - Poster paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Keck Interferometer, working in the near infrared, has sufficient angular resolution and sensitivity to detect some of the currently known extrasolar planets; however, the intensity dynamic range required (1:50,000) is substantially beyond the capability of the traditional techniques of optical and infrared direct-detection interferometers.
		The differential phase technique is a multi-wavelength, self-referenced phase measurement which relies on a chromatic, asymmetric brightness distribution to effectively convert a problem of intensity dynamic range into one of phase dynamic range.
		We report on the demonstration of this technique at the Palomar Testbed Interferometer and discuss the application of the technique to the Keck Interferometer.
	ast.star.rl.ac.uk /symp202/posters/swain.html (197 words)

	MSC -- Keck Interferometer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Located atop Mauna Kea, Hawaii, the Keck Interferometer (KI) will use the world's largest pair of optical telescopes, the Keck Telescopes, and four proposed small outrigger telescopes to create an
		interferometer array with a sensitivity unmatched by any ground-based instrument of its type.
		Information on MSC user services for KI is given here.
	msc.caltech.edu /keck.html (276 words)

	Twins Combine Planetary Light :: Astrobiology Magazine :: Search for Life in the Universe
		In its ability to resolve fine details, the Keck Interferometer is equivalent to an 85-meter (279-foot) telescope.
		To make these measurements, the interferometer's optical system adjusts the light paths to a fraction of a wavelength of light, and adaptive optics on the telescopes remove the distortion caused by Earth's atmosphere.
		The development of the Keck Interferometer is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington.
	www.astrobio.net /news/article514.html (943 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Getting a close-up view of planetary birth
		She is part of a JPL team that was recently selected, along with other teams from the science community throughout the United States, to investigate the evolution of stars and planets using the Keck Interferometer.
		The Keck Interferometer will be able to observe all such sources within the cloud, thus shedding light on how frequently conditions are right for the creation of Earth-like planets.
		The Keck Interferometer is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0110/09birth (988 words)

	Astronomy News & Links: First Light for Keck Interferometer
		The two Keck telescopes were combined for the first time as an Interferometer on the night of Monday, March 12.
		The path to the interferometer from each Keck consists of the telescope itself, an adaptive optics (AO) system on the Nasmyth platform of the telescope, a coude train to get the light to the basement, some transport optics, a long delay line (stationary for these observations) and a fast delay line.
		The fast delay lines are pre-positioned at a position where the pathlengths from the two Keck telescopes are predicted to be matched.
	www.astrophys.org /news/2001/010315_keck1stlight.html (464 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Two become one: Giant telescopes linked
		On Monday night, the two 10-metre (33-foot) Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii produced a combined image of HD61294, a faint star in the constellation Lynx.
		The Keck Interferometer will be able to detect planets farther from their parent stars - planets which are more likely to harbour life.
		The VLT interferometer's main components are four 8.5-metre (28-foot) telescopes, three of which are now in operation.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1222000/1222425.stm (318 words)

	Stellar interferometry and MIDI
		A pathlength change in one arm of the interferometer by a fraction of a wavelength causes the fringes to move.
		A stellar long-baseline interferometer consists of an array of several separate telescopes, (at least two) which redirect starlight to a central location where interference fringes are formed.
		For ground-based interferometers there are additional aspects to consider in order to to get interferometric fringes: the effects due to the turbulence of the atmosphere and to mechanical vibrations.
	www.mpia-hd.mpg.de /MIDI/About.html (961 words)

	Caltech Press Release, 9/27/2000, Dr. Shri Kulkarni, Shrinivas Kulkarni
		Researchers using the testbed interferometer at Palomar Observatory have achieved the best-ever distance measurement to a type of star known as a Cepheid variable.
		The improvement is due to the use of the Palomar Testbed Interferometer, of which JPL engineer Mark Colavita is the principal investigator and codesigner.
		The interferometer combines the images from two 16-inch telescope mirrors in such a way that images are as sharp as they would be if the telescope mirror were 360 feet in diameter.
	pr.caltech.edu /media/Press_Releases/PR12081.html (817 words)

	optics.org - Employment Centre - Job: Interferometer Scientist/Optics Engineer - Waimea, HI
		The Interferometer currently combines the light from the two Keck telescopes; four 1.8-m telescopes are proposed to be added.
		The Keck Interferometer is part of the NASA Origins program and as such the goals are primarily the detection of planets and providing information for future space-based interferometers.
		Specific science goals include: exozodiacal dust detection by nulling the light from the two Kecks, differential phase with the Kecks to detect hot Jupiters, astrometry with the 1.8-m telescopes to detect Uranus mass planets, and imaging with all six telescopes.
	optics.org /jobs/jobdetail/4439 (429 words)

	Werewolf.com Discussion Boards - A Galaxy Far, Far Away
		The Keck Interferometer, with its 10-meter (33-foot) telescopes, has the sensitivity needed to detect objects outside our galaxy.
		In this respect, the Keck Interferometer is equivalent to an 85-meter (279-foot) telescope.
		The development of the Keck Interferometer is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology.
	www.werewolf.com /vb/showthread.php?t=1137 (675 words)

	Physics Today May 2001
		A faint star in the constellation Lynx was the first object observed by astronomers using the two newly linked, 10-meter Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii.
		Interferometers have existed for years in radio astronomy, but the technology required to link large-scale optical telescopes has only recently been developed (see Physics Today May 1995, page 42
		Many of the techniques used with the Keck interferometer were adapted from the Palomar Testbed Interferometer in California, says Mark Colavita of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
	www.physicstoday.org /pt/vol-54/iss-5/p28c.html (235 words)

	Earth Change News on Earth Changes TV on the Web
		Proving that two telescopes are better than one, NASA astronomers have combined starlight from a pair of Hawaiian 10-meter (33-foot) telescopes, creating an "optical interferometer" with the resolving power of a huge single telescope 85 meters wide -- nearly the size of a football field.
		This successful test at the W.M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea makes the linked telescopes, which together are called the Keck Interferometer, the world's most powerful optical observing system.
		On Monday, March 12, 2001, starlight from HD61294, a faint star in the constellation Lynx, was captured by both Keck telescopes and transported across a sophisticated optical system spanning the 85 meters (275 feet) separating the two telescopes.
	www.earthchangestv.com /breaking/March_Part2_2001/0316combined_telescopes.htm (733 words)

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