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	Cassini spots new Saturn moon making waves
		The images show the tiny object in the center of the Keeler gap and the wavy patterns in the gap edges that are generated by the moon's gravitational influence.
		The Keeler gap is located about 250 kilometers (155 miles) inside the outer edge of the A ring, which is also the outer edge of the bright main rings.
		The similarities of the Keeler gap features to those noted in Saturn's F ring and the Encke gap led imaging scientists to conclude that a small body, a few kilometers across, was lurking in the center of the Keeler gap, awaiting discovery.
	science.monstersandcritics.com /news/printer_7907.php (728 words)

	Keeler, James Edward (1857-1900)
		An American astrophysicist, probable discoverer of the dark narrow gap in the outer part of the A ring of Saturn, and the second director of Lick Observatory.
		Keeler was (it seems accidentally) cheated of his rightful fame when the A ring gap became known as Encke’s Division.
		After 1898 Keeler’s attention was focused on the study of the nebulae in William Herschel’s hundred-year-old catalogue of which he managed to photograph half.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/K/Keeler.html (282 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Keeler, James E. American astrophysicist, probable discoverer of the dark narrow gap in the outer part of the A ring of Saturn, and the second director of Lick Observatory.
		Keeler was (probably accidentally) cheated of his rightful fame when the A ring gap became known as "Encke's Division".
		Encke had earlier seen a broad, poor contrast feature in the A-ring which is quite different from the sharp, distinct gap that Keeler recorded on the very first night of observing with the Lick 36-inch refractor.
	library.thinkquest.org /26649/glossary/k.htm (233 words)

	Cassini finds a new Saturn Moon that makes waves
		The Keeler gap is located about 250 kilometres (155 miles) inside the outer edge of the A ring, which is also the outer edge of the bright main rings.
		The similarities of the Keeler gap features to those noted in Saturn's F ring and the Encke gap led imaging scientists to conclude that a small body, a few kilometres across, was lurking in the centre of the Keeler gap, awaiting discovery.
		The Keeler gap edges also bear similarities to the scalloped edges of the 322-kilometre-wide (200-mile) Encke gap, where the small moon Pan (25 kilometres, or 16 miles across) resides.
	www.pparc.ac.uk /Nw/keeler_moon.asp (954 words)

	TITLE: Keeler, James Edward
		When Keeler was born, his father was a partner in the La Salle Iron Works; previously, he had been a watchmaker and had traveled to China and around the world after having no success during the California Gold Rush.
		Keeler drew a picture of the solar corona during the eclipse, with the aid of a two-inch aperture telescope with a large field of view; this drawing was published along with his first scientific paper, as part of the United States Naval Observatory report on the eclipse.
		Keeler was one of the pioneers in utilizing Spectroscopy to study the composition of light from stars, nebulae, and other celestial objects.
	johnbrashear.tripod.com /bio/KeelerJ.htm (1635 words)

	Rings of Saturn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are several gaps between the rings, all of which are caused by orbital resonances between the tiny particles that comprise the rings, and one or more of Saturn's moons.
		Present in the gap between the C ring and D73 is finescale structure with waves 30 kilometres apart.
		The Keeler Gap is a 42-kilometre-wide gap in the A Ring, approximately 250 kilometres from the ring's outer edge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Keeler_gap (1544 words)

	Close-up Look at Saturn's Rings :: Astrobiology Magazine - beginning study of life - Origin - evolution - life beyond ...
		The large gap in Saturn's A ring (upper right image), known as the Encke Gap, is the 2nd largest gap in Saturn's ring system.
		The gap is produced by Pan, a 20-kilometer-wide (12-mile-wide) moonlet that orbits within the gap.
		The Keeler Gap (middle left) is shown as a narrow gap near the outer edge of Saturn's A ring and is a mere 30 kilometers (19 miles) wide.
	www.astrobio.net /news/article1052.html (820 words)

	This Rings of Confusion!
		Their A ring gap, like De Vico's, was not in the position that Encke's was; on the other hand, the supposedly new gap of Lassell and Dawes was in almost the same position as the gap reported by De Vico.
		After the discovery of the C ring, a gap was reported between it and the B ring; the existence of this feature was hotly debated for some time until it was finally conceded that the gap exists.
		It is a little harder to say about Keeler, the gap named for him is perhaps large enough to be observed from Earth (though NASA credits discovery of the Keeler Gap to Voyager), but I have not found a record that he observed it.
	obs.nineplanets.org /psc/guest/medkeff.html (1489 words)

	Keeler, James Edward - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		KEELER, JAMES EDWARD [Keeler, James Edward] 1857-1900, American astronomer, b.
		In the course of his examination of the spectra of the heavenly bodies, he furnished confirmation for James Clerk Maxwell's theory that the rings of Saturn are composed of meteoric particles.
		In 1898, Keeler returned to Lick Observatory as director, and there, working with the Crossley reflector, he observed and photographed large numbers of nebulae whose existence had never before been suspected.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-keeler-j1.html (247 words)

	[64.02] Wavy Edges and Other Disturbances in Saturn's Encke and Keeler Gaps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Each of these gaps in Saturn's rings (both located near the outer edge of the A Ring) is inhabited and maintained by a known moon (Pan, and the newly-discovered S/2005~S1, respectively).
		The situation is quite different in the Keeler Gap edges, where only ~3 wavecycles appear before undergoing a transition, in which the edge recedes from the gap's center by ~5 km, and the waveform takes on a turbulent appearance, lacking any sharp edge.
		Thus, the total width of the Keeler Gap varies by a factor of nearly 50%, from 32 to 47 km.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v37n3/dps2005/524.htm (356 words)

	NOVA \| Voyage to the Mystery Moon \| Anatomy of the Rings (non-Flash) \| PBS
		The largest gap in the main set of rings, nearly 3,000 miles wide, is the Cassini Division, named after Jean-Domenique Cassini, who discovered it in 1676.
		It separates the main rings B and A. While this "gap" actually contains faint ringlets and is not as empty as it appears from Earth, its inner boundary is kept sharp by the moon Mimas.
		The Keeler gap is at the upper right, but its four-mile-wide embedded moon is not pictured here.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/titan/anat-nf.html (1421 words)

	Astronomy News
		The tiny object is located in the centre of the Keeler gap and the wavy patterns in the gap edges that are generated by the moon's gravitational influence.
		The new moonlet orbits approximately 136,505 kilometres from the centre of Saturn.
		The Keeler gap edges also bear similarities to the scalloped edges of the 322-kilometer-wide Encke gap, where the small moon Pan (25 kilometres across) resides.
	www.activeboard.com /forum.spark?forumID=58381&p=3&topicID=2856329 (1354 words)

	informationsphere.com: Keeler, James E.
		American astrophysicist, probable discoverer of the dark narrow gap in the outer part of the A ring of Saturn, and the second director of Lick Observatory.
		Keeler was (probably accidentally) cheated of his rightful fame when the A ring gap became known as 'Encke's Division'.
		Encke had earlier seen a broad, poor contrast feature in the A-ring which is quite different from the sharp, distinct gap that Keeler recorded on the very first night of observing with the Lick 36-inch refractor.
	www.informationsphere.com /html/1836.htm (139 words)

	Unexplained Mysteries :: New Saturn moon makes waves
		The images show the tiny object in the centre of the so-called Keeler gap in Saturn's A ring.
		The wavy patterns of the gap edges are generated by the moon's gravitational influence.
		The Keeler gap is located about 250km (155 miles) inside the outer edge of the A ring, which is also the outer edge of the bright main ring system.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /viewnews.php?id=40564 (336 words)

	International Cassini Mission Finds New Saturn Moon, May 10, 2005
		The international Cassini spacecraft has confirmed that there is a moon hidden in a gap in Saturn's outer A ring, according to a May 10 NASA press release.
		The images show the tiny object in a region of Saturn’s distinctive rings known as the Keeler Gap.
		The Keeler Gap is located about 250 kilometers inside the outer edge of the A ring, which is also the outer edge of the bright main rings.
	www.usembassy.it /file2005_05/alia/a5051105.htm (1020 words)

	Discovery of the Wavemaker
		The movie sequence (which consists of 12 images taken over 16 minutes while Cassini gazed down upon the sunlit side of the A ring) shows a tiny moon orbiting in the center of the Keeler Gap, churning up waves in the gap edges as it goes.
		The Keeler gap is located about 250 kilometers (155 miles) interior to the outer edge of the A ring, which is also the outer edge of the bright main rings.
		The similarities of the Keeler gap features to those noted in Saturn’s F ring and the Encke gap led the scientists to conclude that a small body, a few kilometers across, was lurking in the center of the Keeler gap, awaiting discovery.
	www.eurekalert.org /multimedia/pub/403.php (433 words)

	ESA - Cassini-Huygens - New moon making waves
		The images show the tiny object in the centre of the Keeler gap and the wavy patterns in the gap edges that are generated by the moon's gravitational influence.
		The Keeler gap is located about 250 kilometres inside the outer edge of the A ring, which is also the outer edge of the bright main rings.
		The new object, or 'moonlet', is about 7 kilometres across and reflects about half the light falling on it - a brightness that is typical of the particles in the nearby rings.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Cassini-Huygens/SEM1XQ5TI8E_0.html (579 words)

	Saturn - The Rings
		The Cassini gap is also visible in larger telescopes, but we now know that this gap is not really a gap at all.
		The gap is actually the orbit of the moon Pan.
		A moon that is in orbit with the rings help the rings maintain their near perfect circular shape.
	astronomyonline.org /SolarSystem/SaturnRings.asp (340 words)

	Unseen moons may shape Saturn's rings - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		Bright bands in the left part of the image are peaks of a density wave caused by gravitational stirring of the rings by the moon Janus.
		The evidence is in the form of "spiky wisps" of material that protrude into the Keeler gap from its outer edge.
		She stressed that the size estimate is just a guess, based on the size of the gap — just 22 miles (35 kilometers) wide — the dynamics involved, and the fact that the moon has never been seen.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/6504538 (1147 words)

	Planet Surveyor - New Moon of Saturn Discovered (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Imaging scientists had predicted the new moon’s presence and its orbital distance from Saturn after a set of peculiar spiky and wispy features was seen in the Keeler gap’s outer edge in July 2004.
		The Keeler gap is a 42-kilometer-wide gap in the A ring, approximately 250 kilometers from the ring's outer edge.
		The Encke gap is a perceived gap within the A ring, starting 133,580 kilometers from Saturn’s center and extending another 325 kilometers.
	www.planet-surveyor.com /printout82.html (333 words)

	The Alphabet Soup of Saturn's Rings - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		In between the A and B rings is a fl gap called the Cassini division.
		This gap is kept mostly free of large particles because of gravitational interactions with the moon Mimas.
		The view reveals myriad ringlets, gaps, wave patterns, and subtle color variations across the rings, particularly the B ring, which lies at the center of the view.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/saturn/rings.html (2277 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA07584
		Cassini's cameras were retargeted to capture the tiny Keeler Gap moon S/2005 S1, visible at the center and first discovered by Cassini a few months ago.
		The Keeler moon is 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) across and orbits within its 42-kilometer (26-mile) wide gap.
		The much larger Encke Gap (325 kilometers, or 200 miles wide) is seen here at the upper right, minus its embedded moonlet, Pan.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA07584 (253 words)

	The Nine Planets Glossary
		Keeler, James E. American astrophysicist, probable discoverer of the dark narrow gap in the outer part of the A ring of Saturn, and the second director of Lick Observatory.
		Encke had earlier seen a broad, poor contrast feature in the A-ring (now called the "Encke Minimum" by some amateurs) which is quite different from the sharp, distinct gap that Keeler recorded on the very first night of observing with the Lick 36-inch refractor.
		On the other hand, the "Encke" gap which was seen by Keeler may have been seen even earlier by Francesco De Vico, William Lassell and/or the Rev. William R. Dawes.
	www.nineplanets.org /help.html (4940 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: Cassini Peels Back Saturn System Layers
		One study suggests a moon only a few miles wide is responsible for creating patterns at the edge of the Keeler gap, located near the outer edge of Saturn's main rings.
		Protruding into the gap are what looks like spikes of material, features that match wisps on the inner edge of the next ring, the F ring.
		She suspects a moon about five kilometers, or three miles, in diameter is sculpting the edge of the Keeler gap.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20041115/saturn.html (451 words)

	Image of the Day : Saturn Moon Makes Waves
		NASA’s Cassini orbiter has confirmed that a small satellite just four miles (seven kilometers) is circling Saturn within the Keeler gap in the planet’s rings, disturbing the nearby rings with its gravitational effects.
		Astronomers believe the edges of the Keeler gap appear similar to the scalloped edges of the Encke gap, which spans 200 miles (322 kilometers) and serves as home to the moon Pan.
		Using observations to ring waves in the Encke gap, researchers were able to estimate Pan’s mass and hope to do the same for S/2005 S1.
	www.space.com /imageoftheday/image_of_day_050513.html (223 words)

	Moonlet found between Saturn’s rings
		The images show the tiny object in the center of a gap between the rings known as the Keeler gap.
		The Keeler gap is about 250 kilometers (155 miles) inside the outer edge of Saturn’s A ring, which is also the outer edge of the bright main rings.
		“We anticipate that many of the gaps in Saturn’s rings have embedded moons, and we’ll be in search of them from here on.” Closer observations of the new body may take place in the next several months, the researchers said, as Cassini continues its intensive survey of Saturn’s beautiful and mysterious rings.
	www.world-science.net /othernews/othernews-nfrm/050511_saturn.htm (691 words)

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