Kellogg-Briand Pact

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Topic: Kellogg-Briand Pact

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	Pact - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pact is a commune in the Isère département in France.
		A pact is a formal agreement, usually between two or more nations.
		This page was last modified 13:08, 4 May 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pact (58 words)

	AllRefer.com - Kellogg-Briand Pact (International Organizations) - Encyclopedia
		Frank B. Kellogg, the U.S. Secretary of State, returned a proposal for a general pact against war, and after prolonged negotiations the Pact of Paris was signed by 15 nations : Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United States.
		Ultimately, however, the pact proved to be meaningless, especially with the practice of waging undeclared wars in the 1930s (e.g., the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, and the German occupation of Austria in 1938).
		The pact never made a meaningful contribution to international order, although it was invoked in 1929 with some success, when China and the USSR reached a tense moment over possession of the Chinese Eastern RR in Manchuria.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/K/KelloggB.html (427 words)

	Kellogg - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Kellogg-Briand Pact, also called the Pact of Paris and, more formally, the Treaty for the Renunciation of War, multilateral treaty signed by 15...
		Kellogg was born in Tyrone, Michigan, and educated at...
		Kellogg, John Harvey (1852-1943), American surgeon, hygienist, and food manufacturer.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Kellogg.html (91 words)

	Aristide Briand
		B. Kellogg signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris).
		Briand returned to power in 1921 and as well as being prime minister (1921-22, 1925-26 and 1929) he was also foreign minister between 1925 and 1932.
		Briand, became secretary-general of the French Socialist Party in 1901 and the following year was elected to Chamber of Deputies.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWbriand.htm (873 words)

	JURI 4640: International Law I - Class 19: The Limits of International Law
		This violation of the Pact provided one of the grounds for the Nuremberg prosecutions at the end of the war, and a number of German leaders were ultimately found guilty of waging aggressive war, in violation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
		The Kellogg-Briand Pact was adopted in 1928, primarily at the initiative of France and the United States.
		But those who made the pact, or at any those of its members who took it seriously, made the same mistake as the early international lawyers, but without their excuse.
	www.lawsch.uga.edu /~bodansky/courses/International_Law/class19.html (1570 words)

	Kellogg-Briand Pact
		They were also concerned that the pact would result in tying the United States into some sort of indirect alliance with the French.
		Briand then wrote a direct appeal to the American people to accept the idea.
		President Coolidge and Secretary of State Kellogg were unhappy with this direct appeal to the American people.
	www.multied.com /TheTwenties/Kellogg-Briand.html (318 words)

	Kellogg-Briand Pact, Hiroshima/Nagasaki
		The Kellogg-Briand Pact had its genesis in the international antiwar and disarmament conferences held in the 1920s in the aftermath of World War I. In 1927 Briand suggested that the U.S. and France abolish the possibility of war between them.
		The treaty was sponsored and drafted by U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and Foreign Minister Aristide Briand of France.
		As a result of the negotiations that followed, the pact bound its signatories to renounce war as an instrument of national policy and to settle international disputes by peaceful means.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~mwfriedm/terms/adele25.html (578 words)

	Frank Billings Kellogg Biography / Biography of Frank Billings Kellogg Biography
		Kellogg's conduct of foreign affairs is examined in Robert H. Ferrell, Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1952), and Lewis E. Ellis, Frank B. Kellogg and American Foreign Relations, 1925-1929 (1961).
		For this Kellogg received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929 and was appointed a member of the Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague, a post he held from 1930 to 1935.
		Signed in August 1928 and ratified by most of the nations of the world, this pact bound the signatory nations not "to resort to war as an instrument of national policy" and to settle all disputes by peaceful means.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-frank-billings-kellogg (525 words)

	An extract from H
		In February 1925 he sent to Herriot proposals for a peace pact which was to apply to a particular region of Europe and was to be guaranteed by France, Great Britain, Italy, and Germany.
		The Pact was not a single measure but consisted of several treaties closely related together.
		The first step towards this end was taken by the French Foreign Minister, Aristide Briand, who on 6th April 1927, the tenth anniversary of the United States' entry into the war, proposed that France and the United States should undertake to outlaw war between themselves.
	www.johndclare.net /LoN_Disarmament_Brett.htm (1848 words)

	Kellogg-Briand Pact - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions
		The Kellogg-Briand Pact, also known as the Pact of Paris, was a treaty between the United States and other nations "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy".
		Frank B. Kellogg, the United States Secretary of State, responded with a proposal for a general pact against war.
		It was proposed in 1927 by Aristide Briand, foreign minister of France, as a treaty between the USA and France outlawing war between the two countries.
	www.questionz.net /War/Kellogg-Briand_Pact.html (393 words)

	Kellogg-Briand Pact
		Most damaging perhaps for the United States was that the Kellogg-Briand Pact may have induced some in positions of authority to delay action in the face of aggression, hoping in vain that the terms of the agreement would be honored.
		Kellogg began to see advantages in such an agreement, but insisted that the concept be expanded to encompass many nations.
		Columbia University professor James T. Shotwell met with Briand in France and suggested that a bilateral treaty be negotiated that would outlaw war between the two nations.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1485.html (580 words)

	Kellogg-Briand Pact
		Developed in 1928 by United States Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand to jointly denounce war, the
		The pact was eventually ratified, often hesitantly, by 65 nations.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/interwaryears/terms/term_C.9.html (49 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly Chronicles Short-lived peace
		Although the El-Nahhas government was dismissed at the end of June, the Wafd Party moved to present the Egyptian point of view to the parties that were to be the initial signatories of the Kellogg- Briand Pact.
		On 6 April 1927, Briand approached the US with a proposal to conclude a treaty condemning war "as an instrument of international policy." Kellogg was wary of the proposal, which he perceived as a bid to draw the US into an alliance with the French against Germany.
		The pact aimed to establish and safeguard recognised borders between these nations and to ensure that all future disputes be resolved though arbitration.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2002/579/chrncls.htm (2485 words)

	Equipo Nizkor - Judgment of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal.
		In interpreting the words of the Pact, it must be remembered that international law is not the product of an international legislature, and that such international agreements as the Pact have to deal with general principles of law, and not with administrative matters of procedure.
		The nations who signed the Pact or adhered to it unconditionally condemned recourse to war for the future as an instrument of policy, and expressly renounced it.
		In the opinion of the Tribunal, the solemn renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy necessarily involves the proposition that such a war is illegal in international law; and that those who plan and wage such a war, with its inevitable and terrible consequences, are committing a crime in so doing.
	www.derechos.org /nizkor/nuremberg/judgment/cap5.html (2772 words)

	ARISTIDE BRIAND - MANUSCRIPT LETTER SIGNED 02/02/1908
		In 1928, with U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg, Briand formulated the Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing war as a means of solving disputes.
		Briand was Foreign Minister (1915-17, 1921-22, 1925-26, 1926-1932) and Prime Minister (1909-11, 1913, 1915-17, 1921-22, 1825-26, 1929) of France.
		Briand" as French Minister of Justice, 2p, 4½x7.
	www.galleryofhistory.com /archive/5_2003/leaders/ARISTIDE_BRIAND.htm (200 words)

	Re: Kellogg-Briand Pact
		: Is the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 a treaty which is, today, the Supreme Law of The Land in the United States?
		: : Is the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 a treaty which is, today, the Supreme Law of The Land in the United States?
		The thrust of the document, in effect to outlaw war as an instrument of policy, has been replaced in international law with the UN Charter and the customs and laws of war of the modern era.
	www.internationallawhelp.com /Forum/messages/561.html (716 words)

	Return to Top Return to Contents Next Chapter Previous Chapter
		Though the Kellogg-Briand Pact was developed in response to a French effort to draw the United States into an alliance, it certainly restored some of the moral force U.S. policy had lost when the Senate refused to consent to ratifying the Treaty of Versailles and the League Covenant.
		The Pact was a far cry from a legal equivalent of the Covenant, however.
		Some even believed the Pact established a justification for unneutral acts by aggrieved parties when the Pact was violated by another.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair33/m33c3.html (1820 words)

	TimePieces: Kellogg for Peace
		Former Rochester attorney Frank B. Kellogg co-authors the Pact of Paris (better known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact), which renounces war as an act of national policy.
		Kellogg farmed in the 1870s until he became an attorney for the city of Rochester.
		Kellogg is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1930.
	events.mnhs.org /Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=200 (218 words)

	Bailey American Pageant
		Aristide Briand, the French foreign minister, angered U.S. Secretary of State Frank Kellogg when Briand asked the American people directly whether they would sign a treaty with France to prevent future wars.
		Kellogg believed that Briand should have gone through the normal diplomatic channels.
		Kellogg, adopting an idea from isolationist Senator William E. Borah, proposed a multilateral treaty that fifteen nations signed.
	college.hmco.com /history/us/bailey/american_pageant/11e/students/primary/kellogg.htm (289 words)

	Kellogg Briand Pact
		On this day, 27th August, in 1928 representatives of Germany, the United States of America, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Poland and the Czechoslovak Republic renounced war as an instrument of National Policy by signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
		Kellogg delayed for months, partly fearful of a two-nation entanglement.
		Via Guardian Unlimited : The Signing of the Pact On this day, 27th August, in 1928 representatives of Germany, the United States of America, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Poland and the Czechoslovak Republic renounced war as an instrument...
	www.anoasis.co.uk /archives/000253.html (190 words)

	The AntiFederalist Papers:
		Coauthored by Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Arsitide Briand, who had been awarded the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize, the agreement was intended to “outlaw” war forever.
		The General Pact for the Renunciation of War.
		The high contracting parties [nations] solemnly declare in the names of their respective peoples that they condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it as an instrument [tool] of national policy in their relations with one another.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /plegal/tips/t4prod/faubelwq4.html (992 words)

	Rebuilding International Order
		The spirit of Locarno was reinforced by the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928.
		Worked out by US Secretary of State James B. Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Briand, the agreement was signed by 60 nations, including the US, Germany, and the Soviet Union.
		The leading signatories (French Foreign Minister Briand, German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann, and British Foreign Secretary Sir Austin Chamberlain) received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for their efforts.
	www.appstate.edu /~brantzrw/history3134/REBUILDING.HTML (2602 words)

	University of Missouri Special Collections
		The Treaty of Arbitration, the Treaty of War, Peace, and Friendship, and the Treaty for the Renunciation of War (Kellogg-Briand Pact) are thoroughly documented.
		Other documents deal with the Renunciation of War Treaty of 1928, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, consular negotiations on claims against United States citizens, the protection of Yugoslavian citizens traveling in the United States, and the reciprocal rights of each country's citizens to acquire and hold estates.
		Other documents in this small decimal file relate to the rights and policies of the United States in Morocco, the Algeciras Convention of 1921, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, extraterritorial rights, commerce and trading, consular functions, workmen's compensation, and naturalization.
	mulibraries.missouri.edu /specialcollections/natarchmf11.htm (2407 words)

	The Moron's Almanac: News and Misinformation
		The peace achieved by the Kellogg-Briand Pact was an idyll like none other.
		Virtually all of the major powers of the world signed the Kellogg-Briand pact in Paris on August 27, 1928.
		75 years ago today, U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg suggested a worldwide pact renouncing war as an instrument of national policy.
	www.justmorons.com /articles/day021217.html (239 words)

	JURIST - Paper Chase: August 27: This day at law ~ Kellogg-Briand Pact signed renouncing war
		Bernard Hibbitts at 12:01 AM On August 27, 1928, representatives of thirty-two nations gathered in Paris signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of national policy and agreeing to the peaceful settlement of disputes between them.
		JURIST - Paper Chase: August 27: This day at law ~ Kellogg-Briand Pact signed renouncing war
		August 27: This day at law ~ Kellogg-Briand Pact signed renouncing war
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /paperchase/2004/08/august-27-this-day-at-law-kellogg.htm (250 words)

	Kellogg–Briand Pact
		It took its name from the US secretary of state Frank B Kellogg (1856–1937) and the French foreign minister Aristide Briand.
		Some successes were achieved in settling South American disputes, but the pact made no provision for measures against aggressors and became ineffective in the 1930s, with Japan in Manchuria, Italy in Ethiopia, and Hitler in central Europe.
		Agreement negotiated in 1928 between the USA and France to renounce war and seek settlement of disputes by peaceful means.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019617.html (243 words)

	JAPANESE CONQUEST OF MANCHURIA 1931-1932
		He was convinced that the Japanese military operation in Manchuria "must fall within any definition of war" and that this act of aggression had been deliberately accomplished in "utter and cynical disregard" of Japan's obligations under the Kellogg-Briand Pact of August 27, 1928 for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy.
		The United States Government, in identic notes of October 20, 1931 to China and Japan, called attention to their obligations under the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
		On September 22 Secretary Stimson informed Japanese Ambassador Debuchi at Washington that the responsibility for determining the course of events with regard to liquidating the situation in Manchuria rested largely upon Japan, "for the simple reason that Japanese armed forces have seized and are exercising de-facto control in South Manchuria".
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/WorldWar2/manchuria.htm (1102 words)

	United States History - Internet Resources - Foreign Relations History - Key Primary Sources
		Kellogg Briand Pact, 1927 (renounces war as an instrument of national policy)
		Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Frank B. Kellogg, standing, with representatives of the governments who have ratified the Treaty for Renunciation of War (Kellogg-Briand Pact), 1929.
		Washington Conference, 1922 (great power treaties that attempted to prevent a naval arms race)
	www.humanities.mcmaster.ca /ushistory/foreign/1920prim.html (137 words)

	Highlights of 1928 from Pocantico Hills School
		August 27 - The Kellogg-Briand Pact was formed.
		The Goethals Bridge spans the Arthur Kill linking Elizabeth, New Jersey with the Howland Hook area of Staten Island, New York.
	www2.lhric.org /pocantico/century/1920s/1928.htm (440 words)

	PBS VIDEOdatabase of America's History and Culture -- Chapters
		French official Aristide Briand proposed that the United States and France sign a treaty outlawing war, a suggestion met coldly by the U.S. Secretary of State, Frank Kellogg.
		Finally, Kellogg tried to appease peace activists by signing the Kellogg-Briand Treaty outlawing war.
		America's Peace Movement found a cool reception from Secretary of State Kellogg, and relations with France remained strained until the successful flight of Charles A. Lindbergh.
	pbsvideodb.pbs.org /programs/all_chapters.asp?item_id=7853 (694 words)

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