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	Kelp forest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kelp forests are found in temperate ocean waters around the globe wherever water conditions are conducive to the successful establishment of kelp colonies.
		Kelp forests are typically found in waters between 1 and 24 meters below the low tide mark; the tops are often partially exposed on very low spring tides, with the tops of the kelp sticking 20 to 30 cm out of the water.
		In perennial kelp forests, it is common to see the highest growth rates during the spring and summer months, with a corresponding die-back during the winter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kelp_forest (730 words)

	Kelp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kelp are large seaweeds, belonging to the brown algae and classified in the order Laminariales.
		Kelp grows in underwater forests (kelp forests) in clear, shallow, oceans, requiring nutrient rich water below about 20°C, it offers a protection to some sea creatures, or food for others.
		Kelp ash is calcined and rich in iodine and alkali.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kelp (398 words)

	Kelp forest: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A forest is an area with a high density of trees (or, historically, an area set aside for hunting)....
		The northern hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator....
		This section explores the characteristics of kelp as it affects the kelp forest as an ecosystem.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/k/ke/kelp_forest.htm (1860 words)

	SIMoN -- Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
		Kelp forests are thickest in summer but decline during winter storms and high surf.
		Kelp forests and their associated flora and fauna are also important resources to humans.
		In addition, kelp is itself a resource, harvested as food for abalone farms and as a source of algin, an emulsifying and binding agent used in ice cream, toothpaste, and cosmetics.
	www.mbnms-simon.org /sections/kelpForest/overview.php?sec=kf (744 words)

	Forest of Kelp
		As with many other kelp forest dwellers, vulnerable larvae of rockfish are cast into the sea, spending their formative months facing the dangers of the open ocean.
		By mid summer, the kelp canopy is at its zenith, fueled by nutrient-rich water and sunlight.
		Kelp that is not decomposed or eaten elsewhere may find its way into the depths of Monterey Canyon, transporting precious organic matter to denizens of the canyon slopes.
	jellieszone.com /forestofkelp.htm (2062 words)

	Kelp Forests
		Kelp forests occur in cold, nutrient-rich water and are among the most beautiful and biologically productive habitats in the marine environment.
		Kelp forests on the east coast of North America have fewer species but often are quite lush, and support rich commu- nities of benthic invert- ebrates.
		Kelp forests are rich in animal species, as shown by this colorful and rich bottom of epibenthic invertebrates.
	life.bio.sunysb.edu /marinebio/kelpforest.html (1238 words)

	Habitats: Kelp - Characteristics
		Kelp forests grow along rocky coastlines in depths of 18 to 90 feet (6 to 30 meters).
		Kelps are types of brown algae, which hold on to the rocky bottom with root-like structures called holdfasts.
		Bull Kelp has a hollow stem and a single large gas bladder near the water's surface from which streamers grow.
	www.onr.navy.mil /focus/ocean/habitats/kelp1.htm (85 words)

	Kelp Forests-Section I
		Giant kelp forms dense beds in the sanctuary from Cambria to Año Nuevo except in the area between Monterey and Santa Cruz where the sandy substrate is unsuitable for kelp attachment (NOAA 1992).
		The shallow areas inshore of these kelp forests are often characterized by canopies of the feather boa kelp Egregia menziesii, the intertidal giant kelp Macrocystis integrifolia, and the Fucalean alga Cystoseira osmundacea (Foster and Schiel 1985).
		In central California, giant kelp and bull kelp exhibit their greatest recruitment in the spring and maximum canopies in early fall (Foster 1982) while kelp canopies in southern California reach their maximum in the winter.
	bonita.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /sitechar/kelp1.html (697 words)

	Kelp Forest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The kelp forest is a forest, but it is not a forest of trees.
		Kelp consists of at least three parts: the holdfast, stipe, and blade.
		Like a forest on land, a kelp forest is full of life.
	www.calstatela.edu /faculty/eviau/edit557/oceans/norma/oklpfst.htm (167 words)

	Kelp Introduction, Kelp Forest Characteristics, Threats, Giant Kelp, Bull Kelp, Kelp Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Kelp favors waters between about 4° and 20° Celsius; various species of kelp favor different ranges of temperatures, but none grow in waters where the temperature is consistently warmer.
		Giant kelp beds, which are nurseries for larvae and juvenile fish, foster the growth and survival of one of every four life forms found in the near-shore environment.
		Freshwater runoff, which carries with it all the pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers used on land to control pests and increase crop harvest levels is a major threat to the Kelp forest.
	www.lookkelp.com (3243 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Aquarium Exhibits - Kelp Forest Exhibit
		Our Kelp Forest Feeding Program is a good time to spot a wolf eel.
		At 28 feet high, the Kelp Forest is one of the tallest aquarium exhibits in the world.
		Our living kelp forest, an aquarium centerpiece, looks so natural you may think you're looking through a window to the bay.
	www.mbayaq.org /efc/kelp.asp (376 words)

	Giant Kelp Forest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Along the coast of California, and in subtidal rocky environments in other temperate coastal regions, the Giant Kelp Macrocystis pyrifera forms dense forests that are home to a diverse assemblage of organisms, living on the seabed, in the surface canopy, and in the water column.
		Using a combination of field and laboratory experiments, we are investigating processes that contribute to horizontal exchange between the kelp forest and the surrounding environment, and processes contributing to vertical mixing and turbulence generation within the kelp forest.
		In the laboratory we have constructed a 1:25 scale kelp forest to study the physical mechanisms by which kelp forests alter the mean flow and turbulence characteristics in more detail.
	www.stanford.edu /group/efml/kelp.html (190 words)

	Marine Life Amidst Kelp, Natural History Photographs
		Macrocystis pyrifera kelp forests are home to a rich array of life.
		Kelp offers protection for prey, a hiding place for predators, and a substrate upon which smaller creatures can grow.
		As it matures and the kelp nears the coast, the treefish will eventually hazard a trip through the water column to the ocean bottom far below, where it will spend the remainder of its life.
	www.gygis.com /marine_life_amidst_kelp.html (382 words)

	Secrets of the Ocean Realm - In the School "Cathedral in the Sea"
		Discuss the relationships among kelp forest inhabitants and their relationships to the giant kelp plant.
		The giant kelp plant has long, sinuous stipes-stems that are supported by gas-filled bladders located at the base of each leaflike blade.
		After students are familiar with the giant kelp plant structure (reviewing the program will reinforce this familiarity), have them begin to draw outlines of these structures in pencil on the unrolled brown parcel paper.
	www.pbs.org /oceanrealm/intheschool/school1.html (815 words)

	Kelp Forest Facts
		McLean (1962) observed 204 species of invertebrates living in a bull kelp forest along an exposed coast south of Carmel during 30 SCUBA dives.
		Kelp forests are one of the most valuable and unique habitats on earth providing food and shelter for many species including Southern Sea Otters.
		Yet, these forests of the sea are unprotected outside of refuges and barely protected within refuges.
	www.birdingbyboat.org /kelp.htm (569 words)

	Point Lobos State Reserve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As for those who choose not to venture beyond the water's edge, encounters with kelp are seasonally common when winter storms or heavy seas deposit mounds of entangled kelp "high and drying" along our sandy beaches (much to the dismay of those living downwind of the decomposing tonage!).
		Growth begins at the holdfast where fronds, consisting of a stipe with numerous blades that are supported and pulled upward by the carbon monoxide filled floats, lengthen as they seek surface.
		To say the kelp forest is complex and unique is nearly an understatement.
	pt-lobos.parks.state.ca.us /nathis/MarinePlants.htm (392 words)

	Ecosystems: Impacts on Kelp Forests
		The factors influencing kelp forest stability are diverse: kelp harvesting; grazing by fishes, sea urchins, and crustaceans; plant competition; storms; El Niño events; sedimentation; and pollution.
		Kelp harvesting during World War I peaked in 1919 when 400,000 wet tons were used to make potash for gunpowder and fertilizer.
		Central California bull kelp forests remained in cooler waters and thus in better condition when the winter swells hit, and a much greater percent survived.
	www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov /about/ecosystems/kelpimpacts.html (593 words)

	Jewels of the Sea: Kelp Forests
		Like huge fingers that disappear into the depths of the sea, the Giant Kelp Forests found in the waters off Tasmania and Victoria, are the rainforests of the sea.
		Kelp forests are important marine habitats and provide shelter for large populations of fish, crustaceans, sea-snails, sea-stars and sea-urchins.
		To make sure that the giant kelp forests stay around into the next century, they need to be protected in marine national parks and reserves, and the threats affecting them need to be stopped.
	www.abc.net.au /oceans/jewel/kelp (537 words)

	ATDP Marine Biology II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Kelp Beds, or kelp forests, are cold water marine habitats that feature a bounty of marine organisms.
		Kelp beds are found in cold waters, close to the shore, commonly in twenty to thirty meters of water.
		Kelps are restricted to cold water climates because warmer waters tend to lack the rich supply of nutrients that kelps need to flourish.
	www-atdp.berkeley.edu /SDCLASSES/1453inbox/habitats.html (634 words)

	Oregon Zoo Steller Cove Kelp Forest Exhibit
		Feathery fronds of kelp wave in the waters near shore, as air- filled floats lift the kelp; from the sea floor to the water's surface.
		The kelp forest in our exhibit shows visitors the beauty and complexity of a kelp forest.
		Because sunlight and nutrient requirements are hard to recreate in an exhibit, our kelp forest is made of artificial kelp, but the animals are real.
	www.oregonzoo.org /Exhibits/GreatNW/StellerCove/kelp_forest.htm (181 words)

	Habitat Awareness Kelp Forest
		Kelp forests are close to shore just like Coral Reefs, but they need much colder water temperatures.
		But the kelp forests are the most developed off of the California coast, from San Diego to Santa Cruz.
		Kelp that has been ripped off it's moorings will sometime gather into what is known as drift kelp.
	www.inchinapinch.com /hab_pgs/marine/kelp/kelp.htm (1604 words)

	Kelp Forest, Macrocystis pyrifera, Natural History Photographs
		Individual kelp plants extend from the rocky reef and sand bottom to the surface, where they grow out and form a canopy.
		In a dense kelp forest, the rocky reef can hardly be seen beneath the many kelp plants.
		Kelp is constantly in motion, tossed about by currents, swells and, for those plants reaching the surface, the wind.
	www.gygis.com /kelp_forest.html (382 words)

	Kelp Forest
		The coast of California is home to one of the most magnificent marine habitats - the kelp forest.
		Although the water is cool by most people's standards, and visibility is often dimmed by blooms of life-supporting phytoplankton, California kelp forests offer some of the most amazing diving experiences to be found in any ocean.
		Forests of Kelp An introduction to life in a kelp forest
	jellieszone.com /kelpforest.htm (169 words)

	Under the Kelp Canopy Student (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Your group becomes so interested in kelp that they decide to do research on the subject, and prepare a full report for an upcoming science project.
		The class will be divided into groups to study one of three stages in the kelp forest.
		By the end of this journey, students will have frolicked with the sea otters in the kelp canopy, swum with the sea bass through the kelp stips, and rambled in the rocks with the crabs among the kelp holdfast, at the bottom of the ocean.
	projects.edtech.sandi.net /valencia/kelp (571 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Kelp Forest Exhibit - Live Kelp Cam
		From the sheltering canopy to the haven of the holdfast, the kelp forest nourishes and protects animals of all kinds.
		Kelp forests are home to many different kinds of rockfish, which often hang upside down and motionless near the giant kelp.
		Stands of giant kelp along our coast form the most extensive underwater forest in the world.
	www.mbayaq.org /efc/efc_kelp/kelp_cam.asp (420 words)

	Kelp forest - Simple English Wikipedia
		Kelp forests are a type of marine ecosystem that is present around colonies of kelp; they contain rich biodiversity.
		Kelp can stretch 2-30 meters or more (up to 60 m in Macrocystis pyrifera) from their anchors on the sea floor to the surface.
		This page was last changed at 09:13, 16 March 2006.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kelp_forest (131 words)

	Kelp Dive Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As you descend from the kelp canopy to the ocean floor, you will discover a variety of life that is supported by the forest ecosystem.
		The ocean water surrounding the kelp forest is cold, so don't forget your wetsuit.
		In this introduction to the kelp forest, you will learn about the various levels of the kelp and the marine life found there.
	projects.edtech.sandi.net /pbelem/kelp (180 words)

	Golden State Images - California Pacific Coast Kelp Forest Photographs - Stock Photography
		Giant Kelp grows along rocky coastal reefs generally in depths of 20 to 80 feet.
		At the base of each kelp blade is a rounded gas filled bladder which float the branch like structures of the plant called fronds.
		A kelp forest supports an incredibly diverse community of marine life, made up of nearly 800 known species.
	www.goldenstateimages.com /kelp.htm (181 words)

	DragonflyTV . Educators Guide: Kelp Forest \| PBS Kids Go!
		Megan and Ian brought a damaged holdfast (kelp roots) from the bottom of the forest to the surface so they could see what animals were hiding in it.
		They also gathered part of a kelp frond (leaf) from the top of the kelp forest, and examined it for creatures.
		Using Kelp Forest or Leaves as a model, ask your students to design their own plant investigation.
	pbskids.org /dragonflytv/parentsteachers/tguide_plants.html (586 words)

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