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	Kemal Atatürk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The government sent Mustafa Kemal Pasha to Samsun in North-Central Anatolia to take command of the nineteenth Army, a formation which, in accordance with the restrictions placed on the empire by the Allies in the Treaty of Sèvres, was supposed to be disbanded.
		In the meanwhile, Kemal Pasha signed the Treaty of Kars (October 23, 1921) with the Soviet Union, a treaty of friendship in which Turkey ceded the city of Batumi, in present-day Georgia, to Lenin's Bolsheviks in return for sovereignty over the Armenian cities of Kars and Ardahan.
		Kemal Pasha spent the next several years consolidating his control over Turkey and instituting a variety of wide-ranging political, economic and social reforms.These reforms caused some opposition in Republican People's Party which was founded by Mustafa Kemal in September 9th 1923.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%FCrk (2593 words)

	Kemal Atatürk -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), (A Turkic language spoken by the Turks) Turkish soldier, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the (A Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1923) Republic of Turkey.
		Mustafa studied at the military secondary school in Selânik, where the additional name Kemal ("perfection") was bestowed on him by his (A science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement) mathematics teacher in recognition of his academic brilliance.
		Kemal Pasha regarded the (A city in north central Morocco; religious center) fez (the Ottoman hat) as a symbol of (The social system that developed in Europe in the 8th C; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war) feudalism and banned it, encouraging Turkish men to wear European attire.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/k/ke/kemal_atat%fcrk.htm (1620 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kemal AtatÃ¼rk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During 1917 and 1918 Kemal Pasha was sent to the Caucasus front fighting the Russian forces with some success, and then to the Hejaz, where the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule was in progress.
		The government sent Kemal Pasha to Samsun in North-Central Anatolia to take command of the nineteenth Army, a formation which, in accordance to restrictions placed on the empire by the Allies in the Treaty of Sevres, was supposed to be disbanded.
		Kemal Pasha regarded the fez (which Sultan Mahmud II had originaly introduced to the Ottoman Empires dress code in 1826) as a symbol of feudalism and banned it, encouraging Turkish men to wear European attire.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kemal-Atat%FCrk (3750 words)

	Mustafa Kemal ATATURK - Turkish Republic
		His full name was Mustafa Kemal and the Ataturk surname, meaning the father of Turks, was given to him by the Turkish people (1934 November 24th.) in accordance with the reforms he introduced to create a modern Turkish country.
		Above all, Kemalism is the introduction and the rendering of the rights to the nation.
		It is the expression of the national sovereignity.It is an attempt to reach the level of the modern civilizations, it is westernization, modernization.
	www.turizm.net /turkey/history/ataturk.html (891 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kemal Ataturk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 –; November 10, 1938), Turkish soldier and statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey.
		Ataturk also ensured that the Turkish political process remained firmly under his personal control, with little or no dissent from his own goals and policies.
		Kemal regarded the fez (the Ottoman hat) as a symbol of feudalism and banned it, instead he encouraged Turkish men to wear modern hats.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kemal-Ataturk (1484 words)

	Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) [Australian War Memorial]
		Kemal returned to Gallipoli in 1915 as commander of the 19th Division, the main reserve of the Turkish Fifth Army, and was thus on hand to oppose the ANZAC landing in April.
		After commanding in the Caucasus, Kemal was at the head of Seventh Army in Palestine during the final allied offensive which defeated Turkey in 1918.
		Kemal said in 1933, "I look to the world with an open heart full of pure feelings and friendship".
	www.awm.gov.au /encyclopedia/ataturk.htm (431 words)

	Atatürk’s creation by David Fromkin
		Mustafa Kemal was born at the frontier: in Salonika, capital city of Macedonia.
		Kemal emerged from it, and from the entire 1914–18 conflict, as a war hero of the Ottoman armies.
		Kemal was supremely disciplined in his approach to politics.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/18/apr00/fromkin.htm (3173 words)

	Kemal Bokhary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Electronic Passport to Kemal Ataturk Kemal Ataturk was a Turkish leader who unified his nation, forced colonial powers to leave, and modernized Turkish society.
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Founder of modern Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is the founder of todays Republic of Turkey from the remanants of the Ottoman Empire.
		Ataturk Library Home of the library dedicated to the complete works of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and natural leader of Turkey, on the Internet.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Kemal_Bokhary.html (206 words)

	Kemal Atatürk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mustafa Kemal became in 1919 the leader of the Turkish emancipation.
		Kemal Pasha's victory in the War of Independence assured Turkey's sovereignty.
		In Mustafa Kemal's letter to Ali Fethi Okyar, laicism was insisted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kemal_Atat%FCrk (2593 words)

	Mustafa Kemal ATATURK 3
		Ataturk's language reform -encompassing the script, grammar and vocabulary- stands as one of the most far-reaching in history.
		Ataturk greatly admired the support that the national liberation struggle received from women and praised their many contributions: " In Turkish society, women have not lagged behind men in science, scholarship, and culture.
		Ataturk regarded education as the force that would galvanize the nation into social and economic development.
	jhonniedenmark.8m.com /custom4.html (714 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
		Mustafa Kemal was stationed at Tobruk and Derne regions with a group of his friends during the war which started with the Italian attack on Tripoli.
		Mustafa Kemal was stationed at Edirne and Diyarbakır after the Çanakkale wars and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on 1 April 1916.
		Mustafa Kemal was elected as the head of the national assembly as well as the head of the government.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /info/culture/Ataturk.htm (1843 words)

	Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal
		Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938) was the founder of the Republic of Turkey and the consummator of the Armenian Genocide.
		Kemal established headquarters in Ankara, amnestied CUP members who joined his movement, and regrouped the remaining Ottoman army and other irregular units under his general command.
		In 1934 the Turkish Grand National Assembly hailed Kemal with the surname of Ataturk, meaning the father of the Turks, in tribute to his singular contribution in forging modern Turkey.
	www.armenian-genocide.org /kemal.html (582 words)

	Mustafa Kemal ATATURK 1
		Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of the Turkish Republic and its first President, stands as a towering figure of the 20th Century.
		Ataturk stands as one of the world's few historic figures who dedicated their lives totally to their nations.
		Many of Ataturk's ideas and ideals presaged the principles enshrined in the League of Nations and the United Nations." As clearly as I see daybreak, I have the vision of the rise of the oppressed nations to their independence...
	jhonniedenmark.8m.com /custom2.html (1691 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
		Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, (1881-1938) was the founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey.
		Ataturk's view on the economy of the country lies in the saying,"The real master of the country, is the villager." Following the reform on the script, which was meant to be a kind of nationalism in the cultural field, Ataturk concentrated his attention on history.
		Ataturk's foreing policy is based on, as he himself had underlined," Peace at home, Peace in the world".
	www.sephardicstudies.org /ataturk.html (758 words)

	Ataturk, Kemal. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		With the tacit consent of Soviet Russia, Kemal retook Kars and Ardahan from Armenia (1920).
		On Nov. 1, 1922, Kemal proclaimed the abolition of the sultanate, and Sultan Muhammad VI fled to a British warship.
		In 1923 Kemal was elected president of the new Turkish republic.
	www.bartleby.com /65/at/Ataturk.html (638 words)

	Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		His original name was Mustafa Kemal, and the honorary title "Atatürk" was bestowed upon him as late as 1934, by the Grand National Assembly, and means "Father of the Turks".
		1909: With the coup that ousted the Sultan, Kemal is central and active.
		At this time, Kemal was the inspector of the Third Army in Anatolia, and started to operate against the orders from the sultan's regime in Istanbul, gathering support from other powers in Turkey.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ataturk.htm (698 words)

	M. Kemal Ataturk
		September 24, 1919 Ataturk’s message to all foreign representatives in Istanbul denouncing their propaganda that the national action is aimed at non-Muslims, and requests them not to exploit the minorities.
		Ataturk sends a protest to all foreign representatives in the country and to their parliaments: "This occupation is an assault more on the principles of the 20th century civilization and on mankind’s conscience than on the Ottomans".
		Ataturk’s answer that a truce concerning Anatolia is not in question, it may be considered only for Thrace.
	www.ataturksociety.org /asa/ataturk/bio2.html (1250 words)

	Kemal Atatürk at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 - November 10, 1938), was a Turkish soldier and statesman.
		Born in Selânik as Mustafa (later given the name Kemal, and later given the title Pasha), he entered the military secondary school in Salonika in 1893 and the military academy at Monastir (now Bitola) in 1895.
		Kemal organized the Anatolia and Rumelia Defendence of Law Party (In Turkish, Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti) in 1919 from local resistance groups.
	wiki.tatet.com /Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.html (824 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1905, Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy in Istanbul with the rank of Staff Captain.
		On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was unanimously elected President of the Republic.
		Mustafa Kemal Pasha emerged as the national liberator of the Turks when the Ottoman Empire, carved up by the Western Powers, was in its death throes.
	www.turkses.com /Ataturk (1063 words)

	Historical Figures - Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 — November 10, 1938), Turkish reformist, soldier, and statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey.
		Ataturk : The Biography of the founder of Modern Turkey
		The government sent Atatürk to eastern Anatolia to suppress a so-called riot which turned out to be a false claim, but he seized this opportunity to leave the capital and found a Turkish nationalist movement based at Ankara.
	www.dailypast.com /historical-figures/mustafa-ataturk.shtml (1449 words)

	Mr. Dowling's Kemal Ataturk Page
		Kemal was convinced that Turkey needed to become a modern nation.
		Ataturk was a popular leader, but many Turkish people did not like his changes because he created a more secular society.
		Ataturk died in 1938, but his presence is still felt in Turkey.
	www.mrdowling.com /608-ataturk.html (343 words)

	Kemal Atatürk
		Mustafa Kemal (* 1881 in Saloniki ; † 10.
		In dieser Zeit gewöhnte er auch an Raki einen hochprozentigen Schnaps den er seit damals regelmäßig konsumierte der später zu seinem Verhängnis werden sollte.
		Zum Todestag Mustafa Kemals wird in Türkei eine Trauerminute eingelegt zu der landesweit erklingen.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/Kemal_Atat%FCrk.html (669 words)

	MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK
		Ataturk (1881-1938) served as the first president of the young republic until his death.
		One of the most important reforms of Ataturk was the abolition of use of the Arabic script and the adoption of the Latin script; in 1928 the new Turkish Alphabet was adopted.
		Ataturk's foreign policy is based on, as he himself has underlined, "Peace At Home, Peace In the World".
	www.marmarisinfo.com /ataturk/index.phtml (517 words)

	MSN Encarta - Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
		Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881-1938), Turkish soldier, nationalist leader, and statesman, who founded the republic of Turkey and was its first president (1923-1938).
		These included abolishing the caliphate, which embodied the religious authority of the sultans, and all other Islamic institutions; introducing Western law codes, dress, and calendar; using the Latin alphabet; and, in 1928, removing the constitutional provision naming Islam as the state religion.
		By 1931 the ideology of the regime, known as Kemalism or Atatürkism, was articulated and defined by six principles: republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism, and revolutionism.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761555416 (799 words)

	FOCUS on M.Kemal ATATURK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		n 1923, as the creator of the new Republic of Turkey, Ataturk established a form of government that reflected the wishes of the people.
		Ataturk initiated a program for economic development in Turkey, which consisted of agricultural expansion, industrial and technological advances.
		etermined not to stop there, Ataturk undertook the greatest challenge of all - a reform of the existing language - In 1928, he decided to abolish the Arabic script and incorporated the Latin alphabet.
	www.focusmm.com /ataturk.htm (397 words)

	Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture - Biography of Atatürk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in a three-storey pink house at Islahhane Street, Kocakasim District, Salonika in 1881.
		Mustafa Kemal was appointed to Tekirdag to organize the 19 Division.
		Mustafa Kemal was elected as the first Speaker of the House and the Head of the Government.
	www.kultur.gov.tr /portal/tarih_en.asp?belgeno=5244 (2088 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Ataturk : The Biography of the founder of Modern Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ataturk abolished the monarchy, divided WWI's victors bent on partitioning all of Turkey, defeated rapacious Greeks intent on expanding their expatriate communities in Asia and destroyed or co-opted his domestic rivals.
		Kemal's admirers will question the generally favorable view of the Ottoman regime (termed "an inefficient and accommodating despotism" that was moving steadily toward modernity) and the emphasis on the early Republic's brutal and dictatorial ways.
		Mustafa Kemal, known to the world as Ataturk, the "father of the Turks", is one of the more important figures in 20th-century history overall and an essential figure in an appreciation of the Middle East.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/158567334X?v=glance (3481 words)

	Ataturk Biography - Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (father of modern turkey)
		In October 1918 the Ottomans capitulated to the Allies, and Kemal became one of the leaders of the party which favoured a policy of defending the Turkish-speaking heartlands of the Empire, while agreeing to withdraw from all the non-Turkish territories.
		Kemal admired some aspects of the Soviet Union and of Fascist Italy, but he was neither a communist nor a fascist.
		Kemal's most lasting legacy was the campaign of secularization, modernization and purification which he imposed on a sometimes reluctant Turkish nation.
	www.quotemonk.com /authors/ataturk/biography-profile.htm (1797 words)

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