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	Turkey - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The Turkish Republic was proclaimed on October 29, 1923, after a nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was victorious in the Turkish War of Independence.
		Kemalism emphasized, among other things, the separation of religion and politics, a leading role for the state in the economy, the promotion of a national identity, and the importance of building modern institutions.
		The center-right parties tend to interpret the principles of Kemalism in a flexible spirit.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761575380___18/Turkey.html (2088 words)

	Kemalist ideology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Republicanism (Cumhuriyetçilik) is recognized as a republican regime for Turkey, was a change from the multi-national millet and later Ottomanism to the establishment of the nation state of Turkey and the realization of the national identity of modern Turkey.
		The Caliphate was abolished on March 3rd, 1924 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and the Republic of Turkey remains neutral in religious affairs save through the medium of the Ministry for Religious Affairs, which is responsible for the religious management of all Sunni Muslims in Turkey.
		By moving the state to a neutral position Kemalism aimed to preserve the independence of the Republic of Turkey and form a stable structure for political development.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kemalism (1406 words)

	75 years of the Turkish Republic - A balance sheet of Kemalism
		The essence of Kemalism was the unity and independence of the country, secularism and republican principles (i.e., the separation of state and religion), modernisation and the creation of a society without classes and privileges.
		Kemal's government also abolished the sultanate (the dynastic office of supreme ruler), and he drove out the members of the Ottoman dynasty, foundeding the republic in 1923.
		Kemalism was never as consistent regarding secularism as is usually presented in the West.
	www.wsws.org /history/1998/nov1998/turk-n17.shtml (2908 words)

	Understanding Kemalism
		Kemalism may be defined as a pragmatic approach to reaching a goal, not as the pursuance of some static norms for a goal.
		Even to discuss as Kemalism the six principles that Ataturk once put in his party platform for instilling the fundamental reforms in the public is to say the least over simplistic and disingenuous.
		The true meaning of Kemalism is not understood by most Turkish people, outside of a handful of thinkers, because it was not accurately and scientifically studied nor taught to the incoming generations.
	www.ataturksociety.org /asa/voa/kemalizm.html (2307 words)

	Kemalism (kemalism info) (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938), until 1934 Mustafa Kemal, Turkish army officer and revolutionist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey.
		The government sent Mustafa Kemal Pasha to Samsun in North-Central Anatolia to take command of the nineteenth Army, a formation which, in accordance with the restrictions placed on the empire by the Allies in the Treaty of Sèvres, was supposed to be disbanded.
		In the meanwhile, Kemal Pasha signed the Treaty of Kars (October 23, 1921) with the Soviet Union, a treaty of friendship in which Turkey ceded the city of Batumi, in present-day Georgia, to Lenin's Bolsheviks in return for sovereignty over the Armenian cities of Kars and Ardahan.
	wikimiki.info.cob-web.org:8888 /en/Kemalism (12874 words)

	The Practice of a Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kemalism, presented in Turkey as an ideology, is named after Mustafa Kemal (1881-1938), founder of the Turkish Republic.
		Kemal, later named Ataturk ('father of the Turks') and 'Chief for Eternity', launched a series of reforms concerning a great variety of matters, ranging from clothing to the alphabet.
		Kemal's words: 'Peace in the country, peace in the world' are repeated continuously during official speeches.
	www.aihgs.com /kemal.htm (6154 words)

	Kemalism - All About Turkey
		Kemalism believes that it is only the republican regime which can best represent the wishes of the people.
		Kemal Atatürk made clear in his statements and policies that Turkey's complete modernization was very much dependent on economic and technological development.
		The principle of statism was interpreted to mean that the state was to regulate the country's general economic activity and the state was to engage in areas where private enterprise was not willing to do so, or where private enterprise had proved to be inadequate, or if national interest required it.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /ata_prensip.htm (737 words)

	The Head Heeb: Atatürk's legacy
		The ideology of Kemalism has been described as containing "six principles: republicanism, populism or social solidarity, secularism, reformism, nationalism and statism," all of which recur frequently in post-colonial nation-building projects.
		Kemal's Turkey declared the Kurds (but not the Greeks or Armenians) to be Turks not only because of shared religion but because the Kurds did not possess a strong literate culture of their own, at least at the time, and where therefore deemed moldable into Turkishness.
		Kemalism may or may not be evil, may or may not be necessary, but most of the time it is simply impossible.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/023812.html (4122 words)

	Mustafa Ugur Dalak / Master Abstract
		Kadro's theses and its problematical relationship with Kemalism (which it was developed as a modernizing pragmatic ideology emanated from Tanzimat era) were treated within a theoretical approach using the conceptual framework of populism, modernization and cooptation.
		Populist policy of Kemalism in the 1930s was for a classless and united society within the single party regime as state capitalism, namely etatism was still being maintained.
		This contribution was a 'peculiar hybrid' of Kemalism, in other words a kind of endeavor to give a strict "authoritarian/totalitarian" mixture of a socialist-fascist form to it however Kemalist leaders did not want any ideology other than that of their own.
	www.ata.boun.edu.tr /abstracts/2Dalak-master.htm (343 words)

	Boston Review \| John Tirman: Ataturk's Children
		From the first, then, Kemalism was devoted to rational nation building, in contrast to European fascism, which was born in a ferocious rebellion against the Enlightenment.
		To be sure, Kemalism had its own distinguishing features that set it apart from European fascism: it lacked the psychotic extremism of the Nazis, the comic overreaching of Mussolini, and the territorial ambition of both.
		Of the former, one can say that Kemalism will ultimately lose its power; the current crisis, which includes official corruption of the dirtiest kind, indicates how tenuous Ataturk's legacy may be, how easily it may disassemble with the right combination of charismatic leadership and the internal will to change.
	www.photius.com /thus/ataturk.html (3766 words)

	What is the path to genuine democracy in Turkey? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A regime that is rotten to the core testifies to the inability of the Turkish bourgeoisie to overcome poverty and backwardness.
		From the outset, state founder Mustafa Kemal, who later called himself Kemal Atatürk, was confronted with the fact that large sections of the working class and poor farmers who had carried out the Turkish war of liberation of 1919-22 against British and French imperialism had also enthusiastically welcomed the Russian Revolution of 1917.
		This was the source of the cult of the state and its founder Kemal Atatürk (the “Father of the Turks”;), and for the dominant role of the army.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/oct1999/turk-o06.shtml (4241 words)

	[No title]
		The military’s intense reaction to political Islam must be understood as a legacy of Kemalism, the loose set of modernizing principles based on a homogenous, monoethnic Turkish identity and secular Westernization that is still recognized as Turkey’s official creed.
		The principles of Kemalism as reflected in society, however, have been in flux for quite some time, at least since the adoption of multi-party democracy in 1946.
		Kemalism means different things to different people, and its interpretation can be manipulated for political necessity or altered to reflect changing conditions.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/turkey/turkey993-02.htm (2258 words)

	bitterlemons-international.org - Middle East Roundtable
		This substratum and the pillars on which it stood provided the necessary foundation upon which further pro-reform structures could be built, deepening and broadening the original project of modernization.
		The paramount objective, the supreme goal, which inspired and guided the founders of modern Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s was the dream to mold a new state and society on the basis of values and premises collectively defined as "contemporary civilization." In real life, "contemporary civilization" was understood exclusively as western civilization.
		Positivism, rationality, and secularism, as well as nationalism and popular sovereignty, became the organizing notions around which the tasks of state and nation-building were structured in the 1920s and 1930s.
	www.bitterlemons-international.org /inside.php?id=406 (767 words)

	Mustafa Kemal ATATURK - Turkish Republic
		His full name was Mustafa Kemal and the Ataturk surname, meaning the father of Turks, was given to him by the Turkish people (1934 November 24th.) in accordance with the reforms he introduced to create a modern Turkish country.
		Above all, Kemalism is the introduction and the rendering of the rights to the nation.
		It is the expression of the national sovereignity.It is an attempt to reach the level of the modern civilizations, it is westernization, modernization.
	www.turizm.net /turkey/history/ataturk.html (907 words)

	The Sprout. Number 10. 3 June 2003. Graft. TURKEY: Unending Tension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		His report comments on the "exaggerated fear of the undermining of the integrity of the Turkish state and an emphasis on the homogeneity of Turkish culture (nationalism), together with statism, an important role for the army, and very rigid attitude to religion, which means that this underlying philosophy is itself a barrier to EU membership."
		Oostlander seemed to be suggesting that we should re-think Kemalism in the light of democracy.
		That's why Kemalism should not be seen as a barrier but an accelerator for democratic reforms.
	www.thesprout.net /010/graft/graft10.htm (736 words)

	History of Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mustafa Kemal, celebrated by the Turkish State as a Turkish World War I hero and later known as "Ataturk" or "father of the Turks," led the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 after the collapse of the 600-year-old Ottoman Empire and a three-year war of independence.
		In the post-Ataturk era, and especially after the military coup of 1960, this ideology came to be known as "Kemalism" and his reforms began to be referred to as "revolutions." Kemalism comprises a Turkish form of secularism, strong nationalism, statism, and to a degree a western orientation.
		The continued validity and applicability of Kemalism are the subject of lively debate in Turkey's political life.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/turkey.html (606 words)

	Hugh Fitzgerald on the Islamic challenge
		Kemalism was the result of the efforts of an enlightened despot, one who made war, for 15 years, through a series of acts and laws, against the power of Islam.
		As for the supposed similarity of both Ba'athism and pan-Arabism to Kemalism, this is, I think, a misreading.
		In Syria, the Alawite military caste that had been cultivated by the French during their period of dominion had no intention of relinquishing their rule, though as Alawites, they were regarded with deep suspicion by orthodox Muslims.
	www.amnation.com /vfr/archives/002373.html (2718 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and The Official Ideology - Kemalism (KurdishMedia.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kemal regarded the Turkish Liberation Movement not just as a liberation movement for the Turks but for all the oppressed, colonized and captive nations of the East!
		Kemal is seen as the leader of all oppressed nations.
		It is stressed that Kemalism is (synonymous with) contemporary civilisation.
	www.kurdmedia.com /articles.asp?id=8057 (1761 words)

	Between discrimination and hope:Christians in Turkey
		In spring 2003 the provisional appraisal of the Dutch MEP Arie Oostlander concerning the Turkish accession to the European Union caused a storm of indignation in Turkey.
		Kemalism is a legacy of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 on the division of Turkey after World War One.
		There is "the authoritarian tradition of a "deep state", a non-transparent complex of secret services, bureaucracy and the military, which expanded the strict regime of Kemal Ataturk to a delusional idea." (Professor Claus Leggewie).
	www.ishr.org /activities/religiousfreedom/turkey_2004.htm (1680 words)

	BBC NEWS \| In Depth \| Islamic world \| Turkey: Battle of the headscarf
		In Turkey the official orthodoxy of the state is Kemalism - the secular nationalism introduced by Turkey's founding father, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, when he created the modern state in the 1920s.
		The guardians of that legacy - the high priests of Kemalism - are the Turkish generals.
		Sabri Yirmibesoglu, himself a retired general, defends the view that it is wrong for women to wear headscarves in government schools or in government departments.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/in_depth/world/2002/islamic_world/2144316.stm (1205 words)

	icgoru.com - Makale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Furthermore, we know that, at the level of high culture, all references of earthly love are ultimately referred back to not a particular person but to the ideal person of the Sultan who is visualized as sitting at the centre of a heavenly garden.
		This is precisely that image which the secular, state-building ideology of Kemalism has tired to dethrone...
		And the success of Kemalism is again precisely correlated with the strength of this image.
	www.icgoru.com /makale/islam.shtml (3183 words)

	Turkey in crisis? - History Forum
		The army must look its own job and the politicians its own.There is corruption,there are problems but the army solves none of it.Let it go and then you'll see that the Cyprus issue,the problems with Greece,Kurdish issue and international condemnation by human right groups and governments might as well disappear in some years.
		Get rid of Kemalism and bring a more modern democracy.Because Mustafa Kemal lived and acted 80 years ago,so his system is unfashionable and inpractical.
		Kemalism, Jan, was an effort to drag Turkey out of the 16th century (in terms of social structure and ethics, that's where Turkey was in the beginning of the 20th century) and bring it into the modern world.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=994 (1525 words)

	A Fundamental Fear -- Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism
		Sayyid uses Kemalism as a metaphor for all these post-colonial regimes even though their strategies may be different.
		Kemalism of Mustafa Kemal holds an important position among the Kemalist regimes because by abolishing the caliphate, it helped to legitimize the idea that national identities as expressed as nation states as the only credible political community.
		Since the Kemalist discourses present Islam as the symbol of anti-modern, when the crisis of Kemalism coincided with the crisis of modernity, Islamism emerges as the only alternative political discourse.
	www.wakeup.org /anadolu/08/3/book.html (1475 words)

	Islam/
		Concluding that these two choices, Kemalism or Khomeinism, are the only real ones open to the Muslim Middle East is clever and sensational, especially coming from the pen of such an outstanding scholar as Bernard Lewis.
		Lewis sees Kemalism (an extreme form of secularism) or Khomeinism as the only real alternatives facing the Muslim Middle East, more and more Muslim clerics today choose to identify with a "golden mean", one that has ample historic precedent, between these two destructive extremes.
		Turkish Kemalism, on the contrary, represents an extreme form of Jacobinism that strictly forbids expressing religious identity in public.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Oracle/6274/islam1.htm (939 words)

	Civil
		Even though Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the modern, secular state, had separated the military from politics, the armed forces continued to think of themselves as the guardians of secular, reformist, and democratic goals proclaimed by Atatürk and followed by his successor Inönü.
		Kemalism as an ideology came to the forefront between 1927 and 1935 as a project of politically constructing and manipulating a modern Turkish nation-state on secular and western, rather than Islamic, precepts.
		The need to defend Kemalism against all threats, political or social is instilled in the soul of Turkish officers.
	www.tamiu.edu /~nmomayezi/Civil.htm (8797 words)

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