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Topic: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

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	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.2, Entry 229, KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS: Library of Economics and ...
		The Virginia resolutions were prepared by Madison, who was then a member of the legislature, were introduced by John Taylor, of Caroline, were passed by the house Dec. 21, 1798, and were passed by the senate and approved by the governor, Dec. 24.
		The resolutions were transmitted by the governors of the two states to the governors of the other states, to be laid before their respective legislatures.
		Jefferson, not being the avowed author of the Kentucky resolutions, has left no defense or explanation of them, but a line of citations is given among the authorities at the end of this article, illustrative of his adherence to the general position that "the states" (in national convention) were the final interpreters of the constitution.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy620.html (2705 words)

	AllRefer.com - Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (U.S. History) - Encyclopedia
		Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, in U.S. history, resolutions passed in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were enacted by the Federalists in 1798.
		The resolutions declared that the Constitution merely established a compact between the states and that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it under the terms of the compact; should the federal government assume such powers, its acts under them would be unauthoritative and therefore void.
		The resolutions were submitted to the other states for approval with no real result; their chief importance lies in the fact that they were later considered to be the first notable statements of the states' rights theory of government, a theory that opened the way for the nullification controversy and ultimately for secession.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/K/KentuckyNV.html (397 words)

	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were important political statements in favor of state's rights written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798.
		The Virginia Resolution was secretly written by James Madison and passed by the state legislature on December 24, 1798.
		The resolutions declared that the Constitution was a "compact." That is it was an agreement between the central government and the states--not an agreement among the states.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions (441 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Kentucky
		Tributary of the Ohio River in north-central Kentucky, U.S. It is formed by the confluence of North, Middle, and South forks, which originate in the Cumberland Mountains.
		nondiamondiferous kimberlite in Elliott County in eastern Kentucky and alnoite intrusions in Crittenden and...
		The Kentucky tragedy and the transformation of politics in the early American Republic.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Kentucky (1477 words)

	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
		Resolutions passed in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts by the Kentucky legislature on November 16, 1798, written by Thomas Jefferson and by the Virginia legislature on December 24, 1798 written by James Madison.
		The resolutions attacked the Federalists' interpretation of the Constitution, which extended the powers of the national government over the states.
		The resolutions declared that the Constitution only established an agreement and that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it; should the federal government assume such powers, its acts under them would be void.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ke/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions.html (164 words)

	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions — FactMonster.com
		The resolutions declared that the Constitution merely established a compact between the states and that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it under the terms of the compact; should the federal government assume such powers, its acts under them would be unauthoritative and therefore void.
		A further resolution, adopted in Feb., 1799, provided a means by which the states could enforce their decisions by formal nullification of the objectionable laws.
		A similar set of resolutions was adopted in Virginia in Dec., 1798, but these Virginia Resolutions, written by James Madison, were a somewhat milder expression of the strict construction of the Constitution and the compact theory of the Union.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0827416.html (353 words)

	Watkins: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
		The Kentucky resolution continued with the axiom that "free government is founded in jealousy and not in confidence," because confidence "is every where the parent of despotism" (Virginia Commission 1964, 150).
		Though the doctrines of the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions are most often thought of as the staple of southern states' rights advocates, many states of both the North and the South have at some time either expressly approved the principles of the resolutions or acted in their spirit.
		Virginia and Kentucky did not attempt to interfere with federal officials or with the operation of the hated acts.
	www.constitution.org /lrev/kentvirg_watkins.htm (11345 words)

	Reclaiming the American Revolution: Books: The Independent Institute
		The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, penned by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, are a peerless study of First Principles, as constitutional lawyer William Watkins explains in Reclaiming the American Revolution: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and their Legacy.
		Fortunately, Kentucky and Virginia were not forced to take more drastic measures because Jefferson was elected to the presidency in the Revolution of 1800, and the hated Sedition Act expired at midnight just before he took office.
		During conflicts between state and national authority, reports and resolutions adopted by state legislatures, messages from state executives, opinions of state courts, and speeches of leading citizens all ring with the words of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
	www.independent.org /publications/books/book_summary.asp?bookID=18 (1722 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Interposition, in the context of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions refers to the right of US states to protect the liberties of its own citizens.
		The Kentucky Resolutions (plural) were written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Kentucky legislature on November 16, 1798.
		The Virginia Resolution (singular) was written by James Madison and passed by the Virginia legislature on December 24, 1798.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kentucky-and-Virginia-Resolutions (1082 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
		Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, resolutions adopted in 1798 by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia to protest the enactment by the federal...
		He strongly opposed the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798, which were an attempt to limit...
		At Monticello, Jefferson secretly drafted what were to be called the Kentucky Resolutions, in which he declared that the federal government was not...
	encarta.msn.com /Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions.html (234 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Kentucky Resolutions, the more radical of the two sets, declared specifically that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and that a state had the right to make that determination.
		An additional resolution passed by the Kentucky legislature in 1799 declared that formal NULLIFICATION was the proper remedy for a federal law that a state deemed unconstitutional.
		The Virginia Resolutions referred to the duty of a state to "interpose" its authority when the federal government assumed powers not granted by the Constitution.
	www.libarts.ucok.edu /history/faculty/roberson/course/1483/suppl/chpIX/Kentucky%20and%20Virginia%20Resolutions.htm (217 words)

	The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
		Resolutions passed in Kentucky and Virginia in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
		The resolutions said that government was overstepping its bounds and violating the idea of a contract with the people.
		Both Resolutions were written by Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration and founder of the Democratic-Republican Party.
	www.socialstudiesforkids.com /wwww/us/kentuckyvirginiaresdef.htm (71 words)

	The States’ Rights Tradition Nobody Knows by Thomas E. Woods, Jr.
		In 1798, the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky approved resolutions that affirmed the states’ right to resist federal encroachments on their powers.
		The Virginia Resolutions spoke of the states’ right to "interpose" between the federal government and the people of the state; the Kentucky Resolutions (in a 1799 follow-up to the original resolutions) used the term "nullification" — the states, they said, could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.
		In his exposition of the Virginia Resolutions in 1833, Virginia legal thinker Abel Upshur argued very precisely that the Virginia Resolutions did in fact call for nullification, Madison's later protests to the contrary notwithstanding.
	www.lewrockwell.com /woods/woods44.html (1929 words)

	virginia and kentucky resolutions and other kentucky related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1798 Since Congress was firmly controlled by the Federalists, the fight against the Alien and Sedition Acts moved to the state legislatures in late 1798.
		THE KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS - 1798 Resolved that the several states composing the United States of American are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to...
		The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798-99 were a series of resolutions passed by the legislatures of these states protesting the Alien and Sedition Acts.
	www.nethorde.com /kentucky/virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions.html (343 words)

	Conceived In Liberty
		Carried to its logical conclusion, the doctrine propounded by the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions meant that the compact between the States was a moral rather than a legal obligation and that the preservation of the Union was left to the discretion of the parties concerned.
		The Kentucky Resolutions were passed in the legislature with a single dissenting vote.
		That the forgoing resolutions be transmitted to our representative in congress, by the chairman, certified by the secretary, and that he be requested to present them to each branch of the legislature and to the president, and that they also be published in the Kentucky Gazette.
	www.barefootsworld.net /liberty.html (3179 words)

	Ross Walker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The state legislature responded to the resolutions of Kentucky with the opinion that a state legislature that declares a federal law void was taking a revolutionary stance and its measures were unwarranted.
		Their response to the resolutions of Kentucky and Virginia held that state legislatures were not “proper tribunals” to decide on the constitutionality of federal laws.
		The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were acts of government that were way ahead of their time, as far as liberal government action is concerned.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~mgagnon/students/4070/04SP4070-Walker.htm (2556 words)

	Close Up Foundation \| Civic Education \| Washington DC Travel
		The following resolutions were passed by the Kentucky legislature on November 16, 1798, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Congress.
		The following resolutions were passed by the Virginia legislature on December 24, 1798, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Congress.
		Resolved, that the General Assembly of Virginia, doth unequivocably express a firm resolution to maintain and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of this State, against every aggression either foreign or domestic; and that they will support the government of the United States in all measures warranted by the former.
	www.closeup.org /ky-va.htm (425 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The first Kentucky Resolution, passed by the state legislature on November 16, 1798, stated that when the federal government exercised power not specifically delegated to it by the Constitution, each state could judge the validity of that action for itself.
		The Virginia Resolution of December 24, 1798, claimed that the states "have the right and are in duty bound to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil." Several northern states objected that the judiciary, not the states, should be the arbiter of constitutionality.
		The Resolutions are best understood in the context of the fierce political battles between Federalists and Jeffersonians in the 1790s and the prevailing theory of divided sovereignty.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_089500_virginiaandk.htm (328 words)

	Alien&Sedition Acts, Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, Kentucky and Tennessee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Resolutions passed in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were enacted by the Federalists in 1798.
		In addition, the first resolution of the Kentucky resolutions refers to the enumerated powers of the Article 1 of the Constitution and the reserved powers of the Tenth Ammendment to reinforce its point.
		How Kentucky became a state--An example of compromise: Kentucky was growing very quickly, with ambitions to become a state, and Virginia has renounced her claims to the land that was to become Kentucky.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~mwfriedm/terms/corinna7.html (1062 words)

	Mr. Madison's Report on the Kentucky-Virginia Resolutions
		But the proper answer to the objection is, that the resolution of the General Assembly relates to those great and extraordinary cases, in which all the forms of the Constitution may prove ineffectual against infractions dangerous to the essential right of the parties to it.
		The subject of this resolution having, it is presumed, more particularly led the General Assembly into the proceedings which they communicated to the other States, and being in itself of peculiar importance; it deserves the most critical and faithful investigation; for the length of which no other apology will be necessary.
		The only part of the two concluding resolutions, that remain to be noticed, is the repetition in the first, of that warm affection to the union and its members, and of that scrupulous fidelity to the Constitution which have been invariably felt by the people of this State.
	www.barefootsworld.net /madison.html (13654 words)

	Kentucky and Virginia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In reaction to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Thomas Jefferson wrote a series of resolutions, which were adopted by the legislature of Kentucky.
		The resolutions stated that, since the federal government had been created by the states; the states had the right to declare any federal laws invalid.
		James Madison wrote a similar set of resolutions, which were passed by the legislature of Virginia.
	www.multied.com /NN/Kentucky.html (74 words)

	The Avalon Project : The American Constitution - A Documentary Record
		Resolution of Secrecy Adopted by the Continental Congress, November 9, 1775
		Resolution of Congress of September 28, 1787, Submitting the Constitution To the Several States.
		Resolution of the Congress, of September 13, 1788, Fixing Date for Election of a President, and the Organization of the Government Under the Constitution, in the City of New York.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/constpap.htm (801 words)

	Principle 2. Fear of Government-over-Man
		These Kentucky Resolutions are closely akin to the contemporaneous Virginia Resolutions of 1798 adopted soon afterward by the Virginia legislature--written mainly by Madison who was, as usual, in close touch with Jefferson in this period.
		Both sets of resolutions were protests against what were considered and denounced as abuses and usurpations of power by the Federal government--chiefly through the Alien and Sedition Laws adopted by Congress in 1798.
		A predecessor resolution of protest, for example, had been adopted by the Virginia legislature in 1790: the "Protest and Remonstrance" against the assumption by the Federal government of the war-incurred debts of the States, as being unconstitutional.
	www.lexrex.com /enlightened/AmericanIdeal/yardstick/pr2.html (1040 words)

	The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798-99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Kentucky Resolutions were drafted by Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia Resolutions by James Madison.
		The Kentucky Resolution of 1799 was the most radical of the resolutions and asserted that states had the power to nullify the laws of the federal government.
		The representatives of the good people of this commonwealth [of Kentucky], in General Assembly convened, have maturely considered the answers of sundry states in the Union, to [the ongoing debate and discussion of]...
	www.pinzler.com /ushistory/kenressupp.html (447 words)

	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The resolutions were written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson (then vice president in the administration of John Adams), but the role of those statesmen remained unknown to the public for almost 25 years.
		Argues that traditional human socialization encourages feelings of aggression toward outside groups, which promotes violence, and that multiple strategies of conflict resolution exist that can and should be incorporated into the educational process so as to encourage more peaceful resolution of problems at both the interpersonal and societal level.
		Virginia married Leonard Woolf in 1912 at the age of thirty.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9075477 (841 words)

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