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	Johannes Kepler - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kepler was a professor of mathematics at the University of Graz, court mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II, and court astrologer to General Wallenstein.
		Kepler disdained astrologers who pandered to the tastes of the common man without knowledge of the abstract and general rules, but he saw compiling prognostications as a justified means of supplementing his meagre income.
		Kepler is known to have compiled prognostications for 1595 to 1606, and from 1617 to 1624.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Johannes_Kepler (2711 words)

	Johannes Kepler - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630), a key figure in the scientific revolution, was a German astronomer, mathematician and astrologer.
		Kepler was born on December 27, 1571 at the Imperial Free City of Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's city center).
		Using Tycho's data, Kepler was able to formulate three laws of planetary motion, now known as Kepler's laws, in which planets move in ellipses, not circles.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /johannes_kepler.htm (2244 words)

	Learn more about Johannes Kepler in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Kepler discovered the three laws of planetary motion while trying to achieve the Pythagorean purpose of finding the harmony of the celestial spheres.
		Kepler's willingness to abandon his most cherished theory in the face of precise observational evidence indicates that he had a very modern attitude to scientific research.
		Kepler also made great steps in trying to describe the motion of the planets by appealing to a force which resembled magnetism, and which emanated from the sun.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /j/jo/johannes_kepler.html (1186 words)

	Skyscript: JOHANNES KEPLER And the Music of the Spheres by David Plant
		Kepler's, First Law states that the planets move in ellipses and that the Sun is not at the exact centre of their orbits.
		Kepler said his MC was in the 22nd degree of Aquarius, and his AS was in the 25th degree of Gemini, so his given time of 2:30 pm checks out.
		Kepler' s belief in the ancient doctrine that the Earth as a whole may be regarded as a living entity is echoed in the 'Gaia principle' popularised by James Lovelock during the 1980s.
	www.skyscript.co.uk /kepler.html (4331 words)

	Kepler
		Kepler's early education was in a local school and then at a nearby seminary, from which, intending to be ordained, he went on to enrol at the University of Tübingen, then (as now) a bastion of Lutheran orthodoxy.
		Kepler concluded that the orbit of Mars was an
		Kepler's new wife, Susanna, had a crash course in Kepler's character: the dedicatory letter to the resultant book explains that at the wedding celebrations he noticed that the volumes of wine barrels were estimated by means of a rod slipped in diagonally through the bung-hole, and he began to wonder how that could work.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Kepler.html (3213 words)

	Kepler
		Kepler was born a son of a poor mercenary solider in 1571.
		The dedicatees of Kepler's numerous publications on astrology, astronomy, chronology and snowflakes indicate the range of patrons whom Kepler hoped to, and had to, rely upon for his livelihood.
		Kepler is often called a mystic or a Neo-Platonist for his metaphysical views, but it is important to appreciate the richness and breadth of his thought which gave rise to, among others, the three laws (though he never stated them systematically in the form that we know them today).
	www.hps.cam.ac.uk /starry/kepler.html (1000 words)

	Johannes Kepler: The Laws of Planetary Motion
		Kepler's Third Law implies that the period for a planet to orbit the Sun increases rapidly with the radius of its orbit.
		As an example of using Kepler's 3rd Law, let's calculate the "radius" of the orbit of Mars (that is, the length of the semimajor axis of the orbit) from the orbital period.
		Kepler's Laws Calculator that allows you to make simple calculations for periods, separations, and masses for Keplers' laws as modified by Newton (see subsequent section) to include the effect of the center of mass.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/history/kepler.html (1409 words)

	Johannes Kepler
		Kepler was the first to search for a physical explanation for planetary orbits and he discovered that the orbits are elliptical with the sun at one focus.
		Kepler served as Tycho Brahe's assistant until the latter's death in 1601 and was then appointed Tycho's successor as Imperial Mathematician, the most prestigious appointment in mathematics in Europe.
		Kepler's position in Linz now became progressively worse, as Counter Reformation Counter Reformation measures put pressure on Protestants in the Upper Austria province of which Linz was the capital.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/kepler_johannes.htm (1094 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Johannes Kepler
		Johannes Kepler was born in Weil der Stadt in Swabia, in southwest Germany.
		Kepler remained in Graz until 1600, when all Protestants were forced to convert to Catholicism or leave the province, as part of Counter Reformation measures.
		Kepler's position in Linz now became progressively worse, as Counter Reformation measures put pressure on Protestants in the Upper Austria province of which Linz was the capital.
	es.rice.edu /ES/humsoc/Galileo/People/kepler.html (1275 words)

	History of Mathematics: Famous Mathematicians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Kepler was a German astronomer and physicist who discovered the three laws of planetary motion.
		As a student, Kepler was interested in theology and also became a follower of Copernicus.
		On his spare time, Kepler was interested in astrology, casting horoscopes, and the music of the spheres (from the planets).
	www.geom.uiuc.edu /~dpvc/talks/StOlaf.95-10/labs/History/History.html (310 words)

	Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Kepler was born on December 27, 1571, in Weil der Stadt in Württemberg and studied theology and classics at the University of Tübingen.
		Kepler held the chair of astronomy and mathematics at the University of Graz from 1594 until 1600, when he became assistant to the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe in the latter's observatory near Prague.
		Kepler also made contributions in the field of optics and developed a system of infinitesimals in mathematics, which was a forerunner of calculus.
	www.connect.net /ron/kepler.html (557 words)

	Kepler's Laws with animation
		Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), the German assistant and successor to Tycho Brahe, was a Copernican from his twenties on, and was destined to bring about acceptance of the heliocentric concept.
		Yer, Kepler was supplied with years of impeccable data by the elder Tache Brahe who had carefully marked the position of Mars in relationship to the rest of the celestial map.
		Kepler's work put to rest any notion that planets move in perfectly circular orbits because nature has decreed that the heavenly bodies must show perfection in their movements.
	home.cvc.org /science/kepler.htm (1152 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Influenced by the Pythagoreans, Kepler viewed the universe as being governed by geometric relationships that conform to the inscribed and circumscribed circles of the five regular polygons.
		Among Kepler's numerous scientific contributions are an influential treatise on the theory of optics (1604), a treatise on optics as applied to telescope lenses (1611), a work offering physical explanations of the appearance of a nova in 1604, and an enthusiastic acceptance of and elaboration on Galileo's observations with a telescope (1610).
		Kepler's last great work, known as the Rudolphine Tables (1627), was a widely used compilation of accurate tables of planetary motion.
	sirius.phy.hr /~dpaar/fizicari/xkepler.html (542 words)

	Johannes Kepler
		Kepler's first Law: The orbit of a planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun's center of mass at one focus.
		Kepler's third Law: The squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their semi-major axes.
		Kepler had originally planned on becoming a priest, but was drawn into the world of science.
	www.johanneskepler.com (405 words)

	Kepler's Laws (PRIME)
		After studying this data for 20 years, Kepler came to understand that his earlier assumptions about planetary motion had been naive, and that if an earth-centered (Ptolemaic) understanding of the universe were abandoned for a sun-centered (Copernican) model, then the motion of the planets was clearly elliptical.
		Kepler’s laws imply that the speed of revolution of a planet around the sun is not uniform, but changes throughout the planet’s “year.” It is fastest when the planet is nearest the sun (called the perihelion) and slowest when the planet is farthest away (aphelion).
		However, about 30 years after Kepler died, the English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton derived his inverse square law of gravity, which says that the force acting on two gravitating bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
	www.mathacademy.com /pr/prime/articles/kepler/index.asp (542 words)

	Planet Quest: Missions - Kepler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Kepler, a NASA Discovery mission, is a spaceborne telescope designed to look for Earth-like planets around stars beyond our solar system.
		Kepler must monitor many thousands of stars simultaneously, since the chance of any one planet being aligned along the line-of-sight is only about 1/2 of a percent.
		Over a four-year period, Kepler will continuously view an amount of sky about equal to the size of a human hand held at arm's length or about equal in area to two "scoops" of the sky made with the Big Dipper constellation.
	planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov /Kepler/kepler_index.html (466 words)

	More Kepler
		Kepler, in contrast, was trying to think dynamically, that is, to understand the planetary motions somehow in terms of a force emanating from the sun sweeping them around in their orbits.
		Kepler was able to use Tycho's mountains of data to find the exact direction of Mars from the earth at a whole series of times at 687.1 day intervals.
		Kepler realized that gravity was the key to understanding the tides---that the tides were caused by the waters of the oceans being attracted by the moon's gravitational pull.
	galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu /1995/lectures/morekepl.html (3116 words)

	Johannes Kepler: His Life, His Laws and Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Kepler was forced to leave his teaching post at Graz due to the counter Reformation because he was Lutheran and moved to Prague to work with the renowned Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe.
		Kepler used the tables to predict a pair of transits by Mercury and Venus of the Sun, although he did not live to witness the events.
		Kepler was assigned the task by Tycho Brahe to analyze the observations that Tycho had made of Mars.
	www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov /johannes.html (1274 words)

	Johannes Kepler
		Kepler's grandfather was Mayor of Weil, Kepler describes his grandmother as "restless, clever and lying, but devoted to religion; slim and of a fiery nature; vivacious, an inveterate troublemaker; jealous, extreme in her hatreds, violent, a bearer of grudges...and all her children have something of this".
		Kepler's main interest at the time of publication of Mysterium Cosmographicum and after was to get hold of Tycho's data, which he felt would confirm his picture of the solar system.
		However, Kepler was happy that Tycho suggested he work on the orbit of Mars, which was one of the least circular orbits, and hence a good test of new models, and for which Tycho would be obliged to give him a substantial amount of data.
	galileo.phys.virginia.edu /classes/109N/1995/lectures/kepler.html (1706 words)

	Kepler, Johannes -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		They were derived by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, whose analysis of the observations of the 16th-century Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe enabled him to announce his first two laws in the year 1609 and a third law nearly a decade later, in 1618.
		From these precise positions of the planets at correspondingly accurate times, Kepler empirically determined his famous three laws describing planetary motion: (1) the orbits of the planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus; (2) the radial...
		The Renaissance astronomer and astrologer Johannes Kepler is best known for his discovery that the orbits in which the Earth and the other planets of the solar system travel around the sun are elliptical, or oval, in shape.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9105767 (816 words)

	Johannes Kepler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Germany.
		Kepler's grandfather was supposedly from a noble background, and once Mayor of Weil.
		Kepler's mother, Katherine, was raised by an aunt who was eventually burned as a witch.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Hangar/6580/webdoc1.htm (168 words)

	Kepler
		Johaness Kepler readily accepted the Copernican model, but his first attempts to understand the motion of the planets were still tied to the Aristotelian idea that planets ``must'' move on spheres.
		Tycho was very reluctant to share his data with Kepler (who was also made fun for being provincial); Tycho died in 1601 and the king appointed Kepler as successor (at a much smaller salary which was irregularly paid).
		The data required Kepler to modify the original hypothesis (planets move in circles with the sun at the center) to a new hypothesis (planets move in ellipses with a sun at one focus).
	phyun5.ucr.edu /~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node43.html (761 words)

	Kepler - An OAI Data/Service Provider for the Individual
		The objective of the Kepler framework is to satisfy the need for average researchers at an average university to publish results and disseminate them quickly and conveniently to a wide audience.
		In the Kepler framework, the opposite is true: each data provider has only a few objects (e.g., an order of a hundred) but there may be, if the Kepler framework is successful, tens of thousands (or if extended to all interested persons, maybe millions) of such archivelets.
		Kepler is based on and enabled by the OAI, which is gaining acceptance in the digital library research community.
	www.dlib.org /dlib/april01/maly/04maly.html (2971 words)

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