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	Kernel (computer science) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kernels usually implement some hardware abstraction (a set of instructions universal to all devices of a certain type) to hide the underlying complexity from the operating system and provide a clean and uniform interface to the hardware, which helps application programmers to develop programs that work with all devices of that type.
		Proponents of the monolithic kernel approach make the case that if code is incorrect, it does not belong in a kernel, and if it is, there is little advantage in the microkernel approach.
		The design of Linux as a monolithic kernel rather than a microkernel was the topic of a famous flame war (or what then passed for flaming) between Linus Torvalds and Andrew Tanenbaum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kernel_(computers) (1915 words)

	Linux kernel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Linux kernel is a free Unix-like operating system kernel that was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and subsequently improved with the assistance of developers around the world.
		Improvements to the "overall responsiveness" for interactive processes (the kernel became fully preemptible and the I/O scheduler was rewritten).
		The Linux kernel is written in the version of the C programming language supported by the GNU GCC compiler (which supports a superset of standard C), together with relatively short sections of code written in the assembly language of the target architecture (and at last count Linux supported about 20 different processor families).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linux_kernel (2491 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kernel (computers)
		Since there are many programs, and access to the hardware is limited, the kernel is also responsible for deciding when and how long a program should be able to make use of a piece of hardware, in a technique called multiplexing.
		Proponents of the monolithic kernel approach make the case that if code is not correct, it does not belong in a kernel, and if it is, there is little advantage in the microkernel approach.
		XNU, the Mac OS X kernel, is also a modified microkernel, due to the inclusion of BSD kernel code in the Mach based kernel.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kernel-%28computers%29 (1583 words)

	Kernel (computers) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Linux Kernel Commentary Contains a set of documentation on how parts of the kernel work.
		Meta-Kernel The Meta Kernel is a kernel which enhances and accelerates many HP48 GX functions.
		Next Generation Kernel Security Outlines the kernel security improvements that have been made in the 2.4 Linux kernel.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Kernel_(computers).html (248 words)

	Kernel Configuration: dealing with the unexpected
		Compiling the kernel looks like a tricky task when you first hear people talking about it; not long ago, people recompiling their kernels were considered real gurus, and I remember the thrill of my first kernel compilation, back at Linux-0.99.14.
		Since the kernel is the only software allowed to deal with hardware, the choice of what parts ought to be included and what parts ought to be discarded greatly shapes what the final compiled image can do and what it can't.
		Since kernel code (and kernel data) reside in memory for the whole lifetime of the system, the user's interest is keeping the kernel small.
	www.linux.it /~rubini/docs/kconf (4162 words)

	Kernel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The kernel of a seed is all that is within the outer coat of the seed, as the edible substance contained in the shell of a nut; hence, anything included in a shell, husk, or integument.
		The term kernel can also mean a single seed or grain, as "a kernel of corn".
		The kernel of an operating system is its essential component, such as the Linux kernel.
	www.theezine.net /k/kernel.html (138 words)

	Kernel (computers) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Proponents of themonolithic kernel approach make the case that if code is not correct, it does not belong in a kernel, and if it is, there islittle advantage in the microkernel approach.
		Hybrid kernels are essentially microkernels that have some "non-essential" code in kernelspace in order for that code to runmore quickly than it would were it to be in userspace.
		XNU, the MacOS X kernel, is also a modified microkernel, due to the inclusion of BSD kernel code in the Mach based kernel.
	www.therfcc.org /kernel-computers--31266.html (1505 words)

	Air Traffic Control; Kernel Machine; Ivor Catt
		The primary problem facing the Kernel Machine is the predominance of single-processor computer solutions and the natural inclination of programmers to force software fixes on to inappropriate hardware.
		The adjacent linking of chips into a two dimensional array in the Kernel Machine, is so-named from the `kernels' in the corners of each chip which allow networking through the chip even if it has errors and is not used itself.
		Kernel computers are designed to have enough networking to avoid all of the problems of the Spiral wafer.
	www.ivorcatt.com /3ew.htm (1803 words)

	Light Computers - Kernel - What is Kernel/What Does Kernel Mean/Help with Kernel/Abbriviation or Explanation
		A kernel may also include a manager of the operating system's address spaces in memory or storage, sharing these among all components and other users of the kernel's services.
		A kernel's services are requested by other parts of the operating system or by application through a specified set of program interfaces sometimes known as system calls.
		Because the code that makes up the kernel is needed continuously, it is usually loaded into computer storage in an area that is protected so that it will not be overlaid with other less frequently used parts of the operating system.
	www.lightcomputers.com /support/jargon/k/kernel.htm (132 words)

	Operating system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Operating system kernels had been evolved from libraries that provided the core services into unending programs that control system resources because of the early needs of accounting for computer usage and then protecting those records.
		It is also noteworthy that some people use "kernel" to mean the core piece of the OS that deals most directly with the hardware, and have a slightly broader definition of "operating system".
		As the name implies, the shell is an outer wrapper to the kernel, which in turn talks directly to the hardware.
	www.infothis.com /find/Operating_system (1495 words)

	BibTeX bibliography mach.bib (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We show that MKM, when coupled with a user level monitor and visualization system (the PIE system), is able to fulfill the double role of visualizing kernel behavior in the presence of a workload as well as the influence of the operating system kernel on user algorithms.
		As MKM is expected to be widely used as part of the Mach standard distribution, this paper reports on the MKM design concepts with emphasis on examples showing the usefulness of the system.
		Our approach to device management significantly reduces the size of the kernel's machine-dependent code, enables us to reduce the length of the I/O path, and permits us to transparently manage remote devices on non-shared memory multiprocessor architectures such as the Hypercube.
	www.math.utah.edu /pub/tex/bib/mach.html (1204 words)

	PC Magazine: Linux Reborn: Kernel 2.4
		Although multithreading was added in January, 1999 to the Linux kernel in 2.2, it's been an open secret that this older kernel didn't scale very well beyond two CPUs on a single system.
		While previous versions of the kernel were limited to handling 4GB of RAM, the new kernel supports Intel’s 36-bit memory addressing scheme to reach 64GB of RAM.
		Although the new kernel is faster on four-way or eight-way processors, this won't interfere with old-fashioned single-CPU cluster nodes.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_zdpcm/is_200104/ai_ziff3470 (897 words)

	Image - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In computer graphics and digital image processing, the word image almost always means digital image or, by extension, any computer description of an image, e.g.
		In computer science the word image can also mean an exact (bit-by-bit) copy of the contents of some device, such as a hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, smiconductor storage chip, etc. In particular,
		A core image (or core dump, from magnetic core memory, the predominant RAM technology of the 1960s) is a faithful copy of the data stored in the main memory of a computer or process.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /image.htm (652 words)

	Kernel
		A kernel is the inner part of a seed.
		In mathematics, kernel has different, unrelated meanings, in algebra and analysis: see kernel (mathematics).
		The kernel of a homomorphism is the set of all elements that the homomorphism sends to the identity element.
	www.fastload.org /ke/Kernel.html (145 words)

	Kernel (computers) Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Looking For kernel computers - Find kernel computers and more at Lycos Search.
		In exokernel systems, library operating sytems provide the abstractions typically present in monolithic kernels.
		This includes the robotic arms on the space shuttle to machines that grind glass where a tiny mistake may cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.
	www.quiltplace.com /encyclopedia/Kernel_%28computers%29 (2011 words)

	The Linux Kernel Archives
		This is the primary site for the Linux kernel source, but it has much more than just Linux kernels.
		May 12, 2005: There is now an RSS feed available to track the latest kernel versions.
		The Linux kernel, as well as several other pieces of software, are maintained using the git source code control system.
	kernel.org (1201 words)

	Kernel (computer science) Details, Meaning Kernel (computer science) Article and Explanation Guide
		These abstractions are a way of hiding the complexity, and providing a clean and uniform interface to the underlying hardware, which makes it easier on the programmers.
		The design of Linux as a monolithic kernel rather than a microkernel was the topic of a famous flame war (or what then passed for flaming) between Linus Torvalds and Andrew Tanenbaum [1].
		This is an Article on Kernel (computer science).
	www.e-paranoids.com /k/ke/kernel__computer_science_.html (1539 words)

	Troubleshooting and Repair Strategies
		Kernel Load: The “Starting Windows” progress bar is shown at the bottom of the screen when Ntldr loads the Windows 2000 OS kernel: Ntoskrnl.exe and
		Recently, a group of computer scientists (all male) announced that computers should be referred to as female.
		However, another group of computer scientists (all female) think that computers should be referred to as male.
	www.wilsonmar.com /1compu.htm (2505 words)

	kernel 2.6.6 USB and cdrom are not working.
		kernel 2.6.6 USB and cdrom are not working.
		However both of my computers are not working with my USB Floppy deive, usb mouse, and usb webcam.
		It works perfectly in my kernel 2.4.20-8, but won't work on my kernel 2.6.6 I have tried so many ways, changed the config file and recomplied so many times, and have been reading so many articles regarding to the usb setting.
	kerneltrap.org /node/3255 (319 words)

	Kernel Computers, Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Understanding the Linux Kernel A book covering all non-networking aspects of the 2.2 kernels.
		Kernel Newsflash List of known bugs, organized by version number.
		Kernel Documents Index of online documents and printed books, with keywords and descriptions.
	www.lovetolive.org /c3Rsb182NTI0.aspx (283 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Linux Kernel Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Linux Kernel Development details the design and implementation of the Linux kernel, presenting the content in a manner that is beneficial to those who wish to write and develop kernel code.
		Linux Kernel Development details the design and implementation of the Linux kernel, presenting the content in a manner that is beneficial to those writing and developing kernel code.
		Considering the fact that Linux kernel evolves so fast, it may make sense to focus on the core parts and once you understand them, it may become easy for you to track and understand changes later.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0672325128?v=glance (2089 words)

	LKML: "Heikki Tuuri": Re: 2.6.0-test2-mm3 and mysql
		On an old 2.2 kernel computer I was able to get read errors in 30 seconds.
		The three 2.4 kernel computers have worked ok. My hypothesis is that there are bugs in drivers of Linux.
		That would explain why some computers work ok. Or there are Linux kernel bugs which only manifest on certain hardware under certain file i/o workload.
	lkml.org /lkml/2003/8/3/39 (493 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: Linux Kernel Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The author is involved in Linux kernel development, so the latest kernel version is detailed, as the author has access to the not-yet-released development releases.
		If you want to become a kernel hacker then you need to buy and read this book - I came at all of this the other way round (wrote a device driver and then looked for more about the kernel) - but reading this first would have been better.
		This should take the kernel novice and make them perhaps not a kernel expert, but at least strongly informed on the technical side of how to start hacking the kernel.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0672325128 (789 words)

	Image at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In computer science the word image can also mean an exact (bit-by-bit) copy of the contents of some device, such as a hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, etc..
		In particular, a core image (or core dump) is a faithful copy of the data stored in the main memory of a computer or process.
		A related computer science usage is the expression executable image -- meaning a structured file containing machine instructions and data, which can be loaded into a process's virtual memory and executed.
	wiki.tatet.com /Picture.html (625 words)

	Kernel (computers) : Monolithic kernel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Some operating systems, such as Linux, have monolithic kernels which provide rich and powerful abstractions.
		Proponents of the monolithic kernel approach make the case that if code isn't correct, it doesn't belong in a kernel, and if it is, there is little advantage in the microkernel approach.
		It uses material from the wikipedia article Kernel (computers) : Monolithic kernel.
	www.eurofreehost.com /mo/Monolithic_kernel.html (328 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: Software: Operating Systems: Linux: Kernel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kernel Documents - Index of online documents and printed books, with keywords and descriptions.
		Kernel Newsflash - List of known bugs, organized by version number.
		Kernel Traffic - A weekly summary of the high volume linux-kernel mailing list.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/Kernel (376 words)

	Kernel - UK Shop Search > Kernel
		It was a lot of fun, but these days a much better way to get some kind of Lisp into your OS kernel is Movitz.
		Schemix is a Scheme system, implemented as a patch to the Linux kernel.
		functionality to be found in the 2.6 Linux kernel, some pitfalls you may encounter, and also points out...
	www.infospot.com /searchdirectory/shops/Kernel.html (261 words)

	kernel - OneLook Dictionary Search
		KERNEL : 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [home, info]
		Phrases that include kernel: apricot kernel oil, peach kernel oil, dirichlet kernel, palm kernel, security kernel, more...
		Words similar to kernel: center, core, essence, gist, heart, inwardness, kerneling, marrow, meat, nitty-gritty, nub, pith, substance, sum, grain, nutmeat, seed, more...
	www.onelook.com /cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=kernel (372 words)

	Linux.com: The Enterprise Linux Resource
		They were right, except for two details: First, many computer users are scared of the command line -- and APT is a command line utility.
		Second, even for users not afraid of the command line, setting download repositories and other parameters was not easy unless you spent enough of your time administering computers to remember all the text commands it took to make APT do what you wanted.
		This week, advisories were released for gtkdiskfree, util-linux, ClamAV, loop-aes, helix-player, backupninja, squid, mysql, ntlmaps, mysql-dfsg, gopher, prozilla, cfengine, mozilla-firefox, apachetop, drupal, mailutils, egroupware, arc, mod-auth-shadow, mason, slocate, vixie-cron, net-snmp, kernel, openssh, binutils, perl, and gdb.
	www.linux.com (1027 words)

	Kernel Computers, Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Stik's Security Module Stiksecmod is another loadable kernel module (LKM) to offer labeling, privileges, and auditing for Linux.
		Security patch for Linux kernel 2.4 Grsecurity is an extensive set of security patches to the 2.4 tree of Linux kernels.
		Medusa DS9 Security System Medusa DS9 is a project to enhance the security of Linux kernel, which implements the ZP Security Framework.
	www.lila-ilab.org /bGlfMTI1MDEw.aspx (344 words)

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