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Topic: Kernicterus

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	Journal of Perinatology - Definition of the Clinical Spectrum of Kernicterus and Bilirubin-Induced Neurologic ...
		The MRI damage of kernicterus differs from that of hypoxia−ischemia, which damages thalamus, cortex and periventricular white matter, and the caudate and putamen, areas of the basal ganglia that are not affected in kernicterus.
		Kernicterus may be a comorbidity in children with dramatic illnesses requiring emergency surgery who fail to receive treatment for hyperbilirubinemia during the perioperative period.
		Kernicterus subtypes and the pattern of involvement may relate to factors such as developmental age, and the amount and duration of exposure to bilirubin.
	www.nature.com /jp/journal/v25/n1/full/7211157a.html (3890 words)

	kernicterus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Kernicterus is the technical name for the specific form of brain damage due to excessive levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream.
		There is no absolute level of jaundice that is guaranteed to be dangerous, but intervention (either phototherapy or exchange transfusion) is usually done at about a level of "20" (the units are milligrams of bilirubin per 100 cc of blood, or mg/dl).
		Kernicterus still occurs very rarely, mainly in very tiny, very sick prematures or in term babies with jaundice aggravated by illness, nursing failure and dehydration, parental ignorance or poor medical followup.
	www.drhull.com /EncyMaster/K/kernicterus.html (367 words)

	Kernicterus & Newborn Jaundice
		Kernicterus is the name given to the severe form of brain damage that is caused by excessive jaundice in newborn infants.
		Kernicterus refers to the yellow staining of the deep nuclei (i.e., the kernal) of the brain namely, the basal ganglia.
		Kernicterus involves a specific part of the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus.
	www.kernicterus.org (1830 words)

	Kernicterus in Full-Term Infants --- United States, 1994--1998
		Kernicterus is a preventable life-long neurologic syndrome caused by severe and untreated hyperbilirubinemia during the neonatal period.
		Kernicterus is not a reportable condition in the United States, and its prevalence is unknown; however, a pilot registry at a Pennsylvania hospital documented 90 cases in 21 states from 1984 to June 2001 (L. Johnson, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, personal communication, 2001).
		By the 1970s, such therapy was implemented effectively, and kernicterus virtually disappeared in full-term infants until the early 1990s (4), when physicians began to debate the need to identify and treat hyperbilirubinemia in healthy, full-term infants without risk factors for hemolysis (5--7).
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5023a4.htm (1612 words)

	VCU Department of Pediatrics
		The resultant brain damage, kernicterus, occurs rarely and is largely preventable, which is the reason 60 percent of newborns who are visibly yellow (jaundiced) are followed closely by pediatricians.
		Kernicterus is the extreme form of damage, causing auditory dysfunction or deafness, a movement disorder called dystonic or athetoid cerebral palsy, problems with eye movements, and abnormal formation of the enamel of teeth.
		Recently, he was awarded a second NIH grant to investigate the neuroanatomical and physiological basis of the movement disorder that occurs with kernicterus.
	www.vcu.edu /pediatrics/research/fac_research/shapiro.html (181 words)

	eMedicine - Kernicterus : Article by Shelley C Springer, MD, MBA, MSc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Kernicterus is now recognized to occur in the premature infant and very rarely in the term infant in the absence of profound hyperbilirubinemia.
		Clinical reports of kernicterus in the absence of profound hyperbilirubinemia, coupled with the lack of definitive standards of care for the initiation of phototherapy, further complicate this exposure.
		Cashore WJ: Bilirubin and jaundice in the micropremie.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic1247.htm (8617 words)

	AllRefer Health - Rh Incompatibility (Hydrops Fetalis, Kernicterus, Rh-Induced Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)
		Kernicterus is a neurological syndrome caused by deposition of bilirubin into the brain (CNS) tissues.
		Kernicterus develops in extremely jaundiced infants, especially those with severe Rh incompatibility.
		Hydrops fetalis and kernicterus have decreased markedly in frequency as a result of these preventive measures.
	health.allrefer.com /health/rh-incompatibility-info.html (676 words)

	Indian Pediatrics - Brief Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Kernicterus, the extreme form of bilirubin induced neurological dysfunction is currently uncommon in term babies but dreaded because of its irreversibility.
		Events such as onset of jaundice, duration of jaundice, onset and duration of kernicterus before reporting to the hospital and history of asphyxia are historical and are subject to error.
		Kernicterus in term babies being a relatively uncommon event, the number of babies included in the study are limited and hence the confidence intervals of most significant variables(asphyxia, small for date) are wide.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /july2001/july-757-762.htm (2163 words)

	Kernicterus Legal Help and Attorneys > Home
		Kernicterus is a form of brain damage caused by jaundice.
		It is our goal to provide lifetime care for our clients and to help eradicate kernicterus by holding accountable those health care providers who fail to follow careful medical practice.
		At the chronic stage, kernicterus may not be diagnosed until your child is several months old and has classic symptoms: athetotic cerebral palsy, auditory neuropathy (hearing loss), loss of upward gaze, and yellow staining of the teeth.
	www.kernicteruslegalhelp.com (611 words)

	CPS: CPSP Resource Article Kernicterus and the healthy term newborn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Recent reports of increasing kernicterus have led to further discussion regarding the level of bilirubin considered detrimental to the otherwise healthy term neonate, whose jaundice is not attributable to hemolysis.
		This is identified at autopsy by deep yellow staining of this region, and clinically, by severe disabling brain damage or death.
		Recent reports of kernicterus are an important reminder that hyperbilirubinemia in the healthy, term infant has the potential to cause bilirubin encephalopathy.
	www.cps.ca /english/CPSP/Resources/Kernicterus.htm (1908 words)

	Kernicterus as a 'Never-Event': A newborn safety standard? Bhutani Vinod K - Indian J Pediatr
		Kernicterus, preventable in most cases but with untreatable and tragic sequelae, is a matter of public health concern that requires implementation of safer community healthcare standards to prevent its occurrence.
		The only prospective study that has shown an association between TSB concentrations and occurrence of acute bilirubin encephalopathy is that reported by Mollison and Cutbush[12] in a follow-up report of untreated infants with hyperbilirubinemia and hypoalbuminemia due to Rh hemolytic disease.
		The potential risk of kernicterus in the newborn is a biologic certainty if the natural postnatal progression of hyperbilirubinemia is inadequately monitored or treated or when there is unpredictable predilection of the infant.
	www.ijppediatricsindia.org /article.asp?issn=0019-5456;year=2005;volume=72;issue=1;spage=53;epage=56;aulast=Bhutani (2226 words)

	RH INCOMPATIBILITY---RhHDN: Intermediate (kernicterus) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Prevention of kernicterus includes careful monitoring of neonatal bilirubin levels and putting the baby under special lights (phototherapy) to reduce the level of bilirubin in the body.
		The new blood, which is carefully screened to be compatible with the baby and to be free from diseases (including HIV and Hepatitis), helps to eliminate the anemia by bringing in healthy red blood cells and also removes much of the excess bilirubin.
		Kernicterus is quite rare with advanced techniques in neonatal management.
	demeter.hampshire.edu /~rhinfo/intermediate.html (219 words)

	Case Based Pediatrics Chapter
		Kernicterus can occur without signs and symptoms (2), but acute kernicterus in term babies is usually characterized by changes in muscle tone, drowsiness, poor feeding, a high pitched cry, apnea, possible seizures, fever, and death (3).
		Although kernicterus is rare, it is potentially preventable and it is being seen with increasing frequency.
		In the pilot kernicterus registry, 31% of the cases were idiopathic (no identified cause), approximately equal to the incidence associated with G6PD deficiency (3).
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s03c02.html (3719 words)

	Neonatal Hypoglycaemia, Kernicterus and Hip Displasia Medical Malpractice
		Hip dysplasia is often not diagnosed until the child is walking having already been seen by numerous doctors and nurses and treatment at this stage often involves repeated major surgery and a less than satisfactory outcome.
		Kernicterus is a relatively rare condition which can lead to cerebral palsy.
		Those involved in neonatal care should be aware of the signs and symptoms of an infant suffering from kernicterus and failure to take appropriate action is likely to be medical malpractice.
	www.lawmedmal.ca /neonatal.htm (503 words)

	Kernicterus - Patient UK
		The word kernicterus means yellow kern, kern being the structures of the brain that are most commonly affected.
		Of the 80 babies on the kernicterus register 3 died but it is impossible to guess how many may have died with kernicterus and not been reported.
		Kernicterus is unlikely in a term or near term baby but it can occur and represented 60% of those on the American register.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40000455 (2041 words)

	Pediatric Pathology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The yellow staining in the brain of a neonate is known as kernicterus.
		There is a coronal section of medulla on the left and cerebral hemisphere on the right demonstrating kernicterus in deep grey matter of hemisphere and brain stem.
		Kernicterus is more likely to occur with prematurity, low birth weight, and increased bilirubin levels.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /WebPath/PEDHTML/PED242.html (79 words)

	NORD - National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
		Kernicterus is a rare neurological disorder characterized by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) during infancy.
		Bilirubin is an orange-yellow bile pigment that is a byproduct of the natural breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells (hemolysis).
		Affected infants may also experience the absence of certain reflexes (e.g., Moro reflex, etc.); mild to severe muscle spasms including those in which the head and heels are bent backward and the body bows forward (opisthotonus); and/or uncontrolled involuntary muscle movements (spasticity).
	www.rarediseases.org /search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Kernicterus (240 words)

	Kernicterus Lawsuit Overview - Find Trial Lawyers and Attorneys with Experience in Kernicterus Personal Injury Law
		Kernicterus is a debilitating and potentially deadly condition that may appear in newborns.
		The condition is characterized by drowsiness, vomiting, feeding problems, neck and back spasms, rolling of the eyes, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hearing problems, vision problems and death.
		Researchers report that the condition is occurring with alarming frequency as the length of the average hospital stay for newborns continues to decrease.
	www.injuryboard.com /view.cfm/Topic=311 (361 words)

	Information about Kernicterus
		Kernicterus is a form of brain damage caused by excessive jaundice.
		Kernicterus occurs more often in premature infants than full-term infants.
		Usually treatment for Kernicterus focuses on decreasing the amount of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood.
	www.mamashealth.com /head/kern.asp (184 words)

	Nationwide Specialist Kernicterus Medical Malpractice Lawyers
		Kernicterus is the technical name for the specific form of brain damage caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream which is one of the causes of athetoid cerebral palsy and can be responsible for hearing loss, problems with vision and mental retardation.
		Bilirubin is the waste product of haemoglobin breakdown from red blood cells which, in high concentrations, can selectively damage the part of the brain known as the basal ganglia which has a crucial role in controlling motor movement.
		If you believe that your child's condition was caused by medical malpractice and you would like free advice from a specialist attorney just complete the contact form and a member of The Association of Trial Lawyers of America will telephone you immediately to discuss your child's claim with no further obligation.
	www.cerebral-palsy.us.com /kernicterus.html (453 words)

	P.I.C.K. - Parents of Infants and Children with Kernicterus
		Kernicterus is a preventable neurologic disorder caused by newborn jaundice that can result in cerebral palsy, auditory processing problems (AN), gaze and vision abnormalities, and dental enamel hypoplasia.
		Newborn jaundice affects 60% of newborns in the United States each year and is the number one reason for hospital readmission during the first week of life.
		In addition, several secondary medical conditions are associated with kernicterus: severe reflux, sleep disturbances, respiratory infections and chronic constipation.
	www.pickonline.org (178 words)

	Jaundice in newborns
		The harmful effects of kernicterus include cerebral palsy, quadriplegia, hearing loss or auditory disorders, vision abnormalities, hyperplasia of dental enamel, and sometimes, mental retardation.
		But, because of its horrific effects, there is universal agreement that even one case of kernicterus is too many, and that every possible effort must be made to prevent it.
		Even with the increasing pitch and urgency of the warnings about kernicterus from respected, credible, and authoritative sources, most U.S. hospitals are still not screening the newborns in their care.
	www.lonestarhealth.com /custompage.asp?guidCustomContentID=C8603567-DEDB-4B3F-BC05-139C55DF22E0 (1306 words)

	Brain Injury Lawyers - Kenneth Sigelman Attoneys at Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Kernicterus is a progressive type of brain damage that results in vision and dental problems, mental retardation, hearing loss and, sometimes, athetoid cerebral palsy.
		It is believed that kernicterus is more likely to develop in babies who are released too early from the hospital—especially if these babies are jaundiced.
		If your child has developed kernicterus as a result of untreated or misdiagnosed jaundice, your family is entitled to compensation.
	www.palsyinfo.com /html/brain_injury.html (879 words)

	Albion College Giving
		But kernicterus, a preventable brain injury that was once the leading cause of cerebral palsy, has resurfaced in at least 125 newborns across the country since the 1990s, medical specialists and federal health officials warned yesterday.
		Ten days later, she met in Chicago with six mothers whose children were affected and with Dr. Vinod Bhutani, a pediatrician at the University of Pennsylvania's Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, who had noticed an upswing in incidences of the disease.
		Because kernicterus was so rare, he said, doctors were afraid to report it for fear that it would be seen as a sign of malpractice.
	www.albion.edu /alumni/sheridan.asp (588 words)

	Tighter Monitoring of Jaundice Urged by CDC
		Kernicterus, a lifelong brain syndrome, can include cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and hearing loss.
		Bilirubin is a natural by-product of decomposing red blood cells, but when it's present at dangerous levels, it can cause severe brain damage or even death in an infant.
		Dixon's son has kernicterus, which he got after he was discharged after birth with elevated bilirubin.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/33/1728_81562 (557 words)

	Review - National Association of Neonatal Nurses
		Kernicterus is a preventable neurologic syndrome with life long complications.
		In the 1940-50's, kernicterus was noted as a complication of erythroblastosis fetalis or other forms of hemolytic disease
		Since kernicterus is not a reportable condition (to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States, its prevalence is unknown.
	www.nann.org /i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=933 (562 words)

	Australia : Hypoglycaemia Hip Dysplasia Kernicterus Medical Negligence
		Doctors often recognise that a child is hypoglycaemic from test results however they often do not realise the extent to which the child is suffering from neonatal hypoglycaemia and as a result do not take appropriate action to prevent brain damage.
		Kernicterus and Hyperbilirubinaemia are rare but very serious neonatal conditions which can lead to athetoid cerebral palsy.
		There are several reasons for an increase in bilirubin concentrations in the newborn infant including genetic factors, the effect of certain medications, infections and Rh factor blood incompatibility between the mother and the infant.
	www.medneg.com.au /neonatal.html (536 words)

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