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Topic: Ketogenesis

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	TNF-alpha and IL-6 synergistically inhibit ketogenesis from fatty acids and alpha-ketoisocaproate in isolated rat ...
		TNF-alpha and IL-6 synergistically inhibit ketogenesis from fatty acids and alpha-ketoisocaproate in isolated rat hepatocytes -- Pailla et al.
		TNF-alpha and IL-6 synergistically inhibit ketogenesis from fatty acids and alpha-ketoisocaproate in isolated rat hepatocytes
		A decrease in ketogenesis from free fatty acids also is observed, probably mediated by cytokines involved in host response to infection.
	jpen.aspenjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/22/5/286 (365 words)

	Endotext.com - Diabetes, Glucagon
		At concentrations that approximate those found in the portal vein in vivo, glucagon is a potent stimulator of hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis in vitro (59).
		Two key factors are necessary for ketone body formation: sufficient substrate in the form of free fatty acids and a shift in the hepatic handling of free fatty acids from triglyceride synthesis (i.e.
		Stimulation of ketogenesis by glucagon is linked to some of the biochemical steps involved in its stimulation of gluconeogenesis (86), namely, an inhibition of glycolysis.
	www.endotext.org /diabetes/diabetes2b/diabetes2b_2.htm (1831 words)

	Fatty Acid Oxidation
		These exceed the capacity of the TCA cycle, and one result is the synthesis of ketone bodies, or ketogenesis.
		Ketogenesis takes place primarily in the liver and may by affected by several factors:
		Control in the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue directly affects the level of ketogenesis in the liver.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/fatty-acid-oxidation.html (2774 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: The Role of Insulin, Glucagon, Dexamethasone and Leptin in the Regulation of Ketogenesis and ...
		Therefore, a study was conducted to elucidate hormonal control of ketogenesis and glycogen deposition in primary cultures of porcine hepatocytes.
		Ketogenesis was highly stimulated by glucagon and inhibited by insulin.
		Ketogenesis was highly stimulated by glucagon (1 and 100 ng/ml) and inhibited by insulin.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=149408 (633 words)

	Ketogenesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ketogenesis is the process by which ketone bodies are produced as a result of fatty acid breakdown.
		Ketogenesis may or may not occur, dependent on how many carbohydrates are available.
		However, when ketogenesis is happening at abnormally high levels, the body is said to be in a state of ketosis.
	www.mrsci.com /Metabolism/Ketogenesis.php (457 words)

	Acetogenesis does not replace ketogenesis in fasting piglets infused with hexanoate -- Adams and Odle 274 (6): E963 -- ...
		ketogenesis in rats) increases concomitant with elevated mitochondrial
		ketogenesis for neonatal piglets in vivo and to probe the
		Hepatic ketogenesis in newborn pigs is limited by low mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase activity.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/6/E963 (4459 words)

	Tissue-specific Expression and Dietary Regulation of Chimeric Mitochondrial 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A ...
		The activity of the latter increases with fasting, fat feeding, diabetes, glucagon administration, and with the transition from the fetal to the suckling state(1, 2), and these effects are accompanied by an increase in the mRNA levels for this gene(3).
		The close correspondence between the increase in mRNA levels, enzyme activity, and ketogenesis has also been observed in the intestine and liver of suckling pups(4, 5), which reinforces the hypothesis that it is the main regulatory point in ketogenesis, both in adult and neonatal rats.
		In a similar manner, the serum levels of total ketone bodies were not modified by the occurrence of the transgene (Table 3).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/13/7529 (4855 words)

	Substrate utilization by intestinal mucosal tissue strips from patients with inflammatory bowel disease -- ...
		With the exception of the suckling rat (2, 19), animal studies have shown that ketogenesis in enterocytes is sparse or
		An explanation for ketogenesis by the intestine of the suckling rat: the presence of an active hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A pathway.
		Ketogenesis from butyrate and acetate by the cecum and the colon of rabbits.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/2/G405 (4319 words)

	Age-related change in ketone body metabolism: diminished glucagon effect on ketogenesis in adult rats. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The age-related changes in plasma ketone body levels and related substances such as carnitine and FFA of normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats, as well as its effects on glucagon-induced ketogenesis in isolated perfused rat livers, were examined in this study.
		The degree of increase of acetoacetate (AcAc) in adult rats (50-week-old) after a 36-h fasting period in both normal and diabetic rats was significantly smaller than that of young rats (8-week-old).
		This study demonstrates that the hepatic unresponsiveness to glucagon in terms of its ketone body production by aging may be one of the major causes of hyperosmolar nonketotic coma in elderly people.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_3032575.html (230 words)

	Possible interrelationship between gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in the liver.
		Possible interrelationship between gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in the liver.
		No stimulating effect of acetoacetate was observed; conversely, acetoacetate (up to 40 mM) partially or completely abolished the observed stimulating effects of acetate, oleate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate.
		The results suggest that, in intact liver cells, pyruvate is transported into mitochondria in exchange for acetoacetate and that an interrelationship between gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis at the level of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier may exist in the liver.
	charm.cs.uiuc.edu /users/jyelon/lowcarb.med/article046.html (111 words)

	Lane et al., June 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		ABSTRACT Ketogenesis is the conversion of acetyl-CoA to the ketone bodies acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA).
		In hepatic ketogenesis, which occurs during fasting in both nonruminant and ruminant animals, the source of acetyl-CoA is the mitochondrial oxidation of predominantly long-chain fatty acids.
		This paper shows that the genes encoding the enzymes controlling ketogenesis are expressed independently of intraruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations.
	www.asas.org /jas/abs/2002/a0261538.htm (527 words)

	Ketogenic.net : The Comprehensive Ketogenic Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ketogenesis has often been regarded simply as another proposed way to lose weight, a way that doesn't always work for everyone.
		However, this site can introduce you to the full story on what ketogenesis really is. Click on What Is "Ketogenic?" to understand all about it.
		We also provide a quick glossary of terms related to ketogenesis, and quality links to related information.
	www.ketogenic.net (125 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Derek Beast Charlebois - Sesamin - Bye, Bye Fatty!
		Ketogenesis occurs when fatty acid oxidation is increased to a point where the liver cannot metabolize off the fatty acids for energy.
		Excess acetyl-CoA (which can be created from fat, glucose, or amino acid metabolism) is converted to ketones in the liver and released into the bloodstream to be used by other tissues (specifically the brain).
		Ketogenesis is very important during low carb diets because the brain cannot use fatty acids for fuel, it can only use glucose.
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/beast21.htm (1266 words)

	Annual Report 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We have previously shown that the nucleoside AICAriboside exerts multiple effects on hepatic metabolism, including inhibition of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and of the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids.
		Since fatty acid metabolism plays a key role in ketogenesis, the influence of AICAriboside on the latter process was also investigated.
		However, it stimulated ketogenesis in the presence of lactate/pyruvate, and in the presence of both oleate and lactate/pyruvate.
	www.icp.ucl.ac.be /report95/puri2.html (268 words)

	eMedicine - Alcoholic Ketoacidosis : Article Excerpt by Irina Robinson
		Acetic acid is converted by coenzyme A to acetyl-coenzyme A, which, in turn, is used for the conversion to adipose tissue, in the formation of ketone bodies, and in the citric acid cycle.
		Increased ketogenesis secondary to utilization of hepatic glycogen stores with subsequently increased lipolysis and a decreased insulin-to-glucagon ratio causes starvation ketosis.
		In AKA, the increased ratio of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide increases the proportion of beta-hydroxybutyrate relative to acetoacetate.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/Alcoholic-Ketoacidosis.htm (986 words)

	p990727a - Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
		Abstract: Alcoholic ketoacidosis is a metabolic disorder that occurs in acute-on-chronic ethanol abusers who become acutely starved because of cessation of all caloric intake (including ethanol) owing to gastric intolerance or to an intercurrent acute illness.
		The precise pathogenesis, and especially the cause of the increased lipolysis, is not known, but several factors known or believed to promote ketogenesis are present in those patients.
		The metabolic disorder responds rapidly to rehydration and administration of glucose intravenously, which stops the ketogenesis.
	www.emory.edu /WHSCL/grady/amreport/litsrch99/p990727a.html (423 words)

	Ketone bodies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Any production of these compounds is called ketogenesis, and this is necessary in small amounts.
		Beta-hydroxybutyrate is not technically a ketone (they are called ketone bodies because they come from ketones).
		Ketone bodies are produced from acetyl-CoA (see ketogenesis) mainly in the mitochondrial matrix of liver cells when carbohydrates are so scarce that energy must be obtained from breaking down fatty acids.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ketone_bodies (511 words)

	BodyOpus Week 20
		If you are showing ketones, you know you are back into ketogenesis and will be burning them during post workout cardio.
		You could then gradually increase the amount of carbs you took in until you found the amount that kept you out of ketosis after the workout (which would have to stay the same of course as far as sets and reps).
		In other mail, DL commented that urine ketone measurement is only a very indirect and delayed indicator of ketogenesis in the blood which is true.
	low-carb.org /lylemcd/week20.htm (2801 words)

	Ketogenesis from lactate in rat liver during the perinatal period -- Almeida et al. 31 (4): 415 -- Pediatric Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ketogenesis from lactate in rat liver during the perinatal period -- Almeida et al.
		Ketogenesis from lactate in rat liver during the perinatal period
		increased, but lipogenesis decreased and ketogenesis was maintained.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/abstract/31/4/415 (287 words)

	Lyle McDonald BodyOpus Infomation
		Glucagon, insulin and ketogenesis: The formation of KB's and utilization of fuel is ultimately controlled by the circulating levels of insulin and glucagon.
		Ketosis (defined as the buildup of the KB's in the bloodstream) will occur under several conditions including: fasting, after prolonged exercise, and when a high fat diet is consumed.
		But, due to the low insulin to glucagon ratio, ketogenesis is also stimulated.
	low-carb.org /lylemcd/cyclic1.htm (3683 words)

	Documento sin título
		A molecular approach is applied to study the regulation of these genes, including expression assays in vivo and in vitro in heterologous systems of both wild type and mutated forms.
		Screening of mutations in metabolic diseases of ketogenesis (deficiency in HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA lyase).
		Molecular study of fatty-acid transport genes in mitochondria: Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I, Carnitine octanoyl transferase and Carnitine Acetyl transferase.
	www.ub.es /bbm/webfausto3/ingles.htm (1246 words)

	IngentaConnect Major ketogenesis and the absence of an osmolar gap in an atypica... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		IngentaConnect Major ketogenesis and the absence of an osmolar gap in an atypica...
		Major ketogenesis and the absence of an osmolar gap in an atypical case of alcoholic ketoacidosis
		Although it shares some similarities with typical cases of AKA, it appears as unique because of predominantly neurological, rather than abdominal symptoms, major ketogenesis with normal ketone body ratio, the presence of large amounts of propanediol and the absence of an osmolar gap.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/rsm/acb/2003/00000040/00000004/art00018 (211 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on The Zone Diet at Epinions.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		All of them are based on one common fact which is that your body will start to use your fat storage for energy if you limit the carbohydrate content in your food.
		This process is known as ketogenesis and it produces ketone bodies.
		However, the ketogenesis process could result in severe acidosis where the acidity of body fluids and tissues is abnormally high.
	www.epinions.com /content_33749438084 (682 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Optimizing insulin regimens in type 1 diabetes
		It is responsible for maintaining suppression of ketogenesis (formation of ketoacids by the liver) and control of lipolysis (fat breakdown), gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis, as well as supplying adequate insulin for basal glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues.
		Ketoacidosis results from lack of insulin, which is necessary not only to put glucose into insulin-sensitive cells (primarily muscle and fat) but also to prevent ketogenesis in the liver.
		More insulin is needed by the liver to turn off ketogenesis once it has started than is needed to keep ketogenesis suppressed by a constant low level of circulating basal insulin.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2003/06_03/2bohannon.htm (4243 words)

	Carnitine supplementation of parenterally fed neonates
		The secondary aims are to determine the effect on lipid tolerance and ketogenesis.
		It would be expected that carnitine deficiency would limit the metabolism of lipid leading to a rise in plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids, and impaired ketogenesis.
		The small increase in ketogenesis in the carnitine supplemented group is unlikely to be of any clinical significance.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/cairns/review.htm (4420 words)

	Technical Studies about Ketones and their Function in the Body (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Insulin deficiency triggers the lipolytic process in adipose tissue with the result that free fatty acids pass into the plasma for uptake by liver and other tissues.
		Glucagon appears to be the primary hormone involved in the induction of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in the liver.
		Thus, the rate-controlling step for ketogenesis is carnitine acyltransferase I. Administration of food after a fast, or of insulin to the diabetic subject, reduces plasma free fatty acid concentrations, increases the liver concentration of malonyl-CoA, inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I and reverses the ketogenic process.
	www.lowcarb.org /josh_yelon/topic11.html (538 words)

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