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Topic: Ketoglutaric acid

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	glutamic acid. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Once glutamic acid has coupled with ammonia, it is called glutamine and can as such safely transport ammonia to the liver, where the ammonia is eventually converted to urea for excretion by the kidneys.
		The acidic side chain of glutamic acid confers one negative charge under most conditions to proteins in which this amino acid is found, thus increasing the water solubility of the protein.
		The amino acid was isolated from wheat gluten in 1866 and chemically synthesized in 1890.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gl/glutamic.html (245 words)

	Smart Basics - Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid: Smart Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid is also a precursor to the amino acid glutamic acid (a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized in the body) that is involved in protein synthesis (proteogenic) and can be converted to glucose (glycogenic).
		It is suggested that the muscle adapts for an improved ammonia clearance when the liver's capacity to detoxify ammonia is compromised: during exercise, the amount of alpha-ketoglutaric acid in the skeletal muscle increases and acts as an ammonia buffer.
		Alpha-ketoglutaric acid may be beneficial to the athlete as the result of two key properties.
	www.ehot.com /smartbasics/alpha_ketoglutaric_acid.html (571 words)

	Vinegar for Long Life
		These are the seven acids which work in the citric acid cycle with the oxaloacetic acid, asparagine, and glutamic acid from which those seven acids are composed, and acetic acid, which is the original form of fatty acids.
		Virtanen, a Finnish scientist, studied oxaloacetic acid extensively and was awarded a Nobel prize in 1945 for his "Study on Oxaloacetic Acid." His work and the importance of this acid were not known to the world, however, possibly because of the social unrest after the end of World War II.
		To take citric acid, please put its proper amount on the middle of the tongue and swallow it with a lot of water, or keep it with water your mouth for a few seconds until it is mingled with and dissolved in the water, then swallow it.
	www.naturodoc.com /library/lifestyle/umeboshi_vinegar.htm (5697 words)

	Ketoglutaric acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ketoglutaric acid is refers to either of two crystalline ketone derivatives of glutaric acid which differ only by the position of the ketone functional group.
		One of its functions is to combine with ammonia to form glutamic acid and then glutamine.
		The amino groups of amino acids are attached to it by transamination and carried to the liver where the urea cycle takes place.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ketoglutaric_acid (208 words)

	Kirkman's Amino-Support Powder
		An amino acid is one of those basic food components that the intestinal mucosa welcomes into the body; proteins and most peptides are not supposed to be allowed in.
		Besides being used for building materials, amino acids form components of the immune system, act as hormones (often when bound together as human peptides), operate tissue cleanup systems (detoxification), and form enzymes, which are catalysts for operating the body's biochemistry.
		Lysine: A nutritionally essential amino acid that is the anchor for vitamin B6 in enzymes that process the amino or nitrogen part of amino acids.
	www.kirkmanlabs.com /products/amino_acids/amino-support/Amino-Support229.html (916 words)

	CLS_3153_Amino_Acid_Metabolism
		It is a reaction sequence in the synthesis of non-essential amino acids.
		Aspartic acid or aspartate is a non-essential amino acid and is glucogenic.
		Asparagine is an non-essential amino acid and is glucogenic.
	www.clt.astate.edu /wwilliam/cls_3153_amino_acid_metabolism.htm (5020 words)

	AMS Health Sciences, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The 72 minerals, glandulars, and amino acids create energy to increase detoxification and support the endocrine system and the liver, and to potentiate the oxygen molecule, increase metabolism and increase the action of the immune system.
		Some scientists say that fulvic acid is the finest electrolyte known to man. It assists with human enzyme production and hormone structures, and is necessary for the utilization of vitamins.
		Alpha keto is a naturally-occurring chemical, formed primarily as part of the citric acid cycle inside the cell.
	www.amsonline.com /WebPages/VitalChelatesStart.asp (331 words)

	title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pyruvic acid from glycolysis (after its conversion to acetic acid and its combination with vitamin B5 to form Acetyl-CoEnzyme A) is used to activate and speed up the citric acid cycle.
		Citric acid is synthesized using Oxaloacetic acid and acetic acid.
		Succinyl CoEnzyme A is converted to Succinic acid, a 4-carbon molecule, by succinyl synthase, a free co-enzyme A is released in the process.
	my.cybersoup.com /biochemistry/citriccycle.html (356 words)

	Information on our Bulk Amino Acids Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It reacts ions such as silver ion and mercury ion to form mercaptides, is carboxymethylated with iodoacetic acid, and is converted to homocysteic acid by performic acid oxidation.
		L-Lysine is an essential amino acid in the strict sense that it is not biosynthesized in vivo at all, and as it exerts a marked effect on growth, it is especially important in the viewpoint of nutrition.
		L-Lysine does not participate in transamination as alpha-keto-epsilon-aminocaproic acid, which is formed as the first metabolite of L-Lysine by oxidative deamination, is rapidly converted by ring closure to dehydropipecolic acid.
	www.stellalabs.com /INFO_aminoacids.htm (959 words)

	Conversion of Phenylalanine to Benzaldehyde Initiated by an Aminotransferase in Lactobacillus plantarum -- Nierop Groot ...
		Small amounts of phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid, and phenylglyoxylic acid were detected at concentrations of 0.05, 0.02, and 0.02 mM, respectively, after 14 h of incubation.
		Amino acid degradation is believed to be important for flavor development in cheese.
		Mandelic acid pathway of Pseudomonas putida: sequence relationships involving mandelic acid racemase, (S)-mandelic acid dehydrogenase, and benzoylformate decarboxylase and expression of benzoylformate decarboxylase in Escherichia coli.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/64/8/3009 (3188 words)

	article content
		Citric acid and lactic acid also contribute to the acidity of grape juice; succinic and keto acids are present only in trace amounts in grapes, but concentrations are higher in wines as a result of fermentation (Whiting 1976, Fowles 1992, Radler 1993, Boulton et al.
		The keto acids are produced either during the early stages of fermentation via sugar metabolism, or from the corresponding amino acids, alanine and glutamate, by the Ehrlich pathway.
		The rest of the volatile acids, principally propionic and hexanoic acids, are produced as the result of fatty acid metabolism by yeast and bacteria.
	www.newworldwinemaker.com /article_content.asp?id=204 (2316 words)

	Krebs’ Cycle Intermediates: Maximizing Your Body's Performance Edge
		These acids are intermediate compounds that are found in the Krebs’ cycle and are necessary to generate cellular energy for tissue fuel.
		A deficiency of fumaric acid leads to the accumulation of metabolic half-products that may be responsible for causing the skin lesions of psoriasis.
		Amino acids that are metabolized into succinic acid have been shown to be important in supplying the heart with fuel for myocardium contractions under low oxygen conditions.
	www.nutritionreview.org /library/krebs.html (4599 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Uraemic toxins induce proximal tubular injury via organic anion transporter ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Inconsistent with these observations, cellular uptake of indoxyl sulphate and indoleacetic acid was significantly higher in the cells transformed with hOAT1 than that in the cells transformed with the vector (Table 2).
		Indoxyl sulphate, indoleacetic acid and hippuric acid are metabolites of tryptophan and phenylalanine (Niwa et al., 1996; Dhondt et al., 2000; Qureshi and Baig, 1993).
		-aminoisobutyric acid in uraemic patients and the toxicity of the amino acid.
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v135/n2/full/0704482a.html (4980 words)

	Citric Acid Cycle Reactions
		The whole purpose of a "turn" of the citric acid cycle is to produce two carbon dioxide molecules.
		The reactions for the citric acid cycle are shown in the graphic on the left.
		This reaction is catalyzed by citric acid synthetase.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/611citricrx.html (946 words)

	UMN CUSTOM HEALTH
		Orally, branched-chain amino acids are used to enhance exercise performance, prevent fatigue, improve concentration, and reduce protein and muscle breakdown during intense exercise.
		Threonine is a building-block amino acid used in the formation of the amino acids glycine and serine, and is found primarily in the central nervous system, heart and skeletal muscles.
		It is a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan.
	www.unitedmedicalnetwork.com /umnrationale_aminoacid.asp (7003 words)

	Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid - ACN Forums
		Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid is said by DAN doctors to rid the body of ammonia which is the by product of yeast in the gut.
		Ornithine, an amino acid, is required for the normal functioning of the urea cycle, where ammonia is trapped to form urea.
		Alpha-ketoglutarate is the carbon skeleton of the amino acid glutamate.
	www.latitudes.org /forums/index.php?act=findpost&pid=10205 (833 words)

	Paper 1
		Xanthobacter tagetidis grew as a chemolithotrophic autotroph on thiosulfate and other inorganic sulfur compounds, as a heterotroph on thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, acetic acid and a-ketoglutaric acid, and as a mixotroph on thiosulfate in combination with thiophene-2-carboxylic acid and/or acetic acid.
		Thiosulfate enhanced the growth yields in mixotrophic cultures, presumably by acting as a supplementary energy source, since ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase was only active in thiosulfate-grown cells and was not detected in mixotrophic cultures using thiosulfate with thiophene-2-carboxylic acid.
		Bacteria grown on thiophene-2-carboxylic acid also oxidized sulfide, thiosulfate and tetrathionate, indicating these as possible sulfur intermediates in thiophene-2-carboxylic acid degradation.
	members.tripod.com /~napadden/paper1.htm (319 words)

	Krebs Cycle \| World of Biology
		It is also referred to as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
		It is broken down to form ketoglutaric acid, a 5 carbon acid.
		As carbons are removed from the carboxylic acids they are converted to carbon dioxide, which animals expire as a metabolic byproduct.
	www.bookrags.com /research/krebs-cycle-wob (674 words)

	TCA (Tri-Carboxylic-acid) : ENZYMES.COM
		One of its primary characteristics is the oxidation of Acetyl CoA which is derived from the consumption of amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates.
		Pantothenic acid (d-calcium pantothenate): Vitamin B5 is directly involved in the chemical function of the TCA cycle.
		Riboflavin: This B vitamin is needed to process amino acids and fats and activate B6 and folic acid.
	www.enzymes.com /popup_tri_carboxylic_acid.html (552 words)

	BIO CHEM REVIEW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Be able to describe fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol biosynthesis and ketogenesis to the extent discussed in class.
		Be able to describe nitrogen metabolism including amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and nucleotide metabolism to the extent discussed in class.
		Be able to calculate [determine] the energy yield in terms of ATP of any metabolite; for example, complete oxidation of glucose, stearic acid, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
	www.nitorig.net /bio_reviewp4103.htm (745 words)

	GDX - Cellular Energy Profile
		The mitochondria of each cell functions as its energy "factory." The primary function of the mitochondria is to efficiently produce the energy we require to live vital lives.
		The organic acids measured in this panel are central components or intermediates in metabolic pathways of energy conversion related to the Kreb (citric acid) cycle and the production of ATP-the cell's main fuel source.
		The profile is particularly relevant for the chronically "unwell" patient, who may be experiencing multiple chemical sensitivities, fibromyalgia, fatigue, malaise, hypotonia (loss of muscle tone), acid-base imbalance, low exercise tolerance, muscle/joint pain, or headache.
	www.gdx.net /home/assessments/cellenergy/index.html (478 words)

	The Krebs Cycle
		We formed citric acid, causing us all to be in a rather bitter mood since there were six carbons in such a small place.
		One of citric acid's two recently acquired carbons is oxidized to form CO At the same time, a NADH is produced leaving ketoglutaric acid.
		The last carbon remaining from pyruvic acid is removed in the form of CO Another NADH is formed, while the only ATP directly generated in the Krebs Cycle is produced.
	library.advanced.org /11226/main/c06txt.htm (807 words)

	Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid V13506
		Alpha-ketoglutaric (AKG) is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids and the transfer of cellular energy in the citric acid cycle.
		It is a precursor to glutamic acid, the non-essential amino acid involved in protein synthesis and the regulation of blood glucose levels.
		In combination with L-glutamate, AKG can reduce levels of ammonia formed in the brain, muscles and kidneys, as well as help balance the body’s nitrogen chemistry and prevent nitrogen excess in body tissues and fluids.
	www.klaire.com /V135-06_proddetail.htm (141 words)

	Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid Capsules
		For example, calcium alpha-ketoglutarate is alpha-ketoglutaric acid bound to calcium.
		By itself, alpha-ketoglutaric acid is a strong organic acid, and taking it by mouth can upset the stomach or irritate the esophagus.
		Kirkman Laboratories has solved this problem by blending alpha-ketoglutaric acid with its calcium and magnesium salts to produce a "bi-element buffered alpha-ketoglutaric acid" which will not produce excess acidity.
	www.kirkmanlabs.com /products/specialty/ak_acid/Alpha_Keto_C_100_Spec235.html (132 words)

	amino acid power --> Your Current Health
		A second major problem in amino acid research is that adequate treatment involves supplementation of all the amino acids that are deficient in a given individual.
		The total weight of amino acids in the mixture was brought to 300 grams by adding sufficient amounts of base formula to the total computed amount of low amino acids.
		Determination of deficient metabolic factors, such as amino acids, that can be reintroduced into the system to correct potential metabolic blocks by mass action may represent a new, effective approach to treatment of CFS patients in whom a final common defect is an inability to generate optimal amounts of cellular energy or other critical metabolites.
	www.aminoacidpower.com /currentHealth/cfsResearch (2058 words)

	Arsenic
		The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (catalyzes formation of acetyl coenzyme A from mitochondrial pyruvic acid) is inhibited by As Pyruvic acidosis may result; citric acid cycle function and formation of ATP are slowed.
		Other confirming laboratory results would be: elevated pyruvic acid in serum or plasma, elevated alpha-ketoglutaric acid in a plasma organic acid analysis, and hematuria.
		Arsenic must be methylated using methyl donors such as SAMe, trimethylglycine, dimethylglycine, methionine, etc. Some arsenic is bound to sulfur groups such as glutathione and excreted in the urine or bile.
	drkaslow.com /html/arsenic.html (879 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Alpha-ketoglutaric acid (a-KG) is a naturally-occurring chemical, formed primarily as part of the citric acid cycle inside cells.
		As a result of his published research on the citric acid cycle and on nitrogen detoxification, he saw the need for a nutrient that was effective in reducing ammonia levels in individuals with high protein intake or with problems in nitrogen detoxification.
		Pangborns original application for alpha-ketoglutaric acid was for excessive nitrogen or ammonia that may occur in some autistic children.
	www.drwardbond.com /index.asp?cat=105766 (703 words)

	Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism
		Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is decarboxylated to produce acetyl for the Krebs cycle.
		10.The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl, isocitric acid to a-ketoglutaric acid, and a-ketoglutaric acid to succinyl~CoA.
		19.The pentose phosphate pathway produces pentoses for the synthesis of nucleic acids, precursors for the synthesis of glucose by photosynthesizing organisms, precursors in the synthesis of certain amino acids, and NADPH.
	www.cst.cmich.edu /users/alm1ew/208AChapter5.html (393 words)

	Arsenic
		The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (catalyzes formation of acetyl coenzyme A from mitochondrial pyruvic acid) is inhibited by As Pyruvic acidosis may result; citric acid cycle function and formation of ATP are slowed.
		Other confirming laboratory results would be: elevated pyruvic acid in serum or plasma, elevated alpha-ketoglutaric acid in a plasma organic acid analysis, and hematuria.
		Arsenic must be methylated using methyl donors such as SAMe, trimethylglycine, dimethylglycine, methionine, etc. Some arsenic is bound to sulfur groups such as glutathione and excreted in the urine or bile.
	www.drkaslow.com /html/arsenic.html (879 words)

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