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Topic: Key (cryptology)

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	Cryptography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Symmetric key ciphers either use the same key for encryption and decryption, or the key used for decryption is easily calculated from the key used for encryption.
		In public key encryption there are two keys used, a public and a private key, with the public key for encryption and the private key for decryption.
		However, the keys used by the cipher must be completely random and at least as long as the plaintext, and each key can only be used for a single message, so it is widely considered too cumbersome to use for most applications.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cryptology (2581 words)

	Public-key cryptography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For most of the history of cryptography, a key had to be kept absolutely secret and would be agreed upon beforehand using a secure, but non-cryptographic, method; for example, a face-to-face meeting or a trusted courier.
		Another potential weakness in the process of using asymmetric keys is the possibility of a 'Man in the middle attack', whereby the communication of public keys is intercepted by a third party and modified to provide the third party's own public keys instead.
		Whatever the cryptographic assurance of the protocols themselves, the association between a public key and its owner is ultimately a matter of subjective judgement on the part of the trusted third party, since the key is a mathematical entity whilst the owner and the connection between owner and key is not.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Public-key_cryptography (3016 words)

	An Introduction to Modern Cryptology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cryptology is the art and science of making and breaking mathematical schemes that attempt to prevent the disclosure of information to others.
		Cryptology as a whole consists of two main areas of study: cryptography and cryptanalysis.
		DES uses a Feistel block cipher type algorithm, and accepts a 64 bit key, although 8 bits of the key are interestingly dropped during DES setup routines to lower the effective number of key bits to 56 (Mach5).
	userpages.umbc.edu /~mmisam1/doc.cryptointro.html (6529 words)

	Cryptology
		The number of keys is divided by two because some of the keys are duplicated (the key A uses to send to B is the same which B uses to send to A).
		The public key is therefore the pair n and e, the private key is the pair n and d.
		In this case the message is encrypted with a randomly chosen DES key and the key itself is encrypted and sent with RSA.
	www.ridex.co.uk /cryptology (10089 words)

	cryptology - a Whatis.com definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cryptology is the mathematics, such as number theory, and the application of formulas and algorithms, that underpin cryptography and cryptanalysis.
		To simplify matters to a great degree, the N product is the public key and the P1 and P2 numbers are, together, the private key.
		This leads us to more general problem of cryptology than of the intractability of the various mathematical concepts, which is that the more time, effort, and resources that can be devoted to studying a problem, then the greater the possibility that a solution, or at least a weakness, will be found.
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci214532,00.html (962 words)

	DCSSI Research
		Cryptology, literally the science of secrets, has long been associated with the mysterious military and diplomatic espionage activities nothing to do with normal scientific concerns.
		An encryption scheme is defined as an algorithm with parameters set by the key that has the property of transforming a plain text message into an encrypted message such that the reverse transformation is just as easy if the key is known, but is otherwise difficult.
		However, cryptology must not be transformed into a weapon that benefits criminals or a means to control citizens like a digital Big Brother.
	www.ssi.gouv.fr /en/sciences/crypto (2076 words)

	RSA Security - 2.1.1 What is public-key cryptography?
		Because all keys in a secret-key cryptosystem must remain secret, secret-key cryptography often has difficulty providing secure key management, especially in open systems with a large number of users.
		The only requirement is that public keys be associated with their users in a trusted (authenticated) manner (for instance, in a trusted directory).
		For instance, some public-key cryptosystems are designed such that deriving the private key from the public key requires the attacker to factor a large number, it this case it is computationally infeasible to perform the derivation.
	www.rsasecurity.com /rsalabs/node.asp?id=2165 (663 words)

	Cryptography FAQ (06/10: Public Key Cryptography)
		At the receiver side, the session key is decrypted using the public-key algorithms and the recovered `plaintext' key is used to decrypt the message.
		The session key approach blurs the distinction between `keys' and `messages' -- in the scheme, the message includes the key, and the key itself is treated as an encryptable `message'.
		Keys are quadruples (p,q,e,d), with p a 256-bit prime number, q a 258-bit prime number, and d and e large numbers with (de - 1) divisible by (p-1)(q-1).
	www.faqs.org /faqs/cryptography-faq/part06 (1816 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Key Element: Public Key Cryptology The greatest value of the Internet is that it is a global, open network that provides ubiquitous connectivity; but this fact also makes the Internet worthless for Electronic Commerce without “security”.
		For the vast majority of transactions, the use of public key cryptology for routine personal communications is analogous to using a battleship to escort a sailboat over open seas.
		Key Element: Chip Card Related Technologies To generate a “digital signature”, a secure, easily carried electronic token, such as a chip card or similar device, will be needed to hold an individual’s Private Key and Public Key Certificate.
	csrc.nist.gov /ecforum/comments/PublicKeyInternational-comments.doc (4802 words)

	cryptology -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It concerns both cryptanalysis, the study of how encrypted information is revealed (or decrypted) when the secret “key” is unknown, and cryptography, the study of how information is concealed and encrypted in the first place.
		Because much of the terminology of cryptology dates to a time when written messages were the only things being secured, the source information, even if it is an apparently incomprehensible binary stream of 1s and 0s, as in computer output, is referred to as the plaintext.
		Chronicles events during the war and the impact of cryptology and its decipherment by the Allies.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9109639 (565 words)

	Cryptography FAQ (03/10: Basic Cryptology) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Message-ID: X-Last-Updated: 1994/07/05 Newsgroups: sci.crypt, talk.politics.crypto Subject: Cryptography FAQ (03/10: Basic Cryptology) From: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Reply-To: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Date: 19 Mar 2003 10:52:36 GMT Archive-name: cryptography-faq/part03 Last-modified: 93/10/10 This is the third of ten parts of the sci.crypt FAQ.
		Cryptology is the study of both cryptography and cryptanalysis.
		However, these articles are mostly concerned with cryptology as it has developed in the last 50 years or so, and are more abstract and mathematical than historical.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/cryptography-faq/part03 (1796 words)

	Public-key cryptography (from cryptology) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Thus, the key of G major refers to a system of fixed relations between chords that is...
		A common type of key is a square bar that fits half in a groove (keyway) in the shaft and half in an adjoining keyway in the component.
		To create the puzzle, four basic methods of keying are used in the construction of mechanical-type locks—warded, lever tumbler, pin tumbler, and wafer, or...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-233473 (758 words)

	cryptology -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Secrecy, though still an important function in cryptology, is often no longer the main purpose of using a transformation, and the resulting transformation may be only loosely considered a cipher.
		Cryptology is often—and mistakenly—considered a synonym for cryptography and occasionally for cryptanalysis, but specialists in the field have for years adopted the convention that cryptology is the more inclusive term, encompassing both cryptography and cryptanalysis.
		A brief introduction is also given to the revolution in cryptology brought on by the information age, e-commerce, and the Internet.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9109639 (921 words)

	Symmetric key cryptography
		Symmetric-key cryptography is an encryption system in which the sender and receiver of a message share a single, common key that is used to encrypt and decrypt the message.
		Contrast this with public-key cryptology, which utilizes two keys - a public key to encrypt messages and a private key to decrypt them.
		Symmetric-key systems are simpler and faster, but their main drawback is that the two parties must somehow exchange the key in a secure way.
	www.handybackup.net /backup_terms/symmetric_key_cryptography.shtml (110 words)

	Key Recovery
		The fact that either of the two keys may be publicly known safely has led to the keys being called the public key and the private key, and the resulting capability "public key cryptography." A magic enabled by public key cryptography is the non-repudiatable digital signature.
		Keys have been known to be lost -- people simply forget what the key is. Keys have also been known to have gotten lost, when the sole repository of the key was lost.
		Those keys could be obtained only by persons or entities that have lost the key to their own encrypted data, or by law enforcement officials acting under proper authority.
	www.julieryan.com /KRpaper.html (9601 words)

	Early Cryptology
		The substitution key is formed by cyclically displacing an alphabet with respect to itself.
		By the end of the 15th century, "cryptology had become important enough for most states to keep full-time cipher secretaries occupied in making up new keys, enciphering and deciphering messages, and solving intercepted dispatches" (@ Kahn 108-9).
		The increasing popularity of cryptology in the 16th and 17th centuries is clearly attested to by the proliferation of books on the subject.
	home.hiwaay.net /~paul/cryptology/history.html (1857 words)

	Cryptology Science Tracer Bullet - Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)
		Cryptology is the art and science of making and breaking codes and ciphers.
		Cryptography is that part of cryptology concerned with the putting of messages into a secret or encrypted form, and cryptanalysis is the reading of encrypted messages without having authorized knowledge of the key that was used in encryption.
		Cryptology was once the domain of the government, especially for military and diplomatic personnel, but it is more and more becoming a mathematical discipline, as mathematics provides the theoretical justification behind the strength of a particular encryption system.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/cryptologytb.html (1530 words)

	public-key encryption - Ecommerce Guide - Terms You Need to Know to Do Business on the Internet
		An important element to the public key system is that the public and private keys are related in such a way that only the public key can be used to encrypt messages and only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt them.
		What's needed, therefore, is a global registry of public keys, which is one of the promises of the new LDAP technology.
		Public key cryptography was invented in 1976 by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman.
	e-comm.webopedia.com /TERM/p/public_key_cryptography.html (337 words)

	[No title]
		While the science of cryptology is quite complex and requires a deep grasp of number theory, complexity theory, group theory, and various other sub-disciplines of mathematics and formal reasoning, it can also be understood at a more intuitive level provided one has a head for science in general.
		This marked the dawn of modern cryptology, for it was this paper that established a firm scientific basis for crypto-systems.
		The private key, which is not shared with anybody and is known only to the encrypting party, is used to encrypt messages.
	www.msen.com /fievel/mmill/book_html/doc004.html (4238 words)

	Additional Reading (from cryptology) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		(ed.), Contemporary Cryptology: The Science of Information Integrity (1992), is a collection of papers surveying all aspects of current cryptographic practice written by major contributors to the field.
		Journal of Cryptology: The Journal of the International Association for Cryptologic Research (3 times/yr.) and Advances in Cryptology (annual) are research publications and the best sources for coverage of recent developments.
		More results on "Additional Reading (from cryptology)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-25641?tocId=25641 (888 words)

	Keylength.com - Cryptographic Key Length Recommendation
		In most cryptographic functions, key lengths are important security parameters (cf.
		Despite the availability of many publications, choosing a good key size to protect your system from attacks could be a headache.
		It also provides the key size recommended by the European Network of Excellence for Cryptology ECRYPT [3] and the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST [4] in 2005.
	www.keylength.com (308 words)

	Cryptology
		The key is the rotor wiring, placement, and initial position
		Key updating: key is hashed at specific intervals resulting in new key
		Key is split into private and public part
	www.spinellis.gr /cfa/crypto/indexw.htm (1381 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		To de-cipher a message requires the recipient to have the same key as that used by the sender to encrypt it.
		The secret key must be kept secure, however in case it should it fall into the wrong hands, the best systems add further protection by requiring a 'pass-phrase', known only by the owner, whenever the key is used.
		The advanced algorithms used by Public Key Cryptology and conventional single-key cryptology may be practically uncrackable and potentially helps to solve the problems of phone tapping and mail interception.
	www.empowermentzone.com /dir_act.txt (3688 words)

	[No title]
		It should begin with a title, a short abstract, and a list of key words, and its introduction should summarize the contributions of the paper at a level appropriate for a non-specialist reader.
		Both the Annual Undergraduate Paper Competition in Cryptology and the Annual Greg Mellen Memorial Cryptology Scholarship Prize are sponsored by the journal Cryptologia to encourage the study of all aspects of cryptology in the undergraduate curricula.
		By "cryptology" we mean analysis of (in the information theoretic, the coding theoretic, and the complexity theoretic sense), and design of cryptographic systems and algorithms, including systems for confidentiality, authentication, and key management.
	www.iacr.org /newsletter/v20n2.txt (3135 words)

	Imaging On-Line Store
		We explain the limitations of this approach and introduce the concept of public- key cryptology through further examples.
		One of the main issues of public-key cryptology is the possibility to construct digital signatures.
		He was one of the four experts mandated by the European Parliament for the now socalled Echelon study on electronic surveillance.
	www.imaging.org /store/epub.cfm?abstrid=8986 (269 words)

	Cryptography
		Symmetric cryptosystems use the same key (the secret key) to encrypt and decrypt a message, and asymmetric cryptosystems use one key (the public key) to encrypt a message and a different key (the private key) to decrypt it.
		If you could send the secret key securely, then, in theory, you wouldn't need the symmetric cryptosystem in the first place -- because you would simply use that secure channel to send your message.
		Another, more efficient and reliable solution is a public key cryptosystem, such as RSA, which is used in the popular security tool PGP.
	world.std.com /~franl/crypto.html (506 words)

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