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	Cryptography and Liberty 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Key escrow/recovery was a concept promoted by the United States government whereby users would be able to use strong encryption in their systems.
		Following the rejection of key escrow, a new approach being considered by many governments is to demand “lawful access” to encryption keys or plain text.
		In the absence of key escrow, intelligence and law enforcement agencies in a number of countries have been demanding the ability to use formerly extralegal approaches to obtain information and encryption keys from targets.
	www2.epic.org /reports/crypto2000/overview.html (8540 words)

	The Risks Of "Key Recovery," "Key Escrow," And "Trusted Third-Party" Encryption \| 1998
		Key recovery might serve a wide spectrum of access requirements, from a backup mechanism that ensures a business' continued access to its own encrypted archive in the event keys are lost, to providing covert law enforcement access to wiretapped encrypted telephone conversations.
		Key recovery is sometimes also called "key escrow." The term "escrow" became popular in connection with the U.S. government's Clipper Chip initiative, in which a master key to each encryption device was held "in escrow" for release to law enforcement.
		Other systems have "escrow agents" or "key recovery agents" that maintain the ability to recover the keys for a particular encrypted communication session or stored file; these systems require that such "session keys" be encrypted with a key known by a recovery agent and included with the data.
	www.cdt.org /crypto/risks98 (10616 words)

	Descriptions of Key Escrow Systems
		Using the private key that is not escrowed and the escrow agent's public key, the user enters into a Diffie-Hellman exchange with the escrow agent to establish a private escrowed key.
		Failsafe key escrow was proposed by Joseph Kilian and Tom Leighton to avoid a potential problem systems such as fair cryptography in which the user generates a public-private key pair and gives the private key to the escrow agents.
		The private keys are stored in escrow, and the escrow agents could release either the shared key of two users or the private key of one user, which would enable access to all session keys used by that user.
	www.cosc.georgetown.edu /~denning/crypto/Appendix.html (12384 words)

	ATTORNEY GENERAL MAKES KEY ESCROW ENCRYPTION ANNOUNCEMENTS
		The two escrow agents were chosen because of their abilities to safeguard sensitive information, while at the same time being able to respond in a timely fashion when wiretaps encounter encrypted communications.
		The escrow agents will act under strict procedures, which are being made public today, that will ensure the security of the key components and govern their release for use in conjunction with lawful wiretaps.
		2) Requests for release of escrowed key components must be submitted to the key component escrow agents by the principal prosecuting attorney of the State, or of a political subdivision thereof, responsible for the lawfully authorized electronic surveillance.
	www.tscm.com /escrowkey.html (1821 words)

	>A Taxonomy for Key Escrow Encryption Systems
		Keys can be split so that all n escrow agents are needed to restore a given key or so that any "k out of n" suffices for some k, where n is the number of agents.
		Keys may be generated jointly so that a user cannot hide a "shadow key" in an escrowed key and thereby circumvent the key escrow mechanism.
		If access is possible only through keys held by the sender's escrow agents, the DRC must obtain key escrow data for all parties transmitting messages to a particular user, possibly precluding real-time decryption, especially if the parties are in different countries and using different escrow agents.
	www.cosc.georgetown.edu /~denning/crypto/Taxonomy.html (3846 words)

	EPIC Key Escrow Page
		Under the proposals, a spare set of keys would be given to a "trusted third party" who had been approved by the government and who would turn over keys in investigations.
		Several distinguished cryptographers and computer scientists have released a new report, "The Risks of Key Recovery, Key Escrow, and Trusted Third-Party Encryption." The report follows an earlier recommendation of the OECD that the risks of key escrow encryption be considered before key escrow infrastructures are established.
		The National Research Council report on cryptography criticized current efforts at pushing key escrow stating "The risks of ecrowed encryption are considerable." Read the NRC press release and check the NRC site for additional information.
	www.epic.org /crypto/key_escrow (690 words)

	Export Controls
		The goal is to promote "worldwide key management infrastructure with the use of key recovery and key escrow." Read the full text of the new regulations and check CNET's coverage for additional info.
		EPIC statement on NIST "Draft Export Criteria for Key Escrow Encryption", December 5, 1995.
		NIST Notices Issued on November 6, 1995 on "Draft Export Criteria for Key Escrow Encryption".
	www.epic.org /crypto/export_controls (949 words)

	COMMERCE'S NIST ANNOUNCES PROCESS FOR DIALOGUE ON KEY ESCROW ISSUES
		Key escrow encryption is part of the Administration's initiative to promote the use of strong techniques to protect the privacy of data and voice transmissions by companies, government agencies and others without compromising the government's ability to carry out lawful wiretaps.
		Industry representatives and others interested in joining this standards-development effort are invited to a key escrow standards exploratory workshop on Sept. 15 in Gaithersburg, Md. This workshop is an outgrowth of last year's meetings in which government and industry officials discussed possible technical approaches to software key escrow encryption.
		The Escrowed Encryption Standard, a Federal Information Processing Standard for use by federal agencies and available for use by others, specifies use of a Key Escrow chip (once referred to as "Clipper chip") to provide strong encryption protection for sensitive but unclassified voice, fax and modem communications over telephone lines.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/releases/n95-24.htm (445 words)

	The Risks of Key Recovery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Risks of Key Recovery, Key Escrow, and Trusted Third-Party Encryption
		ABSTRACT: A variety of "key recovery," "key escrow," and "trusted third-party" encryption requirements have been suggested in recent years by government agencies seeking to conduct covert surveillance within the changing environments brought about by new technologies.
		This report examines the fundamental properties of these requirements and attempts to outline the technical risks, costs, and implications of deploying systems that provide government access to encryption keys.
	www.schneier.com /paper-key-escrow.html (151 words)

	[No title]
		Verifiable partial key escrow, explores the partial key escrow method while the second, Encapsulated key escrow, introduces a new paradigm based on the notion of time capsules.
		Abstract: One of the main objections to existing proposals for key escrow is that the individual's privacy relies on too high a level of trust in the law enforcement agencies.
		The approach is applicable both for session keys and for public key cryptography.
	www-cse.ucsd.edu /users/mihir/papers/escrow.html (606 words)

	EFF: Key Escrow, Key Recovery, Trusted Third Parties & Govt. Access to Keys
		EPIC mini-alert, reporting that FBI director Louis Freeh has already, as of Oct. 95, begun to attack cryptography as a hindrance to law enforcement with "evidence" that FBI efforts were hindered by encrypted files in a recent child porn investigation.
		Brief EFF statement on the House letter to Clinton demanding abandonment of "key escrow" and urging relaxation of export controls.
		Link to directory of documents on the 1996 IWGCP draft key "escrow" scheme, referred to commonly as "Clipper III" or "Clipper 3"), and revised 1996-7 US crypto export policy in which medium strength crypto can be exported but only if key "escrowed" withing 2 years (commonly called "Clipper 3.11").
	www.eff.org /Privacy/Key_escrow (1080 words)

	Calyx Users
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	What is key escrow? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Under normal circumstances, the key is not released to someone other than the sender or receiver without proper authorization.
		The Clipper chip brought the idea of key escrow into the public consciousness.
		This report examines the fundamental properties of key escrow requirements and attempts to outline the technical risks, costs, and implications of deploying systems that provide government access to encryption keys.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/K/key_escrow.html (229 words)

	Information About PGP & Encryption
		Key Recovery is the process by which a 'master key' is created and archived, separate from a user's secret encryption key, that would allow messages to be decrypted with or without the user's consent and with or without a court order.
		In return, they were promised the ability to export medium-strength encryption without key recovery until the end of this year, at which point the federal government would begin requiring that all exports include the "key recovery" technology.
		With the death of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange patent, the freeware PGP new algorithms are 100% free of patent problems, and free of legalese such as come with the RSAREF toolkit.
	www.proliberty.com /references/pgp (10815 words)

	Story: Goodlatte and Boucher Criticize British Key Escrow Proposals, 2/18/99.
		"U.S. government proposals of a government-mandated key recovery system are strongly opposed by a substantial bipartisan majority in Congress, and thus are highly unlikely to ever become law in the U.S.," said Rep.
		Rick Boucher (D-VA) stated: "Government key escrow proposals, which force computer users to give the government access to their encryption keys without their knowledge or consent, and before they have ever been suspected of any criminal activity, undermine the very purpose of encryption, which is to provide privacy and security."
		Goodlatte and Rep. Lofgren are scheduled to hold a press conference to announce the re-introduction in the 106th Congress of their SAFE Act on February 25, 1999.
	www.techlawjournal.com /encrypt/19990218.htm (523 words)

	GILC Crypto Policy Page
		GILC release on G-7 Recommendations on Key Escrow, July 1996.
		Netizen article on French key escrow scheme, December 5, 1996 [FR].
		Department of Trade and Industry paper on "Regulatory Intent Concerning Use Of Encryption On Public Networks." Responses to the DTI on the licensing of Trusted Third Parties Review of UK policies on encryption.
	www.gilc.org /crypto (723 words)

	EFF "Privacy - Key Escrow - United Kingdom" Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		UK government plans to legislate draconian key "escrow" system under the oxymoronic euphemism "trusted third party system".
		The UK government is pushing this as a purely innocuous idea, designed to help the consumer, but we all know better: the government simply wants police and intelligence agencies to be able to snoop on everyone at will.
		plan to force introduction of key "escrow" and "recovery" (i.e.
	www.eff.org /Privacy/Key_escrow/Foreign_and_local/UK (132 words)

	Key Escrow Service Recovery Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Having completed a two-year research and development effort, and after consultation with the US Government, we have devised two alternative streamlined key recovery processes for our escrow service that meet most government requirements.
		The major drawback is that key revocation can only be accomplished by minor surgery (or simultaneous revocation of breathing rights).
		government key escrow requirements, and are the only solutions to do so thus far.
	www.swcp.com /~mccurley/dc/escrow/list.html (240 words)

	EPIC Archive - Cryptography Policy
		In Congressional floor statements on September 13 and 19, Senator Judd Gregg (R-NH) called for a global "new regime" in the area of encryption which would grant law enforcement access to private keys.
		Civil liberties and privacy advocates strongly oppose any attempts to require key escrow, key recovery or other means of accessing encryption keys, arguing that they are an unjustified restriction of individuals' fundamental privacy rights, detrimental to security, costly, subject to massive abuse, and ultimately ineffective crime prevention methods.
		Michael Froomkin, The Metaphor is the Key: Cryptography, the Clipper Chip and the Constitution, The University of Pennsylvania Law Review (January 1995).
	www.epic.org /crypto (508 words)

	about sshkeygen, the web's first web-facing SSH Key Generator
		As far as I know, this is the first ever use of the web for ssh key generation and escrow.
		I am eager to hear your ideas on how this site could be improved.
		storage of private keys and passphrases maintains appropriate level of assurance
	www.sshkeygen.com /about.php (174 words)

	CDT - Clipper Chip/Clipper II
		The Clinton Administration has continued to push its latest key escrow cryptography export proposal, despite a chorus of disapproval from civil liberties advocates and the computer and communications industry.
		At a public meeting at the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) on December 5, 1995, Administration officials presented a revised version of their proposed Key Escrow Export Criteria (initially proposed in September 1995).
		The proposal was roundly criticized by civil liberties organization, companies, and individuals at the December 5, 1995 meeting on the grounds that it would create a barrier to security and privacy on the Net.
	www.cdt.org /crypto/clipper.html (371 words)

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