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Topic: Khabur River

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Diyala River

Euphrates

Mitanni

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Hurrians

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Ancient Mesopotamia

Orontes River

Tigris River

Habiru

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Bagaudae

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	EUPHRATES - LoveToKnow Article on EUPHRATES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		At Hit the river is from 30 to 35 ft. in depth, with a breadth of 250 yds., and a current of 4 in.
		Along this part of its course the river is apt to be choked with reeds and, except where bordered by lines of palm trees, the channel loses itself in lakes and swamps.
		The river begins to rise in the end of J\Iarch and attains its greatest height between the 21st and the 28th of May. It is lowest in November, and rocks, shallows, and the remains of old dams then render it almost unnavigable.
	59.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EU/EUPHRATES.htm (5937 words)

	Euphrates Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The '''Euphrates''' (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is in Old Persian ''Ufrat'', Aramaic ''Prâth/Frot'', in Arabic languageArabic Al-Furat الفرات, in Turkish languageTurkish ''Fırat'' and in ancient AssyriaAssyrian language ''Pu-rat-tu'') is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (Bethnahrin in Aramaic), the other being the Tigris.
		The river used to divide into many channels at Basra, forming an extensive marshland, but the marshes were largely drained by the Saddam Hussein government in the 1990s as a means of driving out the rebellious Marsh Arabs.
		The river valley formed the heartlands of the later empires of Babylonia and Assyria.
	www.echostatic.com /Euphrates.html (782 words)

	Khabur. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Khabur River project, begun in the 1960s, involved the construction of a series of dams and canals.
		The Khabur valley, which now has about 4 million acres (1.6 million hectares) of farmland, is Syria’s main wheat-producing area.
		In ancient times the Khabur was known as the Habor; along its banks in Gozan the Israelite captives from Samaria were settled in the 8th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/kh/Khabur.html (145 words)

	Gertrude Bell letters test template
		There is a wonderful full moon tonight shining on the Khabur and on the other side of the stream the peasants are still working at their creaking water wheel, and singing the while to keep themselves in good heart.
		The river turns the Na'oura, which, with a pleasant grumbling, lifts the water and spreads it over a little patch of corn and all happens as though it were part of the very processes of nature, as much a part as the springing of the corn from the ground.
		At Rawa we forded the river, to the surprise and joy of all the inhabitants who had never seen a caravan pass through their town before; and when we got to the other side we looked back and saw Tom howling upon the hills.
	www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk /letters/l850.htm (2405 words)

	Mitanni - OnlineEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mitanni extended from Nuzi in northern Syria (modern Kirkuk) and the Tigris River in the east, to Aleppo and middle Syria (Nuhashshe) in the west.
		Its centre was in the Khabur River valley, with two capitals: Taidu or Taite, and Washshukanni, called Ushshukana in Assyrian sources.
		As early as Akkadian times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur valley.
	www.neareasternarchaeology.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Mittani (1871 words)

	Tigris-Euphrates River Dispute
		This river, along with the Tigris, was the cradle of the early Mesopotamian civilizations and irrigation made it possible for the locals to develop agriculture.
		The Tigris river is a different case than the Euphrates if contribution patterns compared, where the main stream in Turkey, along with the Khabur river (not to be confused with the Khabur shared by Turkey and Syria farther west) only accounts for an annual flow of 20.5 bmc.
		The Bekhme Dam on the Greater Zap, the Dokan Dam and the Dibbis Dam on the Lesser Zap, the Darbandikhan Dam and the Hamrin Dam on the Diyala are the remaining operational dams on the Tigris river.
	gurukul.ucc.american.edu /ted/ice/tigris.htm (4216 words)

	SCMRE Research Report FY 1993: Near Eastern Craft Production and Exchange Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A proposal is in preparation for samples of copper based metals and smelting slags from Malyan and silver artifacts from Tepe Hissar to be submitted for analysis for Pb isotope analysis.
		In FY 1993, a preliminary investigation was begun on ceramics from Tell Raqai, third millennium site on the Middle Khabur River, to assess the utility of chemical characterization in determining local manufacture vs. importation of a variety of coarse and fine wares.
		If importation is indicated, this project will attempt to determine whether the ceramics moved down the Khabur from the dry farming regions to the north or up the Khabur from sites on the Euphrates River.
	www.si.edu /scmre/about/93necpep.htm (861 words)

	Water, Institutions and Development in Syria: A Downstream Perspective from the Euphrates and Tigris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Euphrates is the longest river (2,700 km) in Southwest Asia west of the Indus.
		The River’s waters were of vital importance to the drinking consumption of Aleppo; as a result, reserves from the Euphrates have since then been used to cover the needs of the city.
		As a result, the Khabur had only of 30 mcm of water in 1998; this is particularly relevant when one realises that the Great Khabur Dam in Syria has a reservoir capacity of 605 mcm for the irrigation of an additional 50,000 hectares in the Khabur Basin (Syrian Ministry of Irrigation, 1999).
	www.dams.org /kbase/submissions/showsub.php?rec=env108 (7208 words)

	Euphrates River -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The longest river of western Asia is the 1,700-mile (2,700-kilometer) Euphrates.
		dam on the Euphrates River in north-central Syria.
		The river rises north of Lake Van near Mount Ararat, in eastern Turkey, and flows westward for 449 miles (722 km) through a mountainous region to unite with the Karasu Çayi and form the Upper Euphrates near Malatya.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9274226?tocId=9274226 (930 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Iraq - GEOGRAPHY AND POPULATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Here the Tigris and Euphrates rivers lie above the level of the plain in many places, and the whole area is a delta interlaced by the channels of the two rivers and by irrigation canals.
		Below Basra, however, the Karun River enters the Shatt al Arab from Iran, carrying large quantities of silt that present a continuous dredging problem in maintaining a channel for ocean-going vessels to reach the port at Basra.
		The rivers are at their lowest level in September and October and at flood in March, April, and May when they may carry forty times as much water as at low mark.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/iraq/27.php (1264 words)

	AllRefer.com - Syria - Land, Water, and Climate \| Syrian Information Resource
		Northeast of the Euphrates River, which originates in the mountains of Turkey and flows diagonally across Syria into Iraq, is the fertile Jazirah region that is watered by the tributaries of the Euphrates.
		The Sinn, a minor river in Al Ladhiqiyah Province, is used to irrigate the area west of the Jabal an Nusayriyah, about 32 kilometers southwest of the port of Latakia.
		In the south the springs that feed the upper Yarmuk River are diverted for irrigation of the Hawran.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/syria/syria27.html (1254 words)

	Euphrates river, Syria - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		Although less than 30 percent of the river’s drainage basin is in Turkey, roughly 94 percent of the river’s water originates in the Turkish highlands.
		To the southeast the alluvial lands between the two rivers was the site of the glorious Babylonian civilization of ancient times.
		The river is the source of significant political tension, as Turkey, Syria, and Iraq all compete for the use of its waters for irrigation and the generation of hydroelectric power.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /euphrates.htm (779 words)

	Tuneinir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Khabur River flows along the west edge of the image.
		The square shaped ruin in the foreground of the image is the Area 3 church.
		Aerial photograph, facing east, of the Khabur River and Tell Tuneinir; taken during the 1980s by Prof.
	www.stlcc.cc.mo.us /fv/tuneinir/aerial.html (107 words)

	River Guide Course - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Charles River is a small, relatively short river, draining a total land area of 308 square miles.
		River View Golf Course is freeway close to all of Central Orange County.
		The Khabur River, with its several branches, is not a major water course, and during most of the year is represented...
	course.fmqg.com /index.php?k=river-guide-course (1435 words)

	Syria - Water Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Syria's major irrigation potential lies in the Euphrates River valley and its two major tributaries, the Balikh and Khabur (Nahr al Khabur) rivers in the northeast portion of the country.
		The Euphrates is the third largest river in the Middle East (after the Nile in Egypt and the Tigris in Iraq) and its headwaters rise in Turkey, where relatively heavy rainfall and snow pack provide runoff much of the year.
		In the mid-1980s, the Euphrates River accounted for over 85 percent of the country's surface water resources, but its water was used for only about two-fifths (200,000 hectares) of the land then under irrigated cultivation.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-13524.html (1473 words)

	Tuneinir Area 51 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A severe drought began in the region of the Khabur River during the Fall and Winter of 1998.
		The absence of significant rainfall meant that the Khabur River was virtually bone dry during May and June of 1999.
		Neither Tell Ahwain nor Tell Hi'a were included in the reports of the French or German archaeological surveys of the region to be impacted by the Khabur River reservoir.
	www.stlcc.cc.mo.us /fv/tuneinir/area51.html (375 words)

	Mitanni - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mitanni were a people of Indic origin who ruled a vast kingdom (with a common Hurrian population) in West Asia in the second millennium BC.
		Mitanni arose near the sources of the Khabur River in Mesopotamia sometime after 1500 BC.
		It was a feudal state led by a warrior nobility.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Mitanni (427 words)

	Euphrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In eastern Syria it is joined by the Khabur River, a major tributary originating in southeastern Turkey.
		The course of the Euphrates roughly parallels that of the Tigris River; shortly after the rivers enter Iraq they are never more than 160 km (more than 100 mi) apart.
		The Euphrates has an average annual flow of 28 billion cu m (990 billion cu ft); the flow is heaviest in the months of April and May. Major cities on the Euphrates include Ar Raqqah and Dayr az Zawr in Syria, and Karbala’, Al Hillah, and An Najaf in Iraq.
	www.damascus-online.com /se/geo/euphrates.htm (362 words)

	Khabur River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Khabur river (also Habor, Habur) is 200 miles (320 km) long, beginning in southeastern Turkey, and flowing generally south to Syria where it is joined by the Jaghjagh River and eventually empties into Euphrates River.
		Important prehistoric sites such as Tell Halaf, Tell Brak, Chagar Bazar, Urkesh, Tell Mashnaqa and Tell Tuneinir have been excavated in the Khabur basin.
		According to the Bible Israelite captives from Samaria were settled near Goza on the river's banks by the king of Assyria (2 Kings 17:6, 18:11).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khabur_River (220 words)

	ALN No. 44: Kaya: The Euphrates-Tigris basin
		Both the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers rise in the mountains of eastern Turkey and join the sea at the head of the Persian Gulf.
		The river is 3,000 km long, divided between Turkey (1,230 km), Syria (710 km), and Iraq (1,060 km).
		The river is 1,850 km long, with 400 km in Turkey, 32 km in Syria and 1418 km in Iraq (Kliot 1994).
	ag.arizona.edu /OALS/ALN/aln44/kaya.html (3365 words)

	Syria's Water Policy Targets Assyrian Christians
		The Khabur river lies within this region and is home to a chain of thirty-five Assyrian villages along both banks of the river.
		The Khabur river begins just south of the Turkish border within northern Syria, emerging as a spring from an underground water table at Ras Al-Ain before heading south as a tributary of the Euphrates river within historic Assyria proper.
		In order to quiet growing discontent in the region, sources in Syria have recently suggested that the government has approved a plan calling for new wells to be dug along the Khabur River with the intention to direct their flow entirely into the river in order to reconstitute the river for downstream communities.
	www.aina.org /releases/syrias.htm (1138 words)

	A Directory of Wetlands in the Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Syria is situated on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, and is bordered in the north by Turkey, in the east by Iraq, and in the south by Jordan, Israel and Lebanon.
		The River Euphrates (Al-Furat) flows for some 420 km through Syrian territory and is joined by two important tributaries, the Balikh and Khabur rivers, which enter it from the northeast.
		However, in the autumn of 1984, the lake was completely dry, and by 1992, the lake, marshes, spring and river itself were all dry because of diversion of water for irrigation on the Anatolian Plateau in Turkey and pumping of groundwater for irrigation in Syria.
	www.wetlands.org /inventory&/MiddleEastDir/SYRIA.htm (8894 words)

	Area 51 - Tell Ahwain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The small amount of water flowing in the river during July was a result of water released from a reservoir above Hasake.
		The bone dry river bed meant that a team of archaeologists from the Tuneinir expedition could cross to the west side of the Khabur River (without needing a boat) to search for evidence of occupation that would be related to Tuneinir.
		Two small tells are situated on the west bank of the Khabur River within a kilometer of Tuneinir (situated on the east bank).
	www.stlcc.cc.mo.us /fvdocs/tuneinir/tnr99/51/area51.html (935 words)

	NEW PERSPECTIVES ON AGRICULTURAL ORIGINS IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
		The Khabur Basin provides one case study illustrating the variation in human adaptation to the development of farming and herding.
		The Khabur Basin is nestled in the far northeastern corner of modern-day Syria, bordered by Turkey to the north and Iraq to the south and east.
		The northern Khabur Basin is dissected by the Khabur River and a number of streams (or wadis, as they are called in the Near East) fanning out across the basin.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /~reffland/anthropology/anthro2003/lifeways/hg_ag/agriculture.html (3221 words)

	Iraq Terrain
		Iraq can be divided into four major geographical zones or regions: the desert in the west and southwest, the rolling upland between the upper Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the mountains in north and northeast region, and the alluvial plan through which the Tigris and Euphrates river flow.
		The desert region west and southwest of the Euphrates River is part of the Syrian Desert.
		The upland region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is part of a larger area that extends westward into Syria and Turkey.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/iraq/terrain.htm (1795 words)

	Hittites, History Of the Ancient Hittites, Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He met little resistance and was able to enter and sack the Mitannian capital, Wassukkani (possibly located near the head of the Khabur River near modern Diyarbakr).
		It is not easy to understand why Carchemish, which controlled the Euphrates crossings, was allowed to retain its independence and Wassukkani, somewhere to the east on the headwaters of the Khabur River, to remain untenanted.
		Arzawa, with its satellites Mira, Kuwaliya, Hapalla, and the "Land of the River Seha," rose in revolt.
	ragz-international.com /hittite_empire_to_c.htm (1991 words)

	HAMOUKAR - EARLY CITY IN NORTHEASTERN SYRIA
		John was thinking, also, of Assyrian palace plans, and the house we have decided to build has something of Sargon and Ashurbanipal in it, and they were people who knew about rain and cold, as well as the heat of summer.
		When you work in the Syrian Jezira, the upper Khabur river basin, you are very soon made aware of the critical role of rain.
		The snow, melting in the spring, is the source for the irrigation in Syria and Iraq, but since there is still very little flow irrigation in the Khabur basin, the mountain runoff has not been as immediately important there.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/PROJ/HAM/NN_Sum00/NN_Sum00.html (5139 words)

	SBU DEPT OF HISTORY & POLITICAL SCIENCE: HIS 1113 LECTURE FIVE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is high on the Khabur River valley which served as a major trade route to the south.
		The migrating Semitic peoples swarming southward along the Euphrates river had posed such a threat to the settled life in Sumer that the Sumerians under the III Dynasty of Ur (Shulgi, 2094-2047) built a wall between the Euphrates and the Tigris along the northern frontier of Akkad.
		The Indus River valley was the site of a monumental development in practical architecture that seems to have flourished sometime between 2500 and 1800 BC.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/hi13le05.html (2464 words)

	Antiquity: Tell Hamoukar: early city in northeastern Syria.(Brief Article)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Tell Hamoukar, in northeastern Syria, provides important new information on the development of complex society in the Near East at a time before 3500 BC and on the history of the Khabur area in the late 3rd millennium BC.
		Archaeological investigations were initiated at Hamoukar in the autumn of 1999 by a joint Syrian-American expedition.
		The site, 8 km west of the Syrian-Iraqi border, is one of the largest mounds (103 ha) in the Khabur River basin.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:65802694&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (194 words)

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