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	Science Fair Projects - Khachkar
		Khachkar ("Խաչքար" in Armenian, meaning "cross-stone") is a carved memorial stone, typically found in Armenia.
		The oldest khachkar with a known date was carved in 879.
		The most common reason for erecting a khachkar was salvation of the soul, but they were also erected to commemorate a military victory, construction of a church, unfulfilled love, or as a form of protection from natural disasters.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Khachkar (470 words)

	Khachkar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The oldest typical khachkar with a known date was carved in 879, though earlier, cruder examples exist.
		The peak of the khachkar carving art was between the 12th and the 14th centuries.
		A khachkar in Goshavank, carved in 1291 by Poghos
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khachkar (488 words)

	Khachkars - Page 4
		While the name "Khachkar" translates into "Stone Cross" and that would seem enough to qualify any stone carving of a cross as a Khachkar, experts consider the real beginning of the Khachkar in 879 AD, when the wife of Ashot Bagratuni, Queen Katranide, commissioned a Khachkar at Garni "in mediation" for her soul.
		If the purpose of the Khachkar in earlier centuries were to represent the triumph of the church over paganism (and politically to assert Armenia's nationality in the face of hostile neighbors), then the 9th-11th centuries were a period of relative peace and prosperity, and the focus changed to secure the salvation of the individual soul.
		The overall design of the Khachkar can be traced to the 9th century, with a cross (resting on a rosette or sun disk design) carved in the center of the image.
	www.tacentral.com /khachkars/khachkar4.html (536 words)

	HyeEtch - Arts & Culture - Sculpture p2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Khach'k'ars were often inscribed with a date, the name of the person remembered, and at times the name of the artist.
		Leaves sprout upwards from each side of the base of the cross of a khach'k'ar towards its arms; they are usually stylized and in the early period in the form of palmettos.
		The khach'k'ars were erected on different occasions to commemorate military victories, immortalize historically important events, and to commemorate the completion of churches fountains, bridges and other constructions.
	www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au /culture/sculp_p2.html (914 words)

	Khachkar - Armeniapedia.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Khachkars ("Խաչքար" in Armenian, literally meaning "cross-stone") are a uniquely Armenian form of art, which evolved into incredibly ornate form which reached its peak in the 12-13th centuries.
		The biggest khachkar cemetery in Armenia is the Noratus Cemetery, while the biggest in the world is in Jugha, in Nakhichevan.
		Khachkars which are freestanding crosses are called tevavor or "with arms" khachkars.
	www.armeniapedia.org /index.php?title=Khachkar (354 words)

	Karvajar (Kalbajar) province
		In conformity with the inscription on one of the Dadi-Vank khachkars, in 1142-1182 Handaberd belonged to Hassan Vakhtanghian, the prince of Upper Khachen.
		Right under the northwestern tower, on the edge of the narrow rocky path leading to the fortress, in one of the perpendicular rocks facing westwards there was a small semi-circular room with smooth floor, wholly cut in the rock, which might have served a shelter for the guards, or a chapel for praying.
		The ruins of a church, a chapel, a tomb and a vast cemetery abound in khachkars, are situated in the northern side of Large Chapni, in the upper pan of a sloping ground between two streams.
	www.bvahan.com /ArmenianWay/aw/Eng/provinces/karvajar/hand.html (2128 words)

	A Nation Carved in Stone: The Armenian Khachkar as a Visual Rhetoric of Identity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Recently, however, khachkars have been targeted for destruction in foreign lands where Armenians are or have been significant cultural agents precisely because of the khachkars’ value as a symbol and an identity.
		Using photographs of khachkars taken throughout Armenia by the author, this paper analyzes the Armenian khachkar, asking the question, “What identity space does the khachkar authorize and legitimate for Armenians?” The paper will provide a brief history of the Armenian khachkar and advance a theory of visual rhetoric to guide the analysis.
		After exploring the iconicity of the khachkar in Armenian cultural life, the paper concludes that Armenians mobilize the khachkar to produce ideological subjects capable of action in both the cultural and political realms.
	h06.cgpublisher.com /proposals/445/index_html (489 words)

	Armenian Tourism \| Jugha - The Khachkar Forest
		From inscriptions on khachkars placed in the internal and external masonry of its structure, it may be supposed that it was reconstructed in the XVI century.
		The third and largest group of khachkars in the Jugha cemetery, which are from the middle of the 16th century till 1605, flourished briefly in perfection and variety of composition, in real and imaginary ornamental motifs, in complexity of reliefs and composition, are unique monuments of the art of Armenian khachkars.
		All khachkars made of pinkish or yellowish stone have, without exception, the same width from top to bottom, with an average height of 2-2.5 meters, thus giving the khachkar the effect of square and polygonal Armenian monuments of the Urartian and post-Urartian period on the territory of historical Armenia.
	www.cilicia.com /armo5_jugha.html (13716 words)

	Karvajar (Kalbajar) province
		Besides, there is an inscribed fragment of a khachkar (68x21cm) built into the window casing in the western wall of the same school.
		Fragmented khachkars, tombstones and inscriptions reused in the masonry of the school built in 1950-ies.
		A few strict and simple khachkars are still preserved in the vicinity of the village.
	www.bvahan.com /ArmenianWay/aw/Eng/provinces/karvajar/tzar.html (1610 words)

	ARMENIAN HIGHLAND
		Khachkars are found throughout the territory of historical Armenia or Armenian Highland.
		The earliest types of khachkars are the Winged Crosses, found in great number during the excavations of the ancient Armenian capital of Duin [Dvin], in the Ararat Valley.
		One of the 'unwritten rules' of khachkar makers was the fact that no other craftsman would repeat the beautiful, ornamental design pattern of his predecessor, thus insuring the uniqueness and beauty of every single Khachkar.
	www.armenianhighland.com /khachkars/chronicle311.html (555 words)

	Khachkar Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A Khachkar is a monument reflecting Armenian medieval culture and has been traditionally erected in holy and public places for national and personal divine reasons and purposes.
		The art of sculpting the ornamental relief style of Khachkar reached the peak of its progress in the 13th century Armenia.
		This Khachkar was sponsored by the Zakarian Family, dedicating it to the memory of the martyrs of the Armenian Genocide.
	www.armeniaguide.com /html/_khachkar.html (679 words)

	Khachkars - Page 7
		The Khachkars at Noravank are stunning examples of how church facade and stone crosses form parts of a total design at Noravank it is hard to imagine one without the other.
		Khachkars continued to be carved, but in decreasing numbers, until the tradition had all but died out by the end of the 15th century.
		Khachkars in the cemetery at Hin Djuga are other samples of the final phase of the development of the Khachkar, represented by the master Grigor.
	www.tacentral.com /khachkars/khachkar7.html (544 words)

	khachkar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Khachkar is covered with a thin ornament with a gracefully decorated cross.
		Preserving their religious meaning they were and are installed on different memorable occasions and as tomb monuments.
		There are reasons to think that the very khachkars, despite their limited abilities, have become the means of preservation and further development of Armenian cultural legacy.
	www.seua.am /eng/yerevan/khachkar.html (86 words)

	Hin Jugha - Armeniapedia.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Image:Jugha khachkar ejmiatsin3.JPG Jugha is located in the historical province of Yerndjak, which was one of the famous settlements of old Armenia.
		In the composition of khachkars, the central space occupied by the large cross is more bas-relief; where not only one but often two to four crosses are placed with khorans, two-layered reliefs, which in their peculiar way, create a splendid play of light and shade.
		Image:Jugha khachkar ejmiatsin2.JPGBesides numerous pictorial reliefs of personages, there are, among the themes used on khachkars and ram-shaped tombstones, motifs depicting animals, the bird and plant life of the Armenian Highlands, articles of daily use, musical instruments, tools, weapons, untold numbers of geometrical, plant and other ornamental motifs widely used in reliefs.
	www.armeniapedia.org /index.php?title=Hin_Jugha (13846 words)

	ARMENIAN HIGHLAND
		Khachkars constitute an integral dimension of Armenian sculptural art; with their high artistic standards and strong national character, they also occupy their worthy position in the treasury of international art.
		Khachkars are also an expression of the high aesthetical taste of the Armenian nation and the great masters that crafted them.
		Recently in a sign of respect and gratitude by the international community, one of the medieval khachkars from Armenia has been moved and placed in the front entrance of the Main Hall of the United Nations in New York.
	www.armenianhighland.com /khachkars/chronicle310.html (189 words)

	ArmeniaFest - History - Sculpture and Crossworks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		One favorite theme is purely Armenian - King Trdat, converted to Christianity by Gregory the Illuminator, is portrayed with the head of a pig (obviously, as he was before the conversion).
		In later centuries these Khachkars, like the exteriors of the churches, become more ornate and are filled with the delicate lace-like carving typical of Islamic art.
		Khachkars are rectangular pillars mounted on cubic bases, and many scholars have noted the similarity between them and the Celtic or Northumbrian paneled crosses, which are a product of a civilization so far removed from and independent of Armenia.
	www.armeniafest.com /history/armenian_culture_sculptures.html (1074 words)

	Ancestral Stones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The sanctuary was restored and reconstructed on the initiative and with efforts of a number of Armenian young people of Akhaltskha.
		According to evidences of local inhabitation, the place for prayers, the Khachkar were destroyed by individuals 30 years ago, and other sactified stones were lost.
		And on May 9, 2006, the order of blessing the reconstructed chapel was headed by Virahayots Diocese primate Bishop Vazgen Mirzakhanian, with participation of Samtskhe-Javakhk Monk Babken Salbiyan, implemented by Akhaltskha spiritual pastor Senior Priest Shmavon Saghoyan, Tbilisi Surb Gevorg church spiritual pastor Priest Narek Ghushchian.
	www.ancestralstones.com /JAV79.htm (302 words)

	Khachkar - Wikimedia Commons
		A khachkar behind the cathedral in Echmiadzin, Armenia.
		These two khachkars, originally from Jugha were taken to Etchmiadzin, Armenia to be put on display.
		Khachkar near St. Nicholas Catholic Church in Cracow, Poland.
	commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/Khachkar (117 words)

	Armenian Cross
		The winged Armenian Cross has quite a busy design where the lower shaft is usually just slightly longer than the arms and top, and each member is always seen with the distinctive double tips.
		Whether the Khachkar is used by the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Armenian Catholic Church or the Armenian Evangelical Church, the cross always features the double-tipped arms.
		Although the vishapakars evolved into khachkars, the fish tails were retained, as was its Tree of Life and Wisdom meaning.
	www.seiyaku.com /customs/crosses/armenian.html (539 words)

	The Stone Cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Stone crosses or khachkars in Armenian (khach meaning cross, kar meaning stone), were a symbol of the new Christian faith in Armenia.
		Carved khachkars were used in churches, monasteries, and graveyards.
		Khachkars constitute an integral dimension of Armenian cultural art, which were used widely in Armenia.
	www.armenianheritage.com /arscross.htm (176 words)

	Armenian Tourist Attractions: Martiros Cave Church
		At the military barracks, turn left and bear left again to reach in 2 km the older part of Martiros, founded, as a huge khachkar still attests, in 1283 at the command of Prince Prosh and his son Paron Hasan.
		Opposite the khachkar is a basilica built in 1866 and extensively rebuilt in the 1980s, including half-finished buildings for a future theological academy.
		Stop at the far edge, and follow the slope around to the left (E) toward a lone khachkar with several tumbled monument bases.
	www.cilicia.com /armo5_martiroscavechurch.html (238 words)

	Khachkar in Commemoration of Armenian Genocide Victims Unveiled in Toulon - Armenia Diaspora Conference Official Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Khachkar in Commemoration of Armenian Genocide Victims Unveiled in Toulon
		June 12, /PanArmenian.Net/ Armenian Ambassador to France Edward Nalbandian and Mayor Hubert Falco unveiled a monument-khachkar inaugurated in the French town of Toulon in memory of the Armenian Genocide victims, reported the RA MFA press office.
		"Some 40 ancient khachkars (cross stones) will be represented in Louvre at an exhibition titled "Armenia Sacra" within the framework of the Year of Armenia in France," Edward Nalbandian said.
	www.armeniadiaspora.com /ADC/news.asp?id=1150 (156 words)

	Armenian Tourist Attractions: Hovhannavank
		The decision to decorate the western facade of Hovhannavank gavit with such an arcature was probably inspired by the decoration of medieval Armenia’s numerous religious buildings; in particular by the arcature of the eastern facade of the church of Amenaprkich in Sanahin.
		On the territory of the monasteries, on the cemeteries adjacent to them and also in the interiors of architectural structures there are many tombstones, some of them in the shape of richly ornamented khachkars.
		Of interest is a group of khachkars on postaments in Saghmosavank and a monument of 1311 in Hovhannavank.
	www.cilicia.com /armo5_hovhannavank.html (1692 words)

	Armenian News - KRASNODAR ARMENIANS HONORED GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR VETERANS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Armenian community of the Kuban capital has marked the 12th anniversary of the establishment of a Khachkar (cross-stone) in Krasnodar, reported the Yerkramas, the newspaper of Armenians of Russia.
		The Khachkar was erected May 8, 1993 in a territory, where an Armenian church was built later.
		Flowers and presents were handed to all veterans present at the event, pupils of Narek regional center for culture and education presented a literature and musical composition devoted to the 60th anniversary of the Victory over fascism.
	www.armtown.com /news/en/pan/20050510/13231 (1014 words)

	Yerevan Journal - August 2004
		Accompanied by an unusually strong wind, we walked around the monastery grounds, photographing the khachkars on the north side of the church and then climbing to where apricot trees were shedding the last of their crop.
		After investigating the church interiors, including the gavit and famous jemaran, where three khachkars stand at an opening to the courtyard, we walked through the extensive monastery grounds and saw the remnants of various chapels and burial places of the royal families and religious dignitaries from the past.
		We then walked back to the monastery and to the well-known khachkar which is near the entrance of one of the monastery churches, where we photographed our entourage alongside the khachkar before making our way through the various churches and chapels, then relaxing by an ancient oak tree on the edge of the grounds.
	road-to-armenia.com /scenes/journal14.html (5234 words)

	CULTURAL-GENOCIDE-PageThree
		This accusation is echoed by the RAA who claims that the old churches in Karvajar district were turned into quarries and bits and pieces can now be found inside the walls of public building like the school in the town of Tzar.
		RAA’s careful study of the structure found numerous church stones inside its walls and 133 Khachkar fragments.
		Thirty seven of these fragments had been inscribed including a famed 13th centuy Khachkar that once read, ”IN THE YEAR OF ARMENIAN DATING 1289.
	www.geocities.com /ckbtonroad/CULTURAL-GENOCIDE-PageThree.html (297 words)

	Armenian News - "Azg" Armenian Daily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		According to a press release form an organization coordinating the work of Sweden's Armenian organizations, a scientific conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the will take place in Stockholm...
		KHACHKAR TO MEMORY OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE VICTIMS IN ELBLONG
		An Armenian khachkar was erected in the Polish town of Elblong to the memory of the victims and as a token of the Armenian-Polish friendship, member of National Unity faction and the Armenian-Polish parliamentary...
	www.armtown.com /news/en/azg/20051108 (498 words)

	Yerevan Journal - September 2003
		The khachkars were unusual in that they had stone around the actual khachkar, starting from the foundation to the top where an arch was formed.
		The rich style of the khachkars leads one to believe that important church elders or members of a royal family were buried there.
		He explained that on khachkars carved after the tenth century, letters are carved into the upper part of the khachkar, each letter representing a certain number.
	www.road-to-armenia.com /scenes/journal6.html (4783 words)

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