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Topic: Khafji

	The Epic Little Battle of Khafji
		On one level, Khafji "proved, once again, that an unsupported army moving in the field is highly vulnerable to airpower," concluded Maj. Daniel Clevenger, one of the AFSAA study's leaders.
		The Battle of Khafji also suggested that the amount of attrition needed to seize the initiative from a maneuvering enemy force and stop the offensive was very different from the level of attrition commanders want to inflict on an enemy force in defensive positions.
		Khafji demonstrated to all but the most ingrained skeptic the ability of deep air attacks to shape and control the battle and yield advantages for engaged ground forces.
	www.afa.org /magazine/feb1998/0298epic.asp (3493 words)

	Special Operations.Com
		The contribution of Spirit 03 and her sister AC-130 gunships in this regard cannot be overstated, and has contributed to a wholly new understanding of the role of close air support in defense of ground forces.
		With all turrets pointed to the rear in the international military sign of surrender, the small number of Saudi forces defending the town permitted the enemy force to draw close, in anticipation of their surrender.
		This surprise attack proved to be the spearhead of an invasion of Khafji and in a short time the Iraqis drove out the joint force defending the town, occupied it, and began the formation of a defensive posture in anticipation of a counterattack.
	www.specialoperations.com /Memorial/spirit.html (2283 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Fog of War - Post Archive
		The 12 Marines had been trapped in Khafji since Tuesday night when the town was overrun by about 400 to 600 Iraqi troops and 40 to 45 tanks in the first major ground action of the Persian Gulf War.
		The incursions in Khafji and in the west were the culmination of a week's worth of mutual probing and harassment by Marines and Iraqi forces.
		In the context of cross-border thrust and counterthrust, the Khafji attack, according to Stevens, was "a reconnaissance in force." He described the size of the Iraqi incursion there as "company plus, battalion minus" -- about 400 to 600 men, with accompanying tanks and armored vehicles.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/fogofwar/archive/post013191_2.htm (1764 words)

	Khafji - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ras Al Khafji (رأس الخفجي) or Khafji (الخفجي) was historically the principle town in the neutral zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
		Khafji’s notoriety however is primarily owed to the Battle of Khafji which took place in and around the town in 1991, and marks the high tide of Iraq’s advance through Kuwait and into Saudi Arabia.
		Khafji today remains a provincial and under developed town lacking many of the amenities you would associate with other towns of compariable size within the kingdom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khafji (226 words)

	Battle of Khafji - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Gulf War.
		The success of the Marines at Khafji was seen as proof that the Iraqi war machine had been vastly overrated, and it led Coalition commanders to change their offensive plans to allow for large-scale prisoner collection.
		Some Gulf War veterans point to Khafji as an engagement that refutes the commonly-held notion that the war was a push-button, video game-like enterprise.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Khafji (851 words)

	Press pools and military-media relations in the Gulf War: a case study of the Battle of Khafji, January 1991 Historical ...
		In a war primarily mediated by television, the battle of Khafji was - with the exception of a few television reports - better covered in the print media.
		As a case study, Khafji provides an illustration of five of the principal factors that constrained information during the Gulf War - the nature of warfare, media technology, differing military and press priorities, coalition politics, and the press pool and briefing system.
		However, when the action moved from the air to the ground at Khafji, the story was more difficult to control because for a few days the war had a visible front.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2584/is_n2_v16/ai_18897246 (1021 words)

	Japan Advises Nationals To Leave Iraq Immediately
		On Monday, the ministry issued a travel advisory for Japanese nationals to postpone visits to Kuwait, the Khafji area of Saudi Arabia, and Israel as well as the West Bank and Gaza, given the increasingly tense situation centering on Iraq.
		The ministry also advised Japanese nationals on nonessential stays in Kuwait, the Khafji area of Saudi Arabia, and Israel as well as the West Bank and Gaza to evacuate.
		The Khafji area of Saudi Arabia is geographically close to Iraq.
	www.rense.com /general34/leave.htm (295 words)

	Marine Corps Gazette (Site not responding. Last check: )
		What is fresh about Morris’ work, however, is the exceptional way the author captured the feel of the battlefield with all its fog, uncertainties, devastating firepower, and quiet heroics, and then folded that feel into a carefully researched and well-documented history of the first significant ground fights of the Gulf War.
		Although techniques for such supporting arms coordination had been practiced and achieved before, the Khafji fight signaled a new era of the devastation of the many by the few.
		The battle for Khafji was not only an encouraging prelude to coalition success in the Gulf, but also a glimpse at future successes in conflicts to come.
	www.mca-marines.org /gazette/2005/05armstrongBR.html (624 words)

	Ex-Marine details ‘pivotal’ Gulf War battle - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
		Relying on radios with dying batteries, the Marines and soldiers repulsed the assault with a combination of high technology and advanced weapons in a battle that Morris argues, was a pivotal point in the 100-day war although U.S. military leaders relegated the fight to a minor skirmish.
		Khafji was the weak link that Hussein planned to attack.
		During the retreat toward Khafji, one Marine TOW gunner blasted another vehicle killing the occupants.
	www.pittsburghlive.com /x/tribune-review/entertainment/s_189618.html (807 words)

	Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - khafji
		It took some convincing, especially since she is Italian, but hey 2 years in Saudi will put a good down payment on a residence in Salerno or Naples.
		We will actually be living in Jeddah, as for Khafji, who wouldn’t be interested in a place where you will make $45,000 a year unfortunately, it is only for single men.
		You may wish that you had gone to Khafji instead !
	www.eslcafe.com /forums/job/viewtopic.php?t=30676 (813 words)

	Public Diplomacy Query (PDQ)
		GE 2 nea117 which is that it exposed the positions of the malicious, the supporters of the aggression and abettors of the occupation in certain Arab capitals, those who started greeting the aggression against Saudi land with jubilation, and who started calling for its occupation, after having supported the plundering and occupation of Kuwait.
		The new Iraqi attack (on Khafji) will be the first test of American public opinion, which could prove one of the crucial battlegrounds of the war....
		The Khafji battle reminds us that the benefits of high technology diminish when we move from air and naval battles to ground battles....
	www.fas.org /news/iraq/1991/910204-171137.htm (1185 words)

	Persian Gulf War - Picture - MSN Encarta
		United States Marines fire at Iraqi positions in January 1991, near the town of Khafji, Saudi Arabia, at the border between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
		Iraqi forces temporarily occupied Khafji at the outset of the Persian Gulf War; the forces of the opposing multinational coalition, led by U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf, heavily bombarded the Iraqi infantry and recaptured the town.
		The Persian Gulf War began on January 16, 1991, after the Iraqi military, under the command of the country’s political leader, Saddam Hussein, refused to comply with the United Nations deadline to withdraw from Kuwait.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461526450_761551555_-1_1/Persian_Gulf_War.html (134 words)

	Towards a New Airpower Lexicon: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Evidently, the engagement at Khafji was an attempt to precipitate the land phase of the war, because on the next night Saddam amassed a corps-sized force north of Khafji to further entangle the coalition land forces.
		Khafji was the only major Iraqi ground assault of the war, and it was detected and then destroyed exclusively by airpower.
		"Khafji II" was not interdiction because it was not an instance of destroying enemy potential before it could be used effectively against friendly forces.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/meil.html (3122 words)

	review_lehrack_daugherty_dec05.htm
		Corporal Allen Uskoski recalled that during one mission into the city of Khafji the Marines entered the city and, in an almost a textbook operation, moved into the city and carried out house-to-house raids for any type of weapon that could possibly be hidden there.
		Furthermore, Lehrack’s three chapters on the Battle of Khafji reinforced the thesis put forth by Anthony Cordesman and Abraham R. Wagner in their masterful Lessons of Modern War, (Volume 2) The Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988, that while the Iraqi commanders had problems handling larger units from division on up, they fought very well at the brigade-level.
		Yet the Battle of Khafji exposed the weaknesses of the Iraqi Army’s command and control process, and its inability to sustain a counterattack.
	www.ijnhonline.org /volume4_number3_dec05/review_lehrack_daugherty_dec05.htm (1747 words)

	Subject: No Subject Found in Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Marines were able to escape in the early hours of the 30th to a "safe house" inside the city of Al Khafji until the town was retaken by Saudi and Qatari units two days later.
		There were three attacks into the MarCent area of operations to the west of Al Khafji on the same night of 29-30 September.
		After receiving initial reports of the Iraqi assault from Observation Post #4 at 1926, Company D of Shepherd ~~hese actions are generally known as the Battle of Khafji.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /histories/db/marines/usmcpersiangulfdoc5_064.html (496 words)

	gulfkhafji.page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Two six-man Marine reconnaissance teams were conducting routine intelligence gathering outside of the Saudi Arabian costal town of Khafji when they quickly became surrounded by about 400 to 600 Iraqi troops and 40 to 45 tanks in the first major ground action of the Persian Gulf War.
		The 12 trapped Marines hid in the upper floors of buildings, survived on the little food they had brought with them, burned secret codes and other classified material, and used encrypted radios to signal their locations and even call in artillery fire on Iraqi positions.
		The results of the Battle for Khafji provided the U.S. military with a preview of how Iraqi troops operated against American tactics before the the opening of the ground war a month later.
	www.tekawiz.com /gulfkhafji.html (284 words)

	Crucial days of negotiations lie ahead for 'oil diplomacy'
		A flood of important deadlines are inked in on the Japanese oil-diplomacy calendar for the remainder of the year, beginning with a planned visit to Tokyo early next month by Kuwaiti Oil Minister Adel Khaled Subeih.
		Following the signing of the agreement, the two countries have held full-scale negotiations on the details of a new contract in the hopes of signing it during the Kuwaiti minister's visit to Tokyo.
		The Khafji oil filed is located in what used to be the neutral zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
	www.nci.org /01/08/18-tjt-oil_diplomacy.htm (852 words)

	MOAA: Bookshelf
		The battle of Khafji should not have happened, and it was not expected, but once joined, it revealed much about the nature of the Gulf War in 1991.
		Morris says the coalition effort to recapture Khafji was a near disaster, because the Arab forces (Saudi and Qatari) attacked with no proper reconnaissance, no fire support preparation, no tactical imagination, and little interest in a stand-up fight with the feared Iraqi military.
		Morris concludes that the battle of Khafji ushered in new technology and revealed weaknesses in both Iraqi and Arab coalition force capabilities and resolve, but small-unit tactics, leadership, initiative, and guts always will be the deciding factors in a ground fight.
	www.moaa.org /magazine/July2004/bookshelf.asp (1646 words)

	Battle of Khafji
		The Battle of Khafji began on January 29, and ended on February 1, 1991, following a punishing 12 days of Allied air strikes in the first phase of Desert Storm.
		The three-day ground conflict in and around Al Khafji involved some of the costliest firefights for American soldiers since the killing fields of Vietnam.
		Bunkers and a reinforced Iraq artillery were under construction, and by the 28th of January, Saddam's Third Armored Division (tanks) were observed closing the distance along the southern border of Saudi Arabia's Islamic holy land.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h3713.html (629 words)

	OnlineAthens: Memorial Day 2003 - Images of War
		Trapped in the Saudi Arabian coastal town of Khafji, 12 Marines were counting on "The King of Battle" to help obliterate Iraqi forces which had overtaken the town.
		The battle of Khafji was the first major ground action of the Persian Gulf War and preceded the official start of the U.S. ground campaign in Kuwait and Iraq.
		Two six-member teams of Marines on reconnaissance patrol on the outskirts of Khafji were surprised to spot a rapidly moving force of about 500 Iraqi troops with 40 to 45 tanks approaching the town.
	www.onlineathens.com /features/memorialday/cain.shtml (843 words)

	Carriers in the Gulf War (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Khafji thrust took place when several dozen Iraqi tanks moved forward with their turrets turned toward the rear, the understood sign for surrender.
		When the Iraqis came across Saudi and Qatari forces guarding Khafji, they turned their guns around and began to attack, pushing the Allied forces into retreat.
		Baghdad radio hailed the seizure of Khafji as a great military success, personally planned by Saddam Hussein, but Allied General Norman Schwartzkopf said it was military suicide and referred to it as important as a "mosquito on an elephant."
	www.leyden.com /gulfwar/week3.html (1142 words)

	frontline: the gulf war: oral history: charles horner
		We'd heard that they were planning something, we knew that one of their top armour commanders, III Corps commander, was involved in getting ready to do something and in fact we'd bombed a meeting, one of his staff meetings, we'd gotten word from the Kuwaiti resistance that he was having.
		The battle of Khafji did validate the idea that air power could be used to defeat the enemy army before it closed with our own ground forces, that it could feed the battle indigestible chunks for our own friendly ground forces.
		If he had gotten all his divisions that he sent to Khafji into the town of Khafji, it had been a much more difficult problem for the Saudi army to solve, so in that regard Khafji validated what a lot of airmen had been saying for a long time.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/horner/3.html (2728 words)

	review_lehrack_daugherty_dec05.htm
		Corporal Allen Uskoski recalled that during one mission into the city of Khafji the Marines entered the city and, in an almost a textbook operation, moved into the city and carried out house-to-house raids for any type of weapon that could possibly be hidden there.
		Furthermore, Lehrack’s three chapters on the Battle of Khafji reinforced the thesis put forth by Anthony Cordesman and Abraham R. Wagner in their masterful Lessons of Modern War, (Volume 2) The Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988, that while the Iraqi commanders had problems handling larger units from division on up, they fought very well at the brigade-level.
		Yet the Battle of Khafji exposed the weaknesses of the Iraqi Army’s command and control process, and its inability to sustain a counterattack.
	ijnhonline.org /volume4_number3_dec05/review_lehrack_daugherty_dec05.htm (1747 words)

	Subject: No Subject Found in Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The town had been evacuated and abandoned by the Saudis because of its close proximity to the border and the frequent enemy artillery barrages into the city.
		The sustainment of civilian casualties was unnecessary and Khafji's citizens were temporarily relocated to safety.
		The Battle of Khafji was a tactical victory for the Arabs; it was a strategic victory for the Americans.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /histories/db/marines/usmcpersiangulfdoc1_177.html (552 words)

	Spectre Association - Gunship History
		On 27 January, the orbit point was moved to a position south of the Kuwaiti border.
		The first gunship to enter the Battle of Khafji was called off airborne alert on 29 January to help stop an Iraqi armored column that was moving south.
		The actions of the aircrews played a decisive role in the retaking of Khafji and its subsequent control for the duration of hostilities.
	www.spectre-association.org /history/history16SOSPg4.htm (629 words)

	frontline: the gulf war: oral history: buster glosson
		He came to the Ops Center and the significance and the results of Khafji, in my opinion, were totally changed as a result of him walking in the Ops Center and taking over because from the decisions he made and the actions he took basically put a stop to it.
		And we came to the conclusion that there weren't and the reason that we came to that conclusion is because exposed armor moving in a desert is in its most vulnerable position to air, especially when you have total air superiority.
		So what, in fact, Khafji proved is it proved what we were saying all along.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/glosson/2.html (2212 words)

	Powell's Books - Storm on the Horizon: Khafji-The Battle That Changed the Course of the Gulf War by David J Morris
		Morris captures this ordeal through the eyes of the men who were there, giving readers a rare front-row seat to an incredible sequence of events.
		Max Morton, the pilot of a Cobra attack helicopter is forced to make an emergency landing in the heart of Khafji as the Iraqis are attacking.
		We relive the battle of Khafji with the soldiers who fought it, and we discover what it means for our world today.
	www.powells.com /biblio?isbn=0743235576 (1027 words)

	Amazon.com: Storm on the Horizon: Khafji--The Battle That Changed the Course of the Gulf War: Books: David J. Morris (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In late January 1991, during the Gulf War, the Saudi Arabian coastal city of Khafji and several U.S. Marine outposts stretching inland were overrun by a three-division Iraqi ground attack.
		This, his first book, is a detailed account of both ends of the Battle of Khafji, dealing on the one end with the fighting in Khafji itself, and on the other hand with the Iraqi armored attack on the Light Armored Infantry units of the USMC.
		Khafji was the watershed event of the First Gulf War, as the first major ground combat action against the much "vaunted" Iraqis, and we can finally see how the action played out thanks to Morris.
	www.amazon.com /Storm-Horizon-Khafji-Battle-Changed/dp/0743235576 (2509 words)

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