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Topic: Khanate of the Crimea

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	Golden Horde - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was one of the four Mongol successor kingdoms in the wake of the Mongol Empire, the others being the Ilkhanate Dynasty of Persia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and the Yuan Dynasty of China.
		The Khanate of the Crimea became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475 and in 1502 it conquered and annexed what remained of the Golden Horde.
		Under the protection of the Ottomans, the Khanate of Crimea continued its existence until annexed by Russia on April 8, 1783 under the reign of Catherine the Great.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Golden_Horde (942 words)

	CRIMEA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Crimea is an area of Ukraine and a peninsula on the Black Sea.
		After the invasion of Crimea by the Golden Horde forces in the 1230s, the Genoese who had been trading in the Black Sea began paying tribute to the new rulers and were allowed to maintain their colonies along the coast.
		From Crimea, the Karaim spread to Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine.
	www.geocities.com /pantheleimon2000/ocean.html (4231 words)

	All Empires - The Crimean Khanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Although the Kazan Khanate defended valiantly, the Tsar was able to seize the lands in the west side of the Volga, settled mostly by Chuvash and Cirmis (non-Tatar tribes).
		However it failed to conquer the city and additionally one of the Crimea column was crushed by the army of the Kurbski Duke, who was sent by the Tsar to relief the Tula.
		These invasions were staged both in retaliation for an assault against the Khanate by Cossacks and as a response - partially inspired by the Sultan - to the Polish's attempts to establish a new alliance with the Habsburgs.
	www.allempires.com /empires/Crimean/crimean.htm (7616 words)

	Crimean Khanate (1438-1783)
		Pursuant to the annihilation of Nogay (1300), the Crimea preserved its privileged position under the administration of the governors with extensive authorities.
		In the second half of the century XIV and in the course of the struggles for the throne that were dominant in the Golden Horde State, the Crimea turned into a region in which the rival beys and the khans took shelter.
		Therefore, the Crimea seemed to be the candidate for an independent political entity within the Golden Horde Khanate that was on the verge of disintegration.
	www.ozturkler.com /data_english/0003/0003_05_01.htm (376 words)

	Crimean Khanate - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Ottoman forces, under the command of Gedik Ahmet Pasha conquered the Princedom of Gothia and Genoan colonies in Cembalo, Soldaia, and Kaffa.
		In the 16th century the Crimean khanate pretended to be the successor of authority of the former Golden Horde over the Turkic khanates of Caspian-Volga region.
		The rule of the last Crimean khan Sahin Giray, a Russian-supported ruler, was marked with increasing Russian influence and outbursts of violence from the side of the khan administration towards internal opposition.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Khanate_of_the_Crimea (464 words)

	Golden Horde
		The Golden Horde (also known as Kipchak Khanate) was a Tatar state established in Russia by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan.
		It was one of the four Mongol successor kingdoms in the wake of the Mongol empire, the others being the Ilkhanid Dynasty of Persia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and the Yuan Dynasty of China.
		The Khanate of the Crimea allied itself with the Ottoman Empire, however, and remained outside of Russias control until the reign of Catherine the Great.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/g/go/golden_horde.html (655 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Crimean Khanate
		One of the Turkic khanates emerged in result of the fall of the Golden Horde Empire.
		The capital of the Khanate was placed initially in Salaciq near the Qirq Yer fortress, then moved to Bakhchisaray founded in 1532 by Sahib Giray I.
		On 8 April 1783, in violation of the treaty, Catherine II annexed the whole of the Crimea into the Russian Empire.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Crimean_Khanate (471 words)

	Crimea
		The Genoese trading port of Kaffa (modern Feodosiya) in eastern Crimea was the place from where the Black Death spread from Asia to Western Europe in 1346.
		Crimea was part of the Ottoman empire between 1475 and 1774.
		It was the scene of conflict between Russia and a coalition of Britain, France, Turkey, and Sardinia in the Crimean War (1853–56).
	www.screaming.net /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0017169.html (353 words)

	The Krim - Crimea Ukraine
		Crimea is located as a peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
		Austria also threatened to enter the war on the Ottoman side, causing the Russians to withdraw from the occupied areas, which were subsequently occupied by the Austrians in August 1854.
		Crimea proclaims independence on May 5, 1992 but later it agreed to become an autonomous territory in the Ukraine.
	crimea.ijuela.com (598 words)

	Bahchisaray Palace in Crimea. Crimean Khanate. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In the one-time khan palace you can get acquainted with the history of the Crimean Khanate, find out about the struggle of Russian and Ukrainian people against Tatar and Turkish conquerors, about the struggle of Russian nation for the way through the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
		So far the inspection of the expositions of the first floor of the palace is finished.
		Of all the rooms of the second floor the most interesting are the Coffee Room and the Ambassadorial Hall, the Fruit Pergola as well as the Heir's room and the dining hall where there is an exposition dedicated to the stay of Alexander Pushkin in Crimea in 1820.
	www.info-net.com.ua /frames/otdyh/crimea/saray_eng.htm (472 words)

	khanate of the Crimea -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Founded in 1443 and centred at Bakhchisaray, the Crimean khanate staged occasional raids on emergent Muscovy but was no longer the threat to Russian independence that its parent state, the Golden Horde, had been even after becoming a Turkish vassal in 1475.
		In 1921 the Crimea was formed into the Crimean Autonomous S.S.R., which was populated primarily by Tatars, until they were dispersed in 1945 for alleged collaboration with the Germans.
		The khanates of Bukhara and Khiva (Khwarezm) were established by two branches of the Shaybanid dynasty, which won control of Transoxania from the Timurids in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9027902?&query=vasily, (721 words)

	Crimean Khanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		During the rule of Mengli Giray, a son of Haci Giray; the Ottoman Empire invaded under the orders of Mehmed II in 1475.
		The capital of the Khanate was placed initially in Salaciq near the Qirq Yer fortress, then moved to Bakhchisaray founded in 1532 by Sahib Giray I. Internally, the khanate was divided into several "beyliks" (semi-autonomous domains of noble clans).
		After the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774, the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji was signed, which made the Crimean Khanate independent from the Ottoman Empire, and aligned it with the Russian Empire.
	www.firebird.cn /wiki/Crimean_Khanate (496 words)

	Strangers among their own people: the Crimean Tatars in Ukraine
		Nevertheless, the Khanate was quite independent till the beginning of the XVIII century and was rather strong in the military respect (could provide about 100 thousand warriors).
		After Crimea was liberated from the Nazis Ctalin took a decision on deportation of all Crimean Tatars who were accused in collaboration with the Nazis.
		As the result of the deportation the Crimean SSR was liquidated and reorganized in one of the region of the Russian Union of Federal Socialist Republics.
	www.qurultay.org /eng/yazdir_eng.asp?yazi_No=215 (1389 words)

	Karaims in Crimea
		In 1783 the Crimea was incorporated in Russia.
		When in difficulty, the Muslim ruler of the Khanate of the Crimea, is reported to have taken refuge there.
		This is at present one of the main towns of the Crimea.
	www.turkiye.net /sota/karaukr.html (2519 words)

	Encyclopedia: Khanate of the Crimea
		The Crimean Khanate (Khanate of Crimea) was an independent Turkic state (khanate) founded in 1441 by Haci Giray Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan.
		The Ottoman forces, under the command of Gedik Ahmet Pasha conquered the Genoan colonies in Eupatoria, Cembalo, Soldaia, and Kaffa.
		In the 16th century, the troops of the Crimean khanate besieged Moscow, Tula, and other Russian cities on several occasions.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Khanate-of-the-Crimea (415 words)

	Siberia Khanate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It broke up into four separate Khanates: the Siberia Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Khanate of Astrakhan and the Khanate of the Crimea.
		Some parts of Khanate also included Sibir Duchy that exist in 14th century at the North of Golden Horde, Mansi, Khanty and Nenets lands.
		Many modern Russian cities of West Siberia were founded at Siberia Khanate period (Tyumen, Tobolsk).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siberia_Khanante (156 words)

	Read about Golden Horde at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Golden Horde and learn about Golden Horde here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Khanate of the Crimea all seceding from what remained of the Golden Horde (Great or
		The Khanate of the Crimea became a vassal state of the
		Khanate of Crimea continued its existence until annexed by Russia on April 8,
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Golden_Horde (698 words)

	Bakhchisaray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		until 1783 it was the capital of the khanate of Crimea, or Little Tatary.
		When the Crimea was absorbed by Russia, Bahchysaray became a standard provincial town.
		The main tourist attraction is the palace of the khans, celebrated by Pushkin and Mickiewicz for its beauty, notably for its white marble fountains.
	www.alovingbride.com /foreign-affair/city/bakhchisaray.htm (108 words)

	Golden Horde biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Golden Horde (also known as Kipchak Khanate) was a Tatar state established in present day Russia by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan.
		This time it broke up into five separate Khanates, the Siberia Khanante, the Khanate of Kazan, the Khanate of Astrakhan and the Khanate of the Crimea all seceding from what remained of the Golden Horde.
		Under the protection of the Ottomans, the Khans of the Crimea remained were not conquered by Russia until 1783 under the reign of Catherine the Great.
	kipchak-khanate.biography.ms (772 words)

	Crimean Tatars
		The Khanate of the Crimea was founded in 1443 as a remnant of the Golden Horde.
		The Crimean Khanate exercised considerable power in eastern Europe from the beginning of the 16th century up until the end of the 17th.
		The national awakening of the Crimean Tatars began in the last quarter of the 19th century nurtured by the rise of Pan-Islamism and the Pan-Turkish movements.
	www.kresy.co.uk /krym.html (1148 words)

	Footnotes to History- C
		Crimea, Khanate of- After the Mongols were repelled from Russia, a small group migrated south and occupied the Crimean peninsula on the Black Sea.
		Crimea, Democratic Republic of the- Crimean Russian leaders announced their separation from the Ukraine on May 5, 1992.
		Crimea, Republic of - Following the Bolshevik Revolution, an assembly of the Crimean Tatars, the Kurultai, met and declared Crimea's independence.
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natc.htm (6093 words)

	SEVASTOPOL.ORG - Southern Coast of Crimea : Romanovs in Crimea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Crimea is a large peninsula, where the centuries, merging into one another, left their noticeable imprint on its history.
		Since the 15th century the Crimea was a separate state, the Tartar Khanate of Crimea, under Turkey's protection, and the defence of the southern frontiers, against the inroads of the Crimean Tartars, became the basic course in Russian foreign policy: the first Romanovs did not wage any regular wars down south.
		In 1774, by the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, Catherine II forced Turkey to recognize the independence of the Crimea, and in 1783 she annexed the peninsula.
	www.sevastopol.org /UBK/romanov1.htm (566 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It was one of the four Mongol successor kingdomsin the wake of the Mongol empire, the others being the Ilkhanid Dynasty of Persia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and the Yuan Dynasty of China.
		None of these new Khanates were stronger than Muscovy, which finally broke free ofTatar control about 1480 (see Great standing on the Ugra river).
		The Khanate of the Crimea allied itself with the Ottoman Empire, however, and remained outside of Russias control until the reign of Catherinethe Great.
	immune-system-help.com /khan/khanate/the_golden_horde.html (622 words)

	Center of Information and Documentation of Crimean Tatars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Crimea is located within a peculiar corridor, which was passed over by great migration flows.
		In this case, one pursued an apparent aim: on the one hand, to demonstrate a lack of the independent foreign political activity of the Ukrainian people that means “the consistent pattern of its occupation by Moscow”, on the other hand—to reduce a significance of the Ukrainian-Crimean Tatar relationship and hyperbolize its tragic chapters.
		The history of the Crimean Khanate is first, which is opened on the wide key base from beginning XIII and till the end of XVIII centuries.
	www.cidct.org.ua /en/studii/4(2000)/10.html (1096 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Crimean Khanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Crimean Khanate was one of the remnants of the Golden Horde, the north-western division of the seprated Mongol Empire.
		Located north of the Black Sea, the Crimean Khanated proved to be the most lasting remnant of the Golden Horde.
		The strong Turkish navy approached the coast of Crimea with Dzanibeg — Girey the “old — new” pretender to the khan’s throne being on board.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=44&PN=1 (7728 words)

	Important Individuals in Karaim History
		Benjamin ben Samuel Aga, the last traditional leader of the Karaites of the Crimea (died in 1824) was connected by marriage to the Celebi clan.
		Further he copied old Karaite tombstone inscriptions in the Crimea and Caucasus, many of which he published in his "Avnei Zikkaron" (1872).In 186315 he returned to Palestine and Egypt and obtained, now that he was old, experienced and wealthy, perhaps the most important part of his vast collection of over 15,000 manuscripts.
		Firkovich's thesis was that the forefathers of the Karaites had come to the Crimea in the seventh century BC and thus could not have been involved in the crucifixion of Jesus.
	www.turkiye.net /sota/karaiwho.htm (4651 words)

	BASIL - LoveToKnow Article on BASIL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Basils reign saw the foundation of the Solovetsk monastery and the rise of the khanate of the Crimea.
		In 1448 the north Russian Church became virtually independent of the patriarchal see of Constantinople by adopting the practice of selecting its metropolitan from among native priests and prelates exclusively.
		Although in 1519 he was obliged to buy off the khan of the Crimea, Mahommed Girai, under the very walls of Moscow, towards the end of his reign he established the Russian influence on the Volga, and in I 530 placed the pretender Elanyei on the throne of Kazan.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BA/BASIL.htm (737 words)

	Crimea -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		Before passing to Russia in 1783, it was the capital of the Crimean khanate.
		He was sent to the Crimea in 1855 as the British...
		The southern shores of the Crimea, between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, have a warm...
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9361884 (709 words)

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