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Topic: Kharaj

	Economic thought in the Christian West and that of Islam
		Under Islamic law, Kharaj must be imposed of all lands conquered by force and not to be divided among the army but left to the original owners or allocated to non-Muslim settlers.
		We find that Kharaj was first introduced after the battle of Khaibar, when the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) allowed Jews of Khaiber to return to their lands on condition that they paid half of the produce as Kharaj.
		In all ages, Kharaj constituted a major source of revenue for the Islamic state; it belonged to the community as a whole and not to a particular group.
	nation.ittefaq.com /artman/publish/article_25350.shtml (1284 words)

	Zakah
		Kharaj, he says, is due only when the land is conquered, (whereas) one of the conditions governing the obligatory nature of the tithe is that the land should not be kharajiyyah.
		Nevertheless, not all forms of kharaj are based on force and conquest since some of its forms are instituted without force as, for example, in the case of lands adjoining a kharaj land or in the case of acquired and revived land watered with streams.
		Be that the case, kharaj would have to be estimated on the land itself, not on the value of produce--that is, it would be considered part of the expenditure of fay', not the expenditure of zakah.
	www.islamiska.org /e/z8.htm (5480 words)

	Hizb ut Tahrir.org
		The Kharaj in the Arabic language means the rental and the harvest or the crop.
		If it Kharaj were imposed over the surface of the land annually, the land would then be levied at the end of the lunar year, because it is the year recognised by Shari'ah.
		If the Kharaj is however imposed upon the farmed area of the land, the Kharaj will be levied at the end of the calendar year because it is the year related to the rainfalls and to the sowing of the crop.
	www.hizbuttahrir.org /English/culture/Kharaj.htm (643 words)

	Economic Glossary
		But as soon as kharaj came to mean a land tax and stood in place of ushr, jizyah was levied in addition and this represented a tax in lieu of jihad.
		In the former case, the kharaj mean sjizyah in general, but in the latter case, the kharaj simply means land tax; that is to say, that portion of the jizyah which is called kharaj or the assessment on the produce of the land.
		Kharaj was levied according to the type of land.
	islamic-world.net /economics/word/j.htm (701 words)

	Islamod3.doc
		Kharaj - was appointed as Qazi-al-Quzzat (supreme judge) during the reign of the third, fourth and fifth Abbasid Caliphs (Mehdi, Hadi and Rashid) - the first to be appointed to such a post.
		kharaj from Iran and the Mesopotamia was calculated annually almost in the same way, and at the same level, as it was collected in Sassanian times [the empire overthrown by the Arab conquest- tr].
		kharaj which is taken from the poor and toilers for the comfort of the rich and exploiters.
	www.iran-bulletin.org /political_islam/islamod3.html (4022 words)

	Kharaj - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Islamic law, kharaj is a tax on agricultural land.
		Even before Sulayman's ascent to power, Al-Hajjaj, a governor of Iraq, attempted to raise revenues by demanding from Muslims a full rate of taxation, but that measure met with opposition and resentment.
		The reforms of Umar II were finalized under the Abbasids and would thereafter form the model of tax systems in the Islamic state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kharaj (521 words)

	Kharaj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Islamic law, kharaj is a tax on land, specifically agricultural land.
		The theory and application of the tax have varied over the years: in the earliest applications it was synonymous with jizyah (the poll tax paid by dhimmi), while from the Umayyad Caliphate onwards it was levied on certain classes of land without regard for the cultivator's religion.
		This collection of ad hoc arrangements soon proved inadequate as well; a new and unified system was developed beginning Under Umar II, which would be finalized Under the Abbasids and would thereafter form the model of tax systems in the Islamic state.
	kharaj.iqnaut.net (402 words)

	Chapter 13: Fundamentals of Islamic Economic System by Dr. Muhammad Sharif Chaudhry
		Kharaj means revenue, tax, rent, rate, lease, produce, income, wages, etc. received from land which the Muslim jurists call Kharaj land.
		Kharaj was levied by the early Muslims on the authority of the Qur’an, on the basis of the interpretation of the verses numbering from 7 to 10 of surah 59 called Al-Hashr.
		Sanction for the levy of Kharaj is also found from the practice of the Prophet of Islam who gave the conquered lands of Khaiber to the Jews (who were previous owners of these lands) on the agreement that they would pay half of the produce to the Islamic State.
	www.muslimtents.com /shaufi/b16/b16_13.htm (5268 words)

	[Islam-Online- Top News]
		PAS explained that by imposing the kharaj, it was not risking the thin line of racial harmony in the country.
		He said in a statement that the DAP wanted to know if it was true that the introduction of kharaj would raise many questions and have great implications, such as Muslim supremacy and land ownership.
		According to several pro-NF scholars, kharaj was collected historically by Muslim rulers in Malaysia as a land tax from non-Muslims, who were regarded as second-class citizens.
	www.islamonline.net /iol-english/dowalia/news-14-12/topnews3.asp (1312 words)

	Fiqh-us-Sunnah, Volume 3: Zakah on plants and fruit
		As to the analogical reasoning (qiyas), both zakah and kharaj are a kind of obligations (hagq), each based on a different reason, and one does not nullify the other.
		Kharaj, he says, is due only when the land is conquered, (whereas) one of the conditions governing the obligatory nature of the tithe is that the land should not be kharajiyyah.: The Validity of Abu Hanifah's View
		This incident indicates that kharaj is not cancelled for any person after he embraces Islam, nor does it lead to the cancellation of tithe.
	www.muhammad.net /ebooks/Fus/fus3_42.html (5597 words)

	American Coptic Assosciation
		The Kharaj was a kind of land tax that had both a fiscal and symbolic role.
		Under kharaj, the peasant no longer owned the land but worked it as a tenant.
		The kharaj also symbolized the God-conferred rights of the conquerors over the land of conquered and the infidels.
	www.amcoptic.com /reproduced_from.htm (1420 words)

	DAWN - Opinion; July 20, 2003
		The ones other than those which are specifically Islamic, and which a Muslim state may impose because it needs additional funds, fall in the category of “dara’ib.” Suffice it to note that the state does have the authority to levy them, the opinion of some medieval jurists to the contrary notwithstanding.
		Kharaj is a tax on the proceeds from land owned by non-Muslims who, it is important to note, are not subject to ushr.
		On first reading the shariat seems to require non-Muslims to pay jizyah, an annual poll tax, because they don’t pay zakat, even though they are entitled to the same protection of life and property that the state owes to Muslims, and because they are, in addition, exempted from military service.
	www.dawn.com /2003/07/20/op.htm (5504 words)

	Asiaweek.com
		kharaj ARABIC tax that was imposed on Muslim converts by the Umayyad caliphate (661-750).
		The converts were in theory supposed to be treated the same as original Muslims, who paid no taxes on their lands (Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian inhabitants of Islamic territories, on the other hand, were subject to a poll tax, or jizya), but the authorities saw the kharaj as a way out of their financial difficulties.
		Needless to say, the kharaj was not warmly received, and it was one of the contributing factors behind a revolt that ultimately brought down the caliphate.
	www.pathfinder.com /asiaweek/96/0920/feat10.html (1137 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Time travellers
		Some critics even went so far as to imply that the novel's chief preoccupation was with the persecution of Egyptian Copts during that period, a reading both unfair and reductionist.
		At the heart of the novel is the Bashmouri Revolt, an uprising in the marshlands north of the Delta during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Ma'mun, whose wali (governor) was ruthless in levying the kharaj land tax.
		The novel's main protagonist, a Coptic deacon, speaks on several occasions of the welcome accorded to the Muslims when they came to Egypt, emphasising the desire of the Copts to be rid of Byzantine rule.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1999/425/cu2.htm (982 words)

	.:: www.Nezam.org ::. " Islamic Government 21 "
		In his view, maintaining government by fair means or foul, which is not consistent with the divine Law, creates at least in most, if not all, cases an atmosphere of menace to the prestige of Islamic government.
		He then moves to introduce a number of kharaj treatises containing some of the views of Shi`ite jurisprudents of government and politics which are as follows: 1.
		The Kurki's kharaj treatise entitled "Qati`at alLijaj fi Tahqiq Hal al_Kharaj".
	www.nezam.org /english/abstracts/021.htm (1524 words)

	Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment
		Probably to begin with the Jizya and Kharaj were not clearly distinguished.
		But according to Moslem Law, as it afterwards took shape, the Jizya was a poll-tax levied at so much per head upon the adult male population (women and children and imbeciles not being reckoned), while the Kharaj was levied on the produce of the land.
		In return for these payments the non-Moslem population were entitled to protection so far as the Moslem armies could afford it, not being required to serve in military expeditions; and they were not interfered with in the practice of their religion.
	www.muhammadanism.org /bell/origin/p178.htm (465 words)

	Will Craig, Knowledge Guide & Light Bearer
		One of the horses, Kharaj, is an 18-year-old Arabian who was abandoned in a field still wearing his halter.
		We're not sure how long he was out there but it was long enough for the halter to begin growing into his face.
		Kharaj is gradually healing and the hair is beginning to grow back.
	www.willcraig.com /horseplay.htm (265 words)

	Research & Academic Orientation of Islamic Jurisprudence Mind
		Due to the confusion regarding the Islamic concept of Kharaj and the present land revenue charged by the government it was felt necessary to seek proper clarification from the 'Ulema and the participants of Sixth Seminar made out the following points in this regard.
		They hold that payment of land revenue to the Government does not absolve the landowner of the obligation of Kharaj, and it is incumbent on a Muslim landowner to separate the due quantum from the total product and to spend it on the prescribed heads of Kharaj.
		Still others opine that the land revenue paid should be adjusted against the due Kharaj and the balance be spent as Kharaj.
	ifa-india.org /english/decision_Revenue.html (320 words)

	Sonic Turtle -- Adham Shaikh
		The first type of sitar has 13 sympathetic strings tuned on the notes of the raga, 3 playing strings to cover three octaves tuned MA SA PA, and a fourth one reaching a bass octave tuned SA (kharaj).
		At last 3 rhythm strings (cikari) are tuned SA SA GA. The second type of sitar is smaller, designed for a greater playing speed.
		It does not reach the bass octave (kharaj) and has 11 sympathetic strings.
	www.sonicturtle.com /sitar.html (256 words)

	Kharaj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The issue of kharaj (tax on agricultural land) the early and medieval Islam.
		land was the main from kharaj away kharaj land from a tenant and...
		Kharaj is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
	kharajaoxy.bufapotyyr.info (581 words)

	Turkey - BibleWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It was collected by the millet-cha'ush; and as it was discovered that the statistical lists were not trustworthy, owing to the fact that the rich Jews sometimes paid the tax for the poor, the Jewish tax-gatherers were required to take an oath on a scroll of the Law before delivering the taxes collected by them.
		At the end of the sixteenth century the signification of the term "kharaj" was extended to include twelve different taxes; so that to be exempt from the kharaj was to be exempt from all taxes.
		The promulgation of the ḥaṭṭi-sherif of 1839 abolished the kharaj in principle, although the tax survived in fact as compensation for non-performance of military duty, until the issue of the ḥaṭṭi-humayun.
	bible.tmtm.com /wiki/Turkey (8167 words)

	Re: H-Net* lks
		Sekurang-kurangnya Kerajaan Negeri faham, jika tiada perlepasan cukai, mereka yang membayar kharaj akan menanggung bebanan yang lebih dan ini merupakan suatu ketidakadilan.
		Sehingga sekarang saya masih menunggu rasional di sebalik pengumuman kharaj.
		> > The kharaj issue was never raised once in the > Barisan Alternatif Leaders' Council which met for > about ten months before the Nov. 29, 1999 general > election.
	www.mail-archive.com /hizb@hizbi.net/msg04405.html (455 words)

	Arabs in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If they do not convert to Islam, do not pay Kharaj and Jizya or revolt against any of the principles of Islam they are to be killed.
		In other hand, Ajams were treated as second class citizens and were forced to pay huge amount of money under the name of Kharaj, Sadaqat, Zakat, Osher...to the local governor.
		If not, they had to pay Jizya though Kharaj was to be paid in any conditions.
	www.ympd.0catch.com /articles/arab.html (1701 words)

	MGGPillai.com :: Kharaj, Hudud, Harakah and His Master's Voice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The MCA is not only against the Islamic tax of "kharaj" on non-Muslims, but accuses the DAP of ambiguity over it.
		But UMNO is strangely silent on kharaj and the other perennial, "hudud".
		The constitutional legality of "kharaj" is in doubt but not of "hudud".
	mggpillai.com /print.php3?sid=875 (739 words)

	Voice Culture for Indian Classical Music
		There has always been an understanding that a voice has to sound and behave in a certain manner to be able to do justice to the demands of the music.
		Techniques of training like 'kharaj bharna', 'mandra saptak sadhana', various kinds of 'paltas' are all voice development techniques.
		'Kharaj bharna' and 'mandra saptak sadhana' have been uniformly recognized as techniques for 'opening' the voice, opening up the range and volume, optimizing tonality etc. There have been and continue to be voices in Indian music which can stand the test of audience demands in any culture of the world.
	carnatica.net /nvr/ananth-voice-ii.htm (1157 words)

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