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Topic: Kharijism

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	Kharijism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		However, sporadic uprisings continued and Ali himself was killed by a Kharijite in 661.
		Kharijite uprisings continued under the Umayyads in Iraq, Iran, and Arabia; under the Abbasids, Kharijism was suppressed in Iraq but continued to play an important political role in eastern Arabia, North Africa, and eastern Africa.
		Kharijism's uncompromising character led to the development of several sub-sects, both moderate and extreme.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/denise/kharijis.htm (317 words)

	d. The Abbasid Caliphate and Its Breakup. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Midrarid state signaled that the egalitarian message of Kharijism continued to appeal to Berber groups who resented Arab elitism and discrimination.
		The survivors escaped to the southern oasis of Wargala.
		Kharijism has survived to the present day in the oasis of Mzab, on the island of Jerba, and in Jabal Nafusa.
	www.bartleby.com /67/292.html (883 words)

	Kharijites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The origin of Kharijism lies in the first Islamic civil war: a struggle for political supremacy over the Muslim community in the years following the death of prophet Muhammad.
		They regarded the territory occupied by other Muslims as part of Dar al-Kufr, the territory of unbelief where it was permitted to attack both people and goods - but also a territory from which one must exile oneself, as Muhammad had exiled himself from Mecca to escape the unbelievers there.
		In the last years of the Umayyad dynasty, the western part of the Islamic empire escaped from the central authority; Spain came under the rule of the Umayyad emirs of Cordoba, while several independent states were founded in the Maghrib.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Khariji.htm (1455 words)

	Academic Write-ups & Articles
		The chief brand of New Kharijism, or Wahhabism, distinguishes itself from traditional Islam by three main principles (1) Anthropomorphism of the Deity; (2) Disrespect of Prophet; (3) Disregard for the schools and methods of the Sunni Imams.
		The practices of declaring the Muslims apostate (takfîr/tashrîk) and armed action (baghî) against the central Muslim authority - the Caliphate - became and continue to remain the hallmark of the Khawarij past and present.
		Much of the excesses and extremism that we observe today may be understood in terms of the origins and unfolding of Kharijism during the first few centuries of Islam.
	aboutwahhabi.tripod.com /academic.htm (2474 words)

	Kharijites: Early Muslim rebels espoused democratic principles
		Kharijism was the second Islamic sect to be given a name.
		It is paradoxical that, while the Sunnis ruled, those who argued for the divine right, namely the Shiites, could compromise, while the democrats, whose slogan was almost “all the power to the people,” turned out to be the most violent and least tolerant.
		Today, Kharijism has lost much of its revolutionary zeal, but it still retains all of its logical appeal to freedom and equality, as well as its legacy as the utmost resistance to tyranny.
	www.islamawareness.net /Deviant/Kharijites/kharij2.html (959 words)

	Ibadi
		Ibadi is distinguished from the Sunni and Shi'i branches of Islam, and is often referred to only as Khariji.
		Whether Ibadi is the 3rd branch of Islam, or whether it is just a sub-branch of Kharijism, is a matter of definition.
		The original groups of Kharijis disappeared long ago, and although Ibadism took root in Kharijism, the coexistence was brief.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ibadi.htm (944 words)

	ISCA - The Islamic Supreme Council of America
		The effect has been to create the impression that the extremists are the majority whereas they are simply the most vociferous, having made it more comfortable for the majority of Muslims to stay at home, away from their doctrinal wrangling.
		Before we speak of the modern phenomenon of New Kharijism it is important to define the principal constituents of Khariji doctrines.
		The attack on the schools of thought has resulted in the pollution of pure belief, the arrogant rejection of Islamic authority, and the discrediting of pious Muslims striving to follow the straight path.
	www.islamicsupremecouncil.org /bin/site/wrappers/isca_inside_extremism_newkhawarij.html (2708 words)

	Oscillating Traditions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Kharijism was the ideal alternative to Arab racial domination for Berbers across North Africa as Kharijism, "acknowledges the right of the community at large, or some of its segments, to have input into the choices of caliphs"[13].
		Kharijism's democratic selection process, meritocratic candidature, and, community consultation all complimented the tradition selection process for Berber leaders.
		The fate of Kharijism seems very similar to that of the contemporary FLN, despite removing Abbasid foreign rule, the Kharijites soon came to a crossroads.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/osctrad.htm (7469 words)

	History News Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The last of those imams passed away in 873, but they've maintained themselves by transferring their authority into the traditions that were accumulated from these first 12 descendant imams.
		Kharijism is a more radical and egalitarian form of Islam that essentially died out after the first couple of centuries, although it still maintains itself in Oman's Ibadi Muslims.
		The Kharijites were scripture oriented, not focusing upon the traditions of the Prophet or on a given leader, and elected leaders who were not genealogically related to the Prophet.
	hnn.us /blogs/entries/30121.html (3870 words)

	The problem with Anti-Madhhaabism
		Unlike Sunnism, both were highly productive of splinter groups and sub-movements; but they nonetheless remained as recognisable traditions of dissidence because of their ability to express the two great divergences from mainstream opinion on the key question of the source of religious authority in Islam.
		As it formulated itself, it turned into the precise opposite of Shi'ism, rejecting any notion of inherited or charismatic leadership, and stressing that leadership of the community of believers should be decided by piety alone.
		Like Shi'ism, Kharijism caused much instability in Iraq and Central Asia, and on occasion elsewhere, until the fourth and fifth centuries of Islam.
	www.ummah.net /Al_adaab/newmadhh.html (5746 words)

	Shukri Mustafa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This idea of him as seductive or aberrant was heightened by the fact that he declared the power to reshuffle marriages of those in the group and deemed himself to be like a mahdi.
		Also some deemed his thinking to be like that of Kharijism.
		The situation changed in 1977 as the group became horrified by hints of Anwar Sadat making initial overtures at peace with Israel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shukri_Mustafa (360 words)

	"Shi'ism in Morocco" \| Jafariya News Network
		While many Berbers were quick to embrace Islam, this did not guarantee their support for their Arab conquerors who taxed them heavily, treated converts as second-class Muslims, and, in the worst cases, even enslaved them.
		As a result, many Berbers became inclined to the teachings of Kharijism, as well as Isma'ili and Imami Shi'ism.
		It was only in 788, with the arrival of Idris ibn Abd Allah, the founder of the Idrisid dynasty, that Imami Shi'ism spread throughout the country.
	www.jafariyanews.com /articles/2k6/27july_Shiism_morocco.htm (1866 words)

	Kharijis
		The Kharijis believed strongly in the equality between all races, an important factor to understanding the success they had in Islam's early days, when many of the non-Arab Muslims felt they were treated as inferior to the Arabs.
		Pure Kharijism would not survive into modern modern times, but the late 7th century group of Abdullah ibn Ibad at-Tamimi would.
		Today the Ibadis count about 1,325,000, mainly in Oman but also in Algeria, Libya and Tunsia, as well as in Zanzibar in Tanzania.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/kharijis.htm (292 words)

	Islamic Fundamentalism: A Survey, by Bruce Gourley
		On the other hand, Sunni Muslims embraced all four caliphs as orthodox, viewing their collective reign as the golden age of Islam, while also recognizing that all the descendants of the Arabian Quraysh tribe (which included the Umayyad clan), despite being marked by some periods of evil, were nonetheless legitimate caliphs.
		Shortly after Ali’s death, as Arab Muslims sought political organization following decades of expansion, two rebellious movements, the puritanical (Sunni) Kharijism and millenarian Shi’ism, arose advocating Islam as a universal religion of salvation.
		Kharijism, on the other hand, rejected the present world by separating itself and advocating a rigid application of Islamic law as espoused in the Quran, proclaiming that nominal Muslims were infidels.
	www.brucegourley.com /fundamentalism/islamicfundamentalismintro2.htm (3191 words)

	{ The Zanzibaris dossier of Cultures del Món }
		The majority of Zanzibaris belong to the sunni branch of Islam, and are followers of Imam Shafii [16] school of thought.
		The two other branches of Islam are Kharijism (Ibadhism) and Shiism.
		There are no fundamental contradictions between these different branches of Islam in Zanzibar, and hence, do not constitute any form of obstacle for inter-communal integration.
	www.unescocat.org /cultmon/en/dossiers/zanzibaresos3.html (644 words)

	Opinion
		This concept, totally against the Qur’an and sharia, arose as a result of deep rifts in religious doctrine after the assassination of the third caliph Uthman (644) during the struggle for succession.
		Kharijism and shiisim were the two main movements.
		Kharijites were the first Muslims to declare that a grave sinner no longer remained Muslim.
	www.pakistanlink.com /Opinion/2005/July05/22/02.HTM (924 words)

	UNDERSTANDING THE FOUR MADHHABS
		Calling out the Quranic slogan, "Judgement is only Gods", they fought bitterly against Ali and his army which included many of the leading Companions, until, in the year 38, Imam Ali defeated them at the Battle of Nahrawan, where some ten thousand of them perished.
		They were textualist, puritanical and anti-intellectual, rejected the condition of Quraishite birth for their Imam, and declared everyone outside their grouping to be kafir.
		For some interesting accounts, see M. Kafafi, ‘The Rise of Kharijism’, Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Egypt, XIV (1952), 29-48; Ibn Hazm, al-Fisal fi’l-milal wa’l-nihal (Cairo, 1320), IV, 188-92; Brahim Zerouki, L’Imamat de Tahart: premier etat musulman du Maghreb (Paris, 1987).
	www.islamawareness.net /Madhab/understanding.html (10961 words)

	H-Net Review: David J. Wasserstein on North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean World: From ...
		Moreover, one wonders why the attraction to Kharijism, rather than to Shi'ism which was so attractive elsewhere.
		However, he also undermines his own position by not explaining why we find little Kharijism in Islamic Spain, where the circumstances were not all that different (p.
		Miller also sees the spread of Kharijism as "provoking" the downfall of the Umayyads (which he seems to think is spelled with an 'ayn) (p.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=72171049433725 (1841 words)

	New Kharijism
		What clearer proof of this than what took place in Makka on November 20, 1979, when hundreds of armed men seized the Mosque under the 36-year old Juhayman ibn Muhammad ibn Sayf al-`Utaybi and proclaimed him as the new leader of the country.
		Since the fall of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, the only manifestation of Kharijism to remain is the declaring of Muslims apostate.
		These despicable labels are all the more ironic in light of the fact that it is usually those who apply them who are more aptly characterized by what they pretend to blame.
	www.livingislam.org /n/nkhar_e.html (5983 words)

	Mere Islam: The Fitna of Takfir and Kharijism
		Mere Islam: The Fitna of Takfir and Kharijism
		The exercise of takfîr and tashrîk are therefore the chief marks by which neo-Kharijis can be recognized in our time.
		Since all sincere Muslims are "People Who Hold That Allah is Transcendent" (Ahl al-Tanzîh) and are people who love their Prophet, it follows that this third principle - dismantlement of Sunni Schools - is by far the most harmful tenet of New Kharijism in our time and its most devastating achievement.
	www.mereislam.info /2005/11/fitna-of-takfir-and-kharijism.html (1429 words)

	Chapter 2: A History of Spain and Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In addition to feuds between Arab clans and factions, a broad ethnic split emerged between the Arab aristocrats and the Berber population.
		By 740 a major rebellion was underway across the straits in the Maghreb, where the Berbers were adopting Kharijism, a new, heretical form of Islam that accompanied protest against Arab domination of the Muslim empire.
		The revolt spread to the Berbers settled in the northwest-central part of the peninsula.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne2.htm (7152 words)

	Indigo Jo Blogs: Decent article on Wahhabi threat
		Another interesting oversight is that he talks of Wahhabism as tribalism, where Islam takes the place of the tribe.
		In fact, a large part of the Wahhabi appeal is straightforward tribalism - its main scholars originate from Najd, and has many features of Kharijism (early Muslim extremism) such as using against Muslims Qur'anic verses and hadeeths which clearly refer to unbelievers, and Kharijism was
		Some scholars said that the Khariji fitna was simply an extension of the dispute between the tribes of Rabi'a (in Najd) and those of Mudar (in the Hijaz), and Wahhabism is the latest version of the same fitna.
	www.blogistan.co.uk /blog/mt.php/2004/06/15/decent_article_on_wahhabi_thre (378 words)

	Berber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Kharijites had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's egalitarian precepts.
		For example, according to Kharijism, any suitable Muslim candidate could be elected caliph without regard to race, station, or descent from the Prophet Muhammad.
		After the revolt, Kharijites established a number of theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories.
	berber.iqnaut.net (2607 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles
		The Omani are set apart from other Somalians by their unique use of the Arabic language and by their culture.
		Although most Somalians are Sunni Muslims, virtually all of the Omani Arab belong to a tiny Islamic sect called Ibadaya (an off-shoot of Kharijism).
		The Ibadis withdrew from mainstream Islam in the seventh century and relocated in Oman and several other countries, including Somalia.
	www.global12project.com /2004/profiles/p_code1/2005.html (774 words)

	The Kharijites and their impact on Contemporary Islam
		The Kharijites and their impact on Contemporary Islam
		While a number of writers - both past and present - are of the opinion that this sect is extinct, others are of the view that its not.
		This series will attempt to explore the relationship between the two and also to critically examine the position of Abdul Wahhab himself.
	www.sunnah.org /aqida/kharijites1.htm (1135 words)

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