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Topic: Kharoshthi

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	Languages and Scripts of Asoka's Inscriptions - Sidebar - MSN Encarta
		Inscriptions in Kharoshthi are all clustered in the north-west, again suggestive of being read locally.
		Kharoshthi derives from Aramaic and is written from right to left.
		Interestingly, this little statement is in Kharoshthi whereas the rest of the edict is in Brahmi.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_762504295/Languages_and_Scripts_of_Asoka's_Inscriptions.html (1509 words)

	Indo-Greek - SpivO Encyclopedia - Find Your Channel
		The last known mention of an Indo-Greek ruler is suggested by an inscription on a signet ring of the 1st century AD in the name of a king Theodamas, from the Bajaur area of Gandhara, in modern Pakistan.
		From the reign of Apollodotus II, around 80 BC, Kharoshthi letters started to be used as mintmarks on coins in combination with Greek monograms and mintmarks, suggesting the participation of local technicians to the minting process.
		Incidentally, these bilingual coins of the Indo-Greeks were the key in the decipherment of the Kharoshthi script by James Prinsep (1799â“1840).
	spivo.com /encyclopedia/?title=Indo-Greek (7012 words)

	Indo-Greek Kingdom
		Also, most of the coins of the Greek kings in India were bilingual, written in Greek on the front and in Pali (in the Kharoshthi script) on the back, a tremendous concession to another culture never before made in the Hellenic world.
		From the reign of Apollodotus II, around 80 BCE, Kharoshthi letters started to be used as mintmarks on coins in combination with Greek monograms and mintmarks, suggesting the participation of local technicians to the minting process.
		The last known mention of an Indo-Greek ruler is suggested by an inscription on a signet ring of the 1st century CE in the name of a king Theodamas, from the Bajaur area of Gandhara, in modern Pakistan.
	www.wikipediaondvd.com /nav/art/p/d.html (11811 words)

	BhashaIndia.com :: Kharoshthi - The Forgotten Script
		Kharoshthi, the script for the Gandhari language, is accepted as one of the oldest scripts in the Indian subcontinent and indeed the world.
		The first observed use of Kharoshthi as a script is in the rock edicts of Asoka, found near the areas of Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra.
		The Unicode avatar of Kharoshthi uses Unicode Bi-directional Algorithm in much the same way as Arabic and Hebrew, with the exception being that in Kharoshthi, both letters and numerals are written from right to left.
	www.bhashaindia.com /Patrons/LanguageTech/Kharoshthi.aspx (1160 words)

	India (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The image on the stamp is a picture of a seal itself, not of the impression made the seal makes.
		Kharoshthi is the oldest Indian script apart from the Indus Valley script.
		In Kharoshthi vowels are indicated through systematic modifications to the consonant symbols.
	sio.midco.net /danstopicalstamps/scripts15.htm (143 words)

	:: Buddhist Travel ::
		There is a Kharoshthi inscription on the fifth stupa, giving the titles of the statues and the names of the donors.
		There are two more Kharoshthi inscriptions on a votive stupa on the west side of the main stupa.
		It is interesting that the Kharoshthi script was still in use in Taxila in the fifth century.
	www.buddhistravel.com /index.php?id=61,268,0,0,1,0 (790 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Maues (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kharoshthi legend: RAJATIRAJASA MAHATASA MOASA (Great King of Kings Maues).]] with a club resting on his arm, the protector deity of Demetrius.
		Princess Aiyasi Kamuia, the chief queen of Kshatrapa Rajuvula, was the daughter of Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio (See: Mathura Lion Capital).
		Hence according to this view, king Maues and his family possibly belonged to the Kamboja clan (See: Corpus Inscrioptionum Indicarum, Vol II, Part I, pp xxxvi, 36, S Konow; Ancient India, p p 320-21, Dr R. Mukerjee; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 41, 306-09, Dr J. Kamboj etc).
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Maues (613 words)

	Kharoshthi@Everything2.com
		Kharoshthi (in linguistically correct Unicode, Kharos.t.hʙ), is an ancient script of the Indian subcontinent.
		Kharoshthi is thought to have been first used in the fourth or perhaps fifth century BCE.
		Because the area in which Kharoshthi was developed was under control of the Achaemenian Empire, in which Aramaic was the lingua franca, this makes both historic and logical sense.
	everything2.org /e2node/Kharoshthi (244 words)

	Re: Aramaic scripts
		Kharoshthi, a RtoL script much used in North West India, > and regarded by everyone as a derivative from a form of > the Aramaic script used in that region.
		And to add to Michael's reply, the historical status of Kharoshthi as a derivative of Aramaic is not at issue here.
		If you are concerned about Kharoshthi, the right thing to be doing now is to get involved in the national body review of the Khoroshthi encoding proposal in WG2, rather than battering a suggested summary of "early Semitic scripts" aimed at helping the roadmapping of those scripts for possible future encoding.
	www.mail-archive.com /unicode@unicode.org/msg17928.html (240 words)

	Zoilos II - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The coins of Zoilos II combine Greek monograms with Kharoshthi ones, indicating that some of the celators may have been native Indians.
		The Kharoshthi monograms are the letters for: sti, ji, ra, ga, gri, ha, stri, ri, bu, a, di, stra, and śi.
		The "Apollo and tripod" and "Elephant and tripod" types only have Kharoshthi monograms, while the portrait types usually have combinations of Greek and Kharoshthi monograms.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Zoilos_II (363 words)

	Peoples and languages
		This Buddhist text was written in the Kharoshthi script, which was derived from Armaic and will be dealt with in more detail later, and was discovered in the Chinese Turkestan.
		In fact the script of the famous edicts of Ashoka at Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra (Pakistan) is Kharoshthi whereas the edicts in the rest of India are in Brahmi.
		According to A.H.Dani, Gandhara and the Punjab were ruled by three families by the third and the early part of the fourth century A.D. The Kidara Kushanas too penetrated up to the Hindu Kush and may have acknowledged the suzerainty of the Sassanians or Chandragupta Vikramaditya (ruled c.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html (6627 words)

	Athena Review 3,1: Original Sources: The Buried Silk Road Cities of Khotan
		Kharoshthi scripts, probably introduced when Persians ruled NW India in the 5th century BC, were used in Central Asia until the 8th century AD for commercial and calligraphic purposes.
		Of all the writings found in the Tarim Basin and eastward, Stein was most interested in an Indian Prakrit dialect written in the Kharoshthi script that, he concluded, entered the area during the 2nd century BC conquest of Khotan by the northern Indian Kushan kingdom.
		Stein’s interest in the Kharoshthi materials lay in the fact that the script used in Khotan was exactly like that used around Taxila.
	www.athenapub.com /9khotan1.htm (5467 words)

	Indo-Greek dynasty coins
		After death of last great Mauryan King, Ashoka, India was disintegrated into many small kingdoms, which provided great opportunity for Indo-Greek kings for eastern expansion of their kingdoms.
		The legends on reverse are in Prakrit, written in Kharoshthi script.
		Incidentally, these bilingual coins of the Indo-Greeks were the key in the decipherment of the Kharoshthi script by James Prinsep (1799-1840).
	www.indianetzone.com /2/indo-greek_dynasty_coins.htm (1510 words)

	India
		The image on the stamp is a picture of a seal itself, not of the impression made the seal makes.
		Kharoshthi is the oldest Indian script apart from the Indus Valley script.
		In Kharoshthi vowels are indicated through systematic modifications to the consonant symbols.
	www.danstopicals.com /scripts15.htm (143 words)

	Kharoshthi in Anantnag (The Palm Leaf)
		Most most history books don't mention kharoshthi and the only reference I could find were in the books of Romila Thapar[3, 5].
		Sometime before 530 B.C., Cyrus the Achaemenid emperor of Persia converted Gandhara into his satrapy, the most famous city of which was Takshashila where Iranian, Indian and Hellenistic Greek learning mingled.
		The language of the Achaemenid empire was Aramaic (the same language supposedly spoken by Jesus Christ) and kharoshthi was derived from it.
	www.varnam.org /history/2005/06/kharoshthi_in_anantnag.php (669 words)

	Velocity Web Site - 'Dead Sea Scrolls of Buddhism' - The Missing Link
		A characteristic of the Gandharan region was the use of the Gandhari language and Kharoshthi script.
		Gandhari is a Prakrit language derived from Sanskrit and the Kharoshthi script is derived from Aramaic used by the Iranian Achaemenids who conquered the region in the sixth century BC
		Before discovery of the manuscripts the knowledge of the Gandhari language and Kharoshthi script came from coin legends and inscriptions and from documents from the southern Silk Route in western China where it was used as the official administrative language from the second to third centuries AD.
	velocity.ansto.gov.au /velocity/ans0010/article_01.asp (972 words)

	Maues - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The reverse shows a seated king, or possibly Buddha.
		Kharoshthi legend: RAJATIRAJASA MAHATASA MOASA (Great King of Kings Maues).
		The obverse shows Herakles with a club resting on his arm, the protector deity of Demetrius.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Maues (492 words)

	Ancient Monuments of Kashmir: Illustrations
		Kharoshthi numerals: 10, 4, 1, 1, 1 (inverted) = 17.
		Kharoshthi numerals: 1, 1, 1, 10, 20, 20 = 53.
		Kharoshthi numerals: (perhaps) 1, 10, 20, 20 = 51, inverted.
	www.koausa.org /Monuments/Illustrations.html (1053 words)

	Antiquity of Writing Indian Epigraphy - Archaeological Survey of India
		Brahmi script is the precursor to all the later period scripts written in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Dravidian languages found in different parts of India today.Another ancient script, which was predominantly used in the north-west of India is Kharoshthi.
		Kharoshthi is a modification of Aramaic scrip and it is written from right to left.
		It was used to write the Prakrit inscriptions of Asokan rock edicts found at Mansehra and Shahbazgarhi (both in Pakistan now) in the north-western part of the Asokan empire.
	asi.nic.in /asi_epigraphical_sans_antiquity.asp (346 words)

	Moen jo Daro travel & tours information
		Merchants and kings learnt it as a matter of course, as is shown by the experiences of Appolonius of Tyana when he journeyed to Taxila in 44 A.D. By the middle of the first century B.C., Greek rule in Gandhara had come to an end except for an enclave around Peshawar.
		The Sakas, who were from Central Asia and spoke an Iranian tongue, came to rule Gandhara by 32 B.C.64 Later they left their original language and became strong supporters of Sanskrit.65 They did not, however, stop the use of Kharoshthi or the Greek language altogether.
		It is also reported that 'the women of Surastra continued to use the Greek form of greetings' for quite some time.67 The Sakas did, however, become Indianized and language reflects this.
	www.travel-culture.com /pakistan/indus_civilization.shtml (5521 words)

	Kharoshthi Unicode Fonts
		Kharoshthi is an ancient Indian writing system in use from around the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE.
		Kharoshthi is also spelled as Kharosthi and Kharoṣṭhī.
		Warning: Kharoshthi script cannot be properly rendered by this font.
	www.wazu.jp /gallery/Fonts_Kharoshthi.html (338 words)

	Ashoka's Rock Edicts
		On several places in India and Pakistan (and Bangla Desh and Afghanistan), he left large rock edicts, in which he tried to establish dhamma, justice, which the king defines as much good and little evil, kindness, generosity, truthfulness and purity.
		The texts are written in the kharoshthi alphabet, which is derived of the script used in the cancellery of the Achaemenid empire.
		There are also vague stylistic similiarities between the edicts of Ashoka and the Achaemenid rock inscriptions (e.g., the Behistun inscription and the lower inscription at the tomb of Darius the Great), but there is probably no direct influence.
	www.livius.org /sh-si/shahbazgarhi/shahbazgarhi2.html (2568 words)

	Indo-Greek Kingdom
		The inscriptions were found on a vase inside a stupa, dated to the reign of Menander or one his successors in the 1st century BC (Tarn, p391):
		From the 1st century AD, the Greek communities of central Asia and northwestern India lived under the control of the Kushan branch of the Yuezhi, apart from a short-lived invasion of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom.
		As the Azes era is usually considered as starting in 58 BC, the Yona era would correspond to 186 BC, which falls in the reign of Demetrius I, although dates ranging from 186 to 150 BC are still debated.[44]
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/History/IndoGreekKingdom.html (10352 words)

	kharoshthi
		The Mahayana scriptures were probably set in writing around the 1st century BCE.
		The Indo-Scythians seem to have been followers of Buddhism, and many of their practices apparently continued those of the Indo-Greeks.
		The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, an extension on the name Saka used by the Persians to designate Scythians.
	www.experiencefestival.com /kharoshthi (1419 words)

	INDIA: A WEBPAGE FOR THE ANCIENT COINS AND MEDIEVAL COINS OF INDIA
		Indeed, Kharoshthi and Brahmi, the ancient scripts of India are deciphered from bilingual coins of Indo-Greek and Kushan rulers.
		Essentially, it was the deciphering of Kharoshthi and Brahmi (by James Princep) which allowed historians to read the ancient rock and other inscriptions and thus whole history of ancient India was unfolded.
		Further, the evolution of the designs, the changes in the languages, scripts and dates shown on the coins, enabled scholars to establish the sequence of rise and fall of kingdoms and their rulers.
	www.med.unc.edu /~nupam/welcome.html (655 words)

	INDIA: A WEBPAGE FOR THE ANCIENT COINS AND MEDIEVAL COINS OF INDIA
		Indeed, Kharoshthi and Brahmi, the ancient scripts of India are deciphered from bilingual coins of Indo-Greek and Kushan rulers.
		Essentially, it was the deciphering of Kharoshthi and Brahmi (by James Princep) which allowed historians to read the ancient rock and other inscriptions and thus whole history of ancient India was unfolded.
		Further, the evolution of the designs, the changes in the languages, scripts and dates shown on the coins, enabled scholars to establish the sequence of rise and fall of kingdoms and their rulers.
	www.nupam.com (655 words)

	Informat.io on Strato I
		Kharoshthi legend: MAHARAJASA PRACACHASA TRATARASA STRATASA "King Strato, the Saviour and Manisfestation of God".
		Rev: King in military outfit, diademed, holding spear, bow, arrow and shield in his left hand, and extenting his right hand in a benediction gesture.
		Kharoshthi legend "Maharajasa tratarasa dhramikasa Stratasa", "King Strato, saviour and follower of the dharma".
	www.informat.io /?title=Strato_I (606 words)

	Migration of Kambojas - KambojSociety.com
		After fresh and thorough critical review of Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions, Dr S. Konow has arrived at results and conclusions which are different from the earlier scholars.
		Sinhala, as a personal name is also attested from two Kharoshthi inscriptions found from Loriyan Tangai and TaxilaTaksashila in ancient Gandhara (Kharoshthi Insc., pp 87, 110, Dr. Konow).
		The appellative terms Gamika (=Gamini=Gramini) and Parumaka (=Pramukha) and the corporational terms Puga (=Guild/Sangha) and Gote (=Goshati=corporation) etc have been used specifically in reference to Kambojas in the ancient inscriptions of Sinhala.
	www.kambojsociety.com /MigrationOfKambojas.asp (4327 words)

	The rediscovery of Lou-Lan 2
		Working in the teeth of howling gales and keeping themselves from dying of exposure by burning the trunks of long dead trees, Stein and his men excavated the sand filled buildings for the next eleven days.
		The Kharoshthi tablets named the town as Kroraina and show that the Chinese military authorities allowed the indigenous administration to continue in the hands of the local ruling families.
		After replenishing his supplies at Abdal the caravan returned to Lou-Lan and approaching by a different route the found rows of fallen dead trees lining the dry Kuruk Dara, the dry river that once supplied water to Lou-Lan.
	www.ancientworlds.net /106635 (534 words)

	The Brahmi Script
		Still, a third school of thought holds that the Brahmi script came from Indus Valley Script.
		However, at least in my personal opinion, the lack of any textual evidence between the end of the Harappan period at around 1900 BC and the first Brahmi and Kharoshthi inscriptions at roughtly 500 BC makes the Indus origin of Brahmi highly unlikely.
		More research (as in digs) should be conducted, though, to either prove or disprove this theory.
	members.tripod.com /srini_seetharam/brahmi.html (347 words)

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